天然除虫菊酯检测方法的研究进展

天然除虫菊酯已成为当今无公害生物杀虫剂的研究热点之一,广泛应用于农业、林业、生物农药和食品卫生安全等多个领域。本文总结了目前相关研究的现状与成果,分析了目前应用于检测天然除虫菊酯的薄层色谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法及联用技术的优缺点。重点讨论了在天然除虫菊酯残留检测方法中,代表其发展趋势的免疫学方法及生物传感器技术,并在此基础上提出实现检测的设想。     

天然除虫菊的开发及应用

天然除虫菊素对害虫有着击倒快、使用浓度低、杀虫广谱、害虫不产生抗性、对温血动物及人畜低毒、低残留等诸多优点 ,但由于其在光照及空气下不稳定 (易分解 )和资源的短缺 ,其发展逐步陷入低迷状态。自２０世纪２０年代Ｅｌｌｉｏｔｔ．Ｍ博士合成第一个拟除虫菊酯以来 ,３０年代就有大量拟除虫菊酯类化合物面世 ,成为继有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯后的另一大类新农药。拟除虫菊类农药 (主要是杀虫剂 )比起天然除虫菊素有着光稳性优点。但经长期的使用发现害虫对这类农药易产生抗性。由于在自然条件下比较稳定 ,对农产品、环境中的残留问题…     

板兰根中三种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的残留分析

研究了板蓝根中3种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂残留分析方法。以石油醚为萃取溶剂，分别用索氏抽 提法、浸渍振荡法、超声波法提取。提取液经100 mL丙酮∶0.05 mol/L氯化钙溶液(1∶1)液 -液分配净化后，以弗罗里硅土柱净化，5%乙酸乙酯-石油醚淋洗，气相色谱法电子捕获检 测器测定。结果表明，方法的线性范围为0.4×10-10～4×10-10g，氯氰菊酯 、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯最低检测浓度分别为5×10-3、5×10-3、2×10-3 mg/kg。3种提取方法对板蓝根的添加回收率、变异系数符合农药残留分析的要求。     

棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯抗药性研究

作者于1981-1986年,先后在新乡、武汉、北京、廊坊等地监测棉铃虫(He-liothis armigera Hub.)对菊酯类农药的情况,经室内点滴法和大田防治试验,得知该虫5年中对溴氰菊酯和杀灭菊酯的LD₅₀分别提高36.36倍和16.25倍;不同地区间的敏感程度有明显差异。新乡、武汉为主要棉区,其棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯敏感性较北京、廊坊为差,LD₅₀达2.5638微克和2.0972微克/克虫重,较后者高出2.28—78.64倍。抗溴氰菊酯的新乡棉铃虫,对新菊酯农药PP321表现正交互抗性。     

被动采样技术评价水生环境中拟除虫菊酯生物有效性的研究进展

拟除虫菊酯作为一类广谱杀虫剂,已大量应用于农林业及卫生领域,在各地区的水生环境中被频繁检出。同时,拟除虫菊酯易在水生生物体内富集且产生较高毒性。拟除虫菊酯属于强疏水性化合物,在使用常规化学分析方法分析其在环境介质中的总浓度时,往往会高估其环境风险。近20年来,生物有效性已被广泛用于疏水性有机污染物的环境风险评价。被动采样技术是待测物自发地由采样介质向采样器传输的一种采样技术,通过被动采样技术测定的拟除虫菊酯自由溶解态浓度比总浓度更能准确地反映其生物有效性。本文综述了利用被动采样技术评价水生环境中拟除虫菊酯生物有效性的最新研究进展。首先简单阐述了用于评价水生环境中拟除虫菊酯生物有效性的被动采样技术的基本原理,然后详细讨论了常用被动采样器的基本性能和应用特点,详细介绍了被动采样技术在水中拟除虫菊酯残留监测、水生生物毒性评价和积累量预测方面的应用,最后展望了这一技术在我国未来的发展方向。     

拟除虫菊酯能够对付抗药性的挑战吗?

拟除虫菊酯是一组杀虫剂,介绍的应用范围很广。可是,已存在一个潜在的严重危机,因为已报道对拟除虫菊酯产生抗药性的节肢动物种数从1967年的几种上升到了70多种,包括已经对其它化学杀虫剂产生极强抗药性的主要害虫,且这种情况将会由于过度施药而加重。因此,有必要寻找延缓抗药性产生和发展的策略。节肢动物抗拟除虫菊酯的报道数量比经济上防治失败的事例要多。因为:(a)在极     

棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯的抗性稳定性研究

应用生物测定的方法研究了棉铃虫Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｈüｂｎｅｒ）对溴氰菊酯高抗（１３６．７３倍）、对三氟氯氰菊酯（９．５０倍）和凯明二号（３．４０倍）低抗的３个种群的抗性稳定性。结果发现，无论棉铃虫的抗药性是高或低，在连续几代不接触药剂的情况下，都表现为抗性不断下降；第８代后３个种群都表现为抗性基本稳定，变化不大。停药后第８代分出部分种群作抗性再恢复试验，经６代连续点滴筛选后，３个种群抗性都有所回升。而且，棉铃虫对单剂抗药性衰退明显，但再恢复较快；对混剂的抗性衰退慢，再恢复也慢。     

拟除虫菊酯农药在茶园应用的安全性评价

采用田间模拟施药与气相色谱法研究了７种拟除虫菊酯在茶园生态环境中的降解动态,茶叶加工过程中的消解和泡茶过程中浸出率及其主要影响因子。根据实验结果推算出通过饮茶进入人体的农药量,结合农药的毒理特性,对拟除虫菊酯在茶园生态环境中应用的安全性进行了综合评价。结果表明,拟除虫菊酯类农药在茶园中应用的安全性显著高于有机磷农药,在拟除虫菊酯农药之间,其安全性也有较大差异。本研究不仅为茶园用农药的选择提供了依据     

拟除虫菊酯对松毛虫赤眼蜂和狭臀瓢虫的毒力测定

拟除虫菊酯类农药是七十年代崛起的,由于其用量少、杀虫效果高、对人畜比较安全,很快便应用于农业、卫生、仓库害虫等的防治。八十年代初期,由于有机氯杀虫剂主要品种六六六和DDT等高残留农药停止生产和被禁止使用后,拟除虫菊酯类农药的使用范围进一步扩大。在森林害虫的防治上,已有一些地方用溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯等进行飞机或地面喷雾防治松毛虫,取得满意的防治效果。本所松突圆蚧组曾提出用氯氰菊酯防治松突圆蚧,地面喷雾试验用25ppm的防治效果达92％。     

天然苦皮藤素和天然除虫菊素混配对三种蚜虫的毒力及田间防效

用禾谷缢管蚜、萝卜蚜和绣线菊蚜测定了苦皮藤素与除虫菊素混配的联合毒力,结果表明：天然苦皮藤素与天然除虫菊素在20∶1到1∶20测定范围内复配使用的共毒系数在136.7~261.2之间,均表现出增效作用。当天然苦皮藤素与天然除虫菊素质量比为4∶1时,对禾谷缢管蚜、萝卜蚜和绣线菊蚜的联合增效作用最为显著,共毒系数分别为257.3、261.2和246.8。田间药效试验结果表明,按最佳配比复配使用,对三种蚜虫的防治效果也显著高于相同剂量下单剂的防治效果。     

Laboratory evaluation of natural pyrethrins, pymetrozine and triflumuron as alternatives to controlCeratitis capitata adults

Three insecticides, pyrethrins + piperonil butoxide (PBO), pymetrozine and triflumuron, were tested as potential alternatives for controlling the Mediterranean fruit flyCeratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The compounds were administered to adult flies in the laboratory by different uptake methods at the recommended rates currently used in fruit crops in Spain. Pyrethrins + PBO (80 + 320 ppm a.i.) exhibited a comparable knock-down effect to malathion (1,500 ppm a.i.) in the laboratory, irrespective of the method of application used. After these results were obtained, the number of concentrations tested was increased to carry out a dose-response analysis. Pymetrozine (300 ppm a.i.) and triflumuron (150 ppm a.i.) did not kill adults at the concentrations tested. However, pymetrozine diminished the fecundity, especially when adults were fed the insecticide; egg hatch was decreased by 59.3% compared with controls. Further experiments showed that increased period of ingestion and higher concentrations had a clear effect in reducing both fecundity and fertility. The possible use of pyrethrins + PBO and pymetrozine to reduce populations ofC. capitata is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 22, 2006. Corresponding author     

Management of five stored-product insects in wheat with pirimiphos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl plus synergized pyrethrins

Hard red winter wheat was treated with pirimiphos-methyl at 4, 6 and 8 mg kg(-1), synergized pyrethrins at 0.38, 0.75, 1.13 and 1.5 mg kg(-1), and combinations of the two insecticides, to conduct laboratory bioassays against four beetle pests of stored grain, red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F), and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L), and one moth pest, Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hubner). Beetle adults and P interpunctella larvae survived well on control wheat, producing a large number of progeny (65-1037 insects per container). Kernel damage in control wheat among the insect species ranged from 9 to 99%. On pirimiphos-methyl-treated wheat, mortality of R dominica adults was > or =72%, but that of the other beetle species and P interpunctella larvae was 100%. Progeny were not produced on pirimiphos-methyl-treated wheat, and the kernel damage was negligible (< or =1%). Synergized pyrethrins were ineffective against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins was not superior to pirimiphos-methyl alone against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos-methyl is not registered in the USA for use on wheat, but our results suggest that it could be a viable grain protectant at rates of 4-8 mg kg(-1).     

