澳大利亚辐射松考察报告

通过对澳大利亚辐射松的现场考察参观、学习培训、学术交流与讨论,对澳大利亚在辐射松种源选择、苗木快繁培育、丰产栽培、集约经营、遗传改良、病虫害防治、木材采伐、加工利用等方面进行归纳叙述,了解到澳大利亚的辐射松人工林发展思路和趋势,经营和管理水平,经营理念、技术与方法等,对四川省大规模引种栽培辐射松具有十分重要的借鉴作用。     

澳大利亚通过施肥提高辐射松产量

澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织(CSIRO)、森林和木材产品研究和发展公司以及该地区针叶材的主要生产者正联合开发一种人工林的施肥体系，旨在为澳大利亚东南部和维多利亚西南部生长的辐射松Pinus radiata人工林确定最佳施肥计划。根据CSIRO林业和林产品发言人Barrie May先生介绍，改善林分营养的经营措施可显著提高澳大利亚辐射松人工林生产力，提高国内收益率和经营的灵活性。     

四川阿坝辐射松引种长期森林健康风险初步评估

Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area of Aba Prefecture. Within this region a total area of 26 000 ha have been identified through climate matching as suitable and a further 63 000 ha potentially suitable for environmental plantings of P. radiata. The plantations are being established in widely separated small patches on steep and degraded slopes along the dry river valley The newly introduced P. radiata are exposed to two kinds of forest health risks： they may be attacked by （a） indigenous pathogens and pests against which they may not possess any resistance or （b） by inadvertently introduced foreign pests or pathogens. This paper presents a survey of the potential damaging pests and a preliminary assessment of forest health risks facing the P. radiata plantations over a much longer timeframe than the initial phase of introduction and early plantation establishment. An empirical appmach was adopted to evaluate forest health risks by a combination of literature review, examination of historical records of pest and disease outbreaks in the surrounding conifemus forests, field surveys and inspections, specimen collection and identification, and most importantly, expert analysis of the likelihood of attack by specific pests and pathogens and the subsequent impact of such attacks. The assessment identified some specific forest health risks to the long-term success of P. radiata introduction in this area. These risks are closely associated with the indigenous pests and pathogens of the two native pine species, P. tabulaeformis and P. armondii since these pests and pathogens are considered more likely to establish on P. radiata over time. Exotic pests and pathogens are of a quarantine concern at present. Based on the results of assessment, recommendations are pmvided to improve forest vigour and to reduce the forest health risks pos     

澳大利亚辐射松遗传育种及其借鉴

澳大利亚辐射松遗传改良在过去的几十年中取得了较大的成绩, 其育种计划与育种策略在一定程度上反应了当前世界林木育种水平。较详细地介绍与分析了澳大利亚辐射松遗传改良的历程与成就, 供我国林木育种工作者参考。     

澳大利亚新南威尔士州森林防火考察报告

应澳大利亚新南威尔士州乡村消防局的邀请,国家林业局森林防火办公室副主任杜永胜率团于1999年11月6～13日对澳大利亚新南威尔士州(简称新州 )的森林防火情况进行了考察.     

赴澳大利亚森林防火培训考察报告

根据中澳森林防火合作交流协定,应澳大利亚新南威尔士州乡村消防局邀请,国家林业局森林防火办公室组织森林防火培训考察团,于2003年11月28日～12月16日赴澳大利亚新南威尔士、维多利亚及塔斯马尼亚州就森林火灾预防、扑救的技术与管理进行了全面培训考察。现将有关情况报告如下:1基本情况澳大利亚是一个岛屿国家,它位于南半球的大洋洲,国土总面积770万km2,总人口约1920万,平均2.5人/km2,是世界上人口密度最低的国家。气候属热带、亚热带,除沿海地带受海洋影响较大外,大部分地区气候干热,大陆性特点显著。森林资源较为丰富,澳大利亚的有林地…     

澳大利亚辐射松木材性状遗传变异研究概述

介绍了澳洲开展辐射松木材材性遗传变异研究的背景、最新成果及其研究条件和手段。其研究表明:基因控制木材的材性,生长环境对木材密度影响不明显,木材数量性状指标与质量性质指标之间存在负相关,生产中可通过一定的手段来预测立木的木材质量。但利用分子技术要想改良材性而又不损失生长量将面临很大挑战,因此从长远考虑,把减小遗传负相关和优化选择指标相结合,是辐射松材性育种的首选策略。     

