BPNN对不同人为活动区域的盐渍土Na~+高光谱估测

土壤盐分阳离子Na~+在盐渍土的形成过程中起着重要作用,以新疆无人为活动(A区)和有人为活动(B区)区域的土壤为研究对象,采集野外高光谱和土壤0—20 cm样本,化验Na~+含量,利用BP神经网络(BPNN)、偏最小二乘(PLSR)和逐步多元回归(SMLR)模型对比分析Na~+的高光谱估测,并力图解释Na~+在不同人为活动区域的估算精度机理。结果表明:Na~+在A区和B区的4种阳离子(Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~+,Na~+)中,所占比例最高分别为48.4%和62.3%,均值最大分别为1.590,2.148。对原始(R)和倒数(1/R)两种光谱变换进行一阶与二阶微分预处理,提取出相关系数通过0.05检验的波段为特征波段,3种建模方法在两个研究区域中共有24种模型,且1/R在二阶微分处的BPNN模型均是A区和B区的最佳预测模型,分别迭代19次和9次时精度满足要求。相对分析误差RPD、决定系数R~2和均方根误差RMSE在A区分别为2.461 6,0.860 9,0.350 1,在B区分别为2.169 8,0.800 6,0.803 5。BPNN对Na~+离子的预测能力很好,PLSR的预测能力一般,SMLR的预测能力很差。研究成果可为改良干旱区的盐渍化土壤提供科学依据。     

基于高光谱的北京铁矿区土壤重金属镍元素含量反演研究

运用高光谱数据对北京典型铁矿区土壤重金属镍含量进行建模反演,探索高光谱遥感技术在土壤重金属污染快速监测上应用的可行性。使用便携式地物光谱仪采集研究区土壤样本光谱反射率数据,光谱反射率数据经多种数学变换后,经逐步回归方法筛选最佳特征波段,利用多元线性回归（SLR）和偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）方法建立模型以光谱反射数据对土壤重金属镍元素含量进行反演。基于光谱二阶微分的多元线性回归模型（SD-MLR）的稳定性和精度最高（R2 = 0.842,RMSE = 4.474）,能够良好地预测研究区土壤镍元素含量。光谱数据数学变换能够有效提高其与土壤镍元素含量间的相关性。不同的光谱变换形式建立模型的预测能力和精度有如下关系,光谱二阶微分 > 光谱倒数对数一阶微分 > 光谱一阶微分 > 光谱倒数对数 > 光谱连续统去除 > 原始光谱。采用光谱二阶微分建立多元线性回归模型为研究区土壤镍元素含量反演的最佳模型,可为土壤重金属污染快速监测提供技术参考。     

黄土丘陵区典型沟道侵蚀诱发的CO2通量估算

以黄土丘陵区典型侵蚀沟道为对象,基于沟道剖面有机碳和¹³⁷Cs数据,采用碳库重分布模型估算了典型沟道侵蚀诱发的CO₂通量,并通过检验模型预测效率、解析影响因子,提出了模型校正的思路。结果表明:(1)在长期侵蚀作用下,沟道侵蚀区和沉积区均表现为剧烈的侵蚀效应,侵蚀区侵蚀速率介于30.99~46.44 mm/a,沉积区侵蚀速率介于34.20~37.88 mm/a,沉积区土壤流失速率略小于侵蚀区;(2)碳库重分布模型估算显示,侵蚀区与沉积区均表现为较强烈的碳源效应,侵蚀区CO₂通量介于18.41~28.44 g/(m²·a),沉积区CO₂通量介于22.19~29.25 g/(m²·a);(3)侵蚀部位、土壤容重、有机碳含量、侵蚀量、沟道平均坡度、植被地上部与地下部生物量共同解释了碳库重分布模型预测效率的变异特征(R²=0.68),其中侵蚀部位、侵蚀量、有机碳含量、土壤容重、植被地下部对预测效率有强驱动效应;(4)引入被忽略的植被新输入有机碳库参数,有望校正碳库重分布模型,提升模型预测效率。该研究结果明确了碳库重分布模型在沟道侵蚀区相比沉积区有更高的CO₂通量预测效率,为进一步提高模型的预测精度,可以考虑引入植被输入有机碳库作为校正参数。     