Potential of piperonyl butoxide‐synergised pyrethrins against psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) for stored‐grain protection

BACKGROUND: Piperonyl butoxide (PB)‐synergised natural pyrethrins (pyrethrin:PB ratio 1:4) were evaluated both as a grain protectant and a disinfestant against four Liposcelidid psocids: Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, L. entomophila (Enderlein), L. decolor (Pearman) and L. paeta Pearman. These are key storage pests in Australia that are difficult to control with the registered grain protectants and are increasingly being reported as pests of stored products in other countries. Firstly, mortality and reproduction of adults were determined in wheat freshly treated at 0.0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg kg^?1 of pyrethrins + PB (1:4) at 30 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% RH. Next, wheat treated at 0.0, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg kg^?1 of pyrethrins + PB (1:4) was stored at 30 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% RH and mortality and reproduction of psocids were assessed after 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 months of storage. Finally, the potential of synergised pyrethrins as a disinfestant was assessed by establishing time to endpoint mortality for adult psocids exposed to wheat treated at 3 and 6 mg kg^?1 of synergised pyrethrins after 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h of exposure. RESULTS: Synergised pyrethrins at 6 mg kg^?1 provided 3 months of protection against all four Liposcelis spp., and at this rate complete adult mortality of these psocids can be achieved within 6 h of exposure. CONCLUSION: Piperonyl butoxide‐synergised pyrethrins have excellent potential both as a grain protectant and as a disinfestant against Liposcelidid psocids. Copyright © State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2010. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

水稻黑条矮缩病毒检测体系的优化及田间寄主检测

 玉米粗缩病20世纪50年代和90年代中后期在我国部分地区严重发生,2008年至今,该病在黄淮海地区又呈暴发趋势［1］。引起我国北方玉米粗缩病的主要是水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Rice black streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV）［2］。田间寄主植物和传毒昆虫灰飞虱（Laodelphax striatellus Fallen）的发生数量、带毒率与玉米粗缩病的发生密切相关［1］。因此,建立快速灵敏的RBSDV检测体系,明确RBSDV的田间寄主,对有效控制玉米粗缩病具有重要意义。     

我国玉米上一个水稻黑条矮缩病毒重排体的ＯＲＦ序列(英文)

 玉米粗缩病20世纪50年代和90年代中后期在我国部分地区严重发生,2008年至今, 该病在黄淮海地区又呈暴发趋势^[1]。引起我国北方玉米粗缩病的主要是水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Rice black-streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV)^[2]。田间寄主植物和传毒昆虫灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus Fallen)的发生数量、带毒率与玉米粗缩病的发生密切相关^[1]。因此,建立快速灵敏的RBSDV检测体系,明确RBSDV的田间寄主,对有效控制玉米粗缩病具有重要意义。     

灰飞虱携带水稻条纹叶枯病毒检测研究

采用斑点免疫结合(DIBA)与生物测定方法对采自浙江长兴和嘉兴两地的灰飞虱带(传)毒率进行了检测。结果发现,两地灰飞虱均有部分虫口携带水稻条纹叶枯病毒(RSV),平均带毒率为6.15%,传毒率为3.96%;斑点免疫结合(DIBA)测定的灰飞虱带毒率,均高于生物法测定的灰飞虱传毒率,两者之比为1:0.65。该检测结果为病害预测和防控提供了重要科学依据。     

农药对害虫天敌的Hormesis效应研究进展

低剂量有毒物质引起的Hormesis效应是毒理学研究的热点问题。近年来,农药对害虫天敌的Hormesis效应引起了研究人员的广泛关注。本文就低剂量农药对天敌发育历期、体重、雌虫生殖率及对天敌控害能力的Hormesis效应及其机制进行了简要总结,并讨论了今后的研究方向。旨在为协调害虫综合防治中生物防治与化学防治的矛盾提供新的思路。     

可生物降解的天然高分子材料应用于农药的研究现状与展望

可生物降解的天然高分子材料是目前极具开发潜力的材料之一,在多个领域都有应用。本文综述了这类材料应用于农药的研究现状,重点介绍淀粉、纤维素及其衍生物、甲壳素、壳聚糖、环糊精等材料的应用,并展望了未来的发展方向。     

天然除草活性化合物研究进展

综述了近年来国内外从天然产物中开发具有除草活性化合物的研究概况,着重介绍一些可能具有除草剂开发潜力的植物和微生物源化合物,并对生物除草剂的发展前景进行了展望.