多次施氮对辐射松生长及森林生态系统氮存留量的影响

1 引言氮素是植物需要量最多的元素,氮素不足会限制森林生产力的提高。在澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚东北部缺磷土壤上施磷,导致10000ha 辐射松人工林中大部分林木叶氮水平降低和缺绿病进一步加剧。该区土壤发育于泥盆与志留纪的变质沉积物上,土层薄,养分贮量低。在该区疏伐及未疏伐的7～10年生林分中单施116.6kgha~(-1)尿素 N,叶氮水平短期升高,但林木生长量无明显增加。     

澳大利亚2001年底森林大火考察报告

应澳大利亚联邦工业与研究组织 (ＣＳＩＲＯ)的邀请 ,我们一行 6人于 2月 17～ 2 7日对发生在 2 0 0 1年圣诞夜的森林火烧迹地进行了全面考察 ,并与澳大利亚联邦工业与研究组织的火研究专家进行了广泛的交流 ,对这次大火的成因、蔓延、发生发展过程、扑救等方面的内容进行了探讨。1　岁末年初森林大火为澳大利亚 50年来最严重的一年　　 2 0 0 1年圣诞夜发生在的澳大利亚森林大火 ,无疑是澳大利亚历史上的一场生态灾难。森林大火无论火点和面积都创 5 0年来最高记录 ,森林火灾异常猛烈 ,在澳大利亚堪培拉、悉尼等城市周围 ,到处都可见熊熊燃…     

Large-scale,multi-year,phenology modelling of forest insects in Pinus radiata plantations

Journal of Pest Science - Ecologically and economically harmful wood borers and bark beetles, which have the capacity to expand geographically through the international log trade, require...     

Tracheid differentiation in Pinus radiata

Summary Differentiating tracheids in Pinus radiata D. Don have been examined with the electron microscope. Despite the fact that one of the major differentiation processes is cellulose formation, little ultrastructural evidence has been found to indicate how this occurs. On the other hand, there is ample evidence of the incorporation of non-cellulosic material into both the expanding primary wall and the developing secondary wall. The only structure which could possibly be related to cellulose formation is a system of osmiophilic particles which have been found in the space between the plasmalemma and the developing wall, or attached to the most recently formed wall layer. The absence of microtubules during the main phase of secondary wall formation supports the view that these structures are not involved directly in the biosynthesis of cellulose.The author wishes to thank Mrs B. A. Hodgkiss for technical assistance.     

The effects of understory vegetation on P availability in Pinus radiata forest stands: A review

In many second-rotation Pinus radiata forest planta-tions, there has been a steady trend towards wider tree spacing and an increased rate of application of P fertiliser. Under these regimes, the potential for understory growth is expected to in-crease through increased light and greater nutrient resources. Therefore, understory vegetation could become a more signifi-cant component of P cycling in P. radiata forests than under closely-spaced stands. Studies have shown that growth rates and survival of trees is reduced in the presence of understory vegeta-tion due to the competition of understory vegetation with trees. Other studies have suggested that understory vegetation might have beneficial effects on nutrient cycling and conservation within forest stands. This review discusses the significance of understory vegetation in radiata pine forest stands, especially their role in enhancing or reducing P availability to forest trees.     

Site quality assessment of a Pinus radiata plantation in Victoria,Australia, using LiDAR technology

The aim of site quality assessment of Pinus radiata plantations is to determine the quality and productivity of the growing stock at different sites. It provides a useful indication of the site productivity to assist in the allocation of optimum thinning and fertiliser regimes and the scheduling of silvicultural operations. The predominant stand height (PDH) at a specific reference age, also known as site index (SI), is often used for site quality assessment of Pinus radiata plantations in Australia, as it is closely correlated with site productivity. However, measuring PDH in the field can be a time- and resource-consuming task. This paper proposes the use of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to estimate PDH for assessing the site quality of Pinus radiata. LiDAR provides highly accurate digital elevation and surface data that can be used to build a canopy height model (CHM). In this study, the state-of-the-art image segmentation technique, marker-controlled watershed segmentation, was employed for identifying locations of individual trees and estimating their heights from a CHM. Using an empirically derived SI equation, PDHs with reference age 11 years (SI₁₁) were estimated from the tallest trees identified in each forest stand, and were then used to determine the site quality class for each stand. The comparison of LiDAR-derived tree heights with field measurements produced an RMSE value of 0.42 m. The maximum horizontal distance between the field-measured locations of individual trees and the LiDAR-detected locations of their treetops was 1.87 m. Site quality classification was conducted in terms of 0.05 ha gridded plots, which revealed more detailed spatial variations of site quality across the study area than classification based on management plots. The study demonstrated that LiDAR provides an effective and accurate method for site quality classification of Pinus radiata.     