基于光谱变换的宁夏银北地区可溶性阴离子反演

可溶性阴离子是土壤盐分的重要组成部分,对植物生长发育有重要影响。为探讨野外实测光谱对土壤可溶性阴离子的反演精度,以宁夏银北平罗县盐渍化土壤为研究对象,对野外实测光谱选用6种常规变换[平滑R、平滑倒数1/R、平滑对数lg(R)、平滑倒数的对数lg(1/R)、平滑一阶微分R′、平滑二阶微分R″]预处理,然后分别利用相关性分析和逐步回归法筛选离子敏感特征波段,最后采用主成分回归(PCR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和支持向量机(SVM)建立土壤各阴离子反演模型。结果表明:1)研究区土壤中Cl-和SO42-含量较高,CO32-含量最低,属于氯化物-硫酸盐盐渍土。2)原始反射率经R″变换后与土壤阴离子的相关性最强,与CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-和SO42-相关系数分别达到0.572、0.741、0.802和0.545。3)与相关性分析相比,逐步回归(SR)更好地解决了光谱间共线性的问题,反演精度更高。4)与PCR、PLSR相比,SVM所建可溶性阴离子反演模型效果最佳。土壤CO32-、Cl-、SO42-反演效果最佳的模型均为R″-SR-SVM,其中对CO32-的反演模型建模决定系数(Rc2)为0.984、验证决定系数(Rp2)为0.560、相对分析误差(RPD)为6.76;SO42-的反演模型Rc2为0.970、Rp2为0.841、RPD为5.59;Cl-的反演模型Rc2为0.925、Rp2为0.940、RPD为3.62;HCO3-效果最佳的模型为R′-SR-SVM,Rc2为0.970、Rp2为0.840、RPD为5.59。研究结果可为该区域及同类地区土壤盐渍化反演提供理论依据。     

辽宁省黄土状母质发育土壤有机质含量高光谱预测模型的构建

  目的  建立辽宁省黄土状母质发育土壤有机质含量的高光谱预测模型,以便快速获取土壤样品的有机质含量。  方法  对省域内黄土状母质发育土壤进行了样品采集,获取样品有机质含量和高光谱数据;选择原始光谱及其一阶微分、二阶微分、倒数对数、倒数对数一阶微分、倒数对数二阶微分6种光谱变换数据作为自变量,与土壤有机质含量进行相关分析,选取特征波段,分别建立多元逐步线性回归（SMLR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和主成分回归（PCR）3种土壤有机质高光谱线性预测模型,并进行了支持向量机（SVM）方法的非线性模型拟合。  结果  土壤有机质含量与其光谱反射率呈负相关关系,对光谱进行不同的数学变换,可以提高土壤有机质含量与光谱反射率的相关性,其中一阶微分和二阶微分的提升效果最佳;相同光谱数据在不同模型中建模精度存在显著差异,以原始光谱反射率一阶微分为自变量的PLSR模型精度最高,建模集和验证集的决定系数（R2）分别为0.958和0.976;3种线性方法建立的最佳预测模型的检验精度为:PLSR > SMLR > PCR。  结论  PLSR模型是辽宁省黄土状母质发育土壤有机质含量的最佳高光谱预测模型,且基于特征波段的建模效果优于全波段;SVM非线性模型的预测精度较低。     

利用高光谱和GF-1模拟多光谱进行土壤有机质预测和制图研究

利用土壤有机质(SOM)高光谱数据和模拟GF-1多光谱影像的波段响应函数生成的宽波段多光谱模拟数据,对比高光谱预处理和构建土壤植被指数,探索模拟GF-1光谱预测SOM的潜力。研究表明,SOM的一阶微分高光谱和模拟GF-1光谱数据构建的土壤指数与SOM的相关性最好。PLSR建模分析表明采用一阶微分高光谱数据可以很好的对SOM进行预,而且模型稳健(R2=0.962,RPD=4.87);模拟GF-1光谱也可以较好的进行SOM的预测,但是模型的稳定性相对较差R2=0.557,RPD=1.43。同时,SOM制图的空间分布表明,采用一阶微分光谱数据和模拟GF-1数据预测得到的SOM含量与实测的SOM表现出相似的空间分布特征。这为采用多光谱数据进行大尺度、大范围的SOM预测提供了基础。     