The longitudinal Young's modulus of Pinus radiata

Summary The variation of the longitudinal Young's modulus with mean cellulose microfibril angle of the wood substance of the earlywood of a softwood has been determined from small clear samples.The longitudinal Young's modulus falls steeply as the angle between the longitudinal axis and the mean microfibril direction in the cell walls increases. The variation has been explained in both form and magnitude by applying the elastic theory of a fibre composite material with distributed fibre directions to a model of the experimental material. It confirms the two phase concepts of the plant cell wall, as far as the elastic properties are concerned, of rigid crystalline microfibrils embedded in an isotropic matrix of amorphous and paracrystalline materials.

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Zusammenfassung Die Änderung des Young-Moduls in longitudinaler Richtung mit dem mittleren Winkel der Cellulose-Mikrofibrillen in der Frühholzsubstanz von Nadelholz wurde an kleinen, fehlerfreien Proben bestimmt.Der longitudinale Young-Modul fällt mit zunehmendem Winkel zwischen Längsachse und mittlerer Mikrofibrillen-Richtung in der Zellwand steil ab.Die Änderung wurde nach Form und Größe durch Anwendung der Elastizitätstheorie für ein faseriges Material mit wechselnden Faserrichtungen auf ein Modell aus dem Versuchsmaterial erklärt. Das Zwei-Phasen-Modell der Pflanzenzellwand wird damit bestätigt, soweit es sich um die elastischen Eigenschaften von starren, kristallinen Cellulose-Mikrofibrillen handelt, die in einer isotropen Matrix aus amorphem, parakristallinen Material eingebettet sind.

     

辐射松人工幼林生物量和生产力研究

本文对岷江上游干旱河谷区引种栽培的5 a生辐射松幼林生物量和生产力进行了测定和研究,用"平均标准木法"和"样方收获法"分别调查了乔木层、灌木层、草本层、苔鲜层和凋落物层的生物量.据调查数据,用"相对生长法则"建立了乔木层单株立木及其各器官干重的回归方程,方程的精度均在97%以上.同时还研究了林分平均净生产量和产量结构.结果表明岷江上游干旱河谷区5 a生辐射松人工林分生物量平均为19.507 t/hm2,净生产量为3 902.40kg/(hm2·a).其中,乔木层生物量为8.510 t/hm2,占林分总量的43.62%;净生产量1.702 t/(hm2·a),占林分净生产量的43.63%.灌木的生物量和净生产量分别为2.171 t/hm2、434.20 kg/(hm2·a);草本的生物量和净生产量分别为8.091 t/hm2、1 618.20 kg/(hm2·a);苔鲜层的生物量和净生产量分别为0.464 t/hm2、92.80kg/(hm2·a);凋落物的生物量和净生产量分别为0.271 t/hm2、54.20 kg/(hm2·a).辐射松人工林与同区域同龄油松和岷江柏相比,其生物量和生产力都远高于它们.     

辐射松抗逆性试验研究初报

本文研究了四川省引种栽培的辐射松的抗逆性。研究结果表明:辐射松幼林在四川岷江上游干旱河谷表现出较强的抗旱性和较强的抗病、抗虫能力;根据造林地海拔与林木受冻害的关系,提出在岷江上游河谷区适宜栽培的海拔上限为2100m。辐射松在气温较高、湿度较大的区域造林保存率极低,而且易感病虫害,不宜引种栽培。     

天然次生林冠下营造红松试验初报

从1984年开始进行天然次生林冠下营造红松林试验,2005年8月对试验林进行了调查。结果表明,次生林冠下营造红松林,无论是林木生长、结实,还是生态效益均好于红松纯林。