艾比湖流域不同土地覆盖类型土壤养分 高光谱反演模型研究

土壤养分影响着土壤的质量,也影响着植被、农作物等的生长。为快速准确地估测艾比湖流域土壤养分状况,选择艾比湖流域精河县作为研究区,以精河县内不同地表覆盖类型土壤为研究对象,基于实地采集的75个土壤样品的室内ASD Field Spec3实测光谱数据和3种光谱变换形式,利用10 nm间隔重采样进行去噪处理,再结合多元逐步回归法(SMLR)、偏最小二乘法回归法(PLSR)、人工神经网络法(ANN)分别建立土壤养分预测模型,以探索最优模型。结果表明:土壤实测光谱的一阶微分、二阶微分变换形式能显著提高光谱与土壤养分之间的相关性,尤其是一阶微分变换与土壤有机质和全氮的相关性最高分别达0.87和0.91,光谱变换技术能显著增强土壤养分与高光谱之间的敏感度,达到更好的建模效果;SMLR、PLSR和ANN这3种模型都具有良好的预测能力,其中,ANN建立的模型预测效果最好,二阶微分变换的ANN模型对有机质、全氮的预测决定系数(R2)分别为0.886和0.984,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.614和0.147,PLSR次之;全氮的预测效果明显优于有机质的预测效果,说明高光谱和全氮之间的敏感性更高。总体来说,光谱二阶微分变换形式的人工神经网络模型可以最精确稳定地完成土壤养分含量的快速预测,能够实现艾比湖流域的土壤养分空间分布状况和动态变化特征的动态监测。     

基于相似光谱匹配预测土壤有机质和阳离子交换量

土壤可见光-近红外波段光谱(350~2 500 nm)包含了大量的土壤属性信息,相同类型的土壤具有相似的光谱曲线特征,但相似光谱曲线是否具有相似的属性含量?探讨此问题可为土壤光谱库的应用提供依据,从而最终服务于快速获取土壤信息技术体系的构建。该研究以安徽宣城为研究区,根据母质、地形特征和土地利用等信息,采集91个典型土壤剖面,共含400个土壤发生层样品,测定了有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)和阳离子交换量(cation exchange capacity,CEC)含量,同时采用VARIAN公司的Cary 5000分光光度计测定了土壤光谱,并将光谱数据变换为反射率(R)、反射率一阶导数(FDR)和吸收度(Log(1/R))3种形式。该文采用光谱角(spectral angle mapper,SAM)、偏最小二乘回归(partial least square regression,PLSR)和SAM-PLSR(spectral angle mapper-partial least square regression,SAM-PLSR)3种方法预测土壤SOM和CEC。SAM方法是通过对测试集104个光谱曲线与参考集的296个光谱曲线进行相似性计算,并以此实现土壤SOM和CEC含量的预测。SAM-PLSR方法以SAM算法下的匹配结果作为建模样本建立PLSR模型和进行预测分析。结果表明,具有相似光谱曲线的土壤具有相似的SOM和CEC含量,SAM算法下相似光谱匹配可直接预测SOM(R2=0.78,RPD=2.17)和CEC(R2=0.82,RPD=2.41)。PLSR方法可很好地预测SOM(R2=0.87,RPD=2.77)和CEC(R2=0.87,RPD=2.59);相较之下,SAM-PLSR方法不仅可以更加准确预测SOM(R2=0.89,RPD=3.00)和CEC(R2=0.91,RPD=3.06),而且大大减少了建模样本的数量。该研究使可见光-近红外光谱可更加高效地用于土壤属性分析,并为土壤光谱数据库的建设及应用提供技术参考。     

基于野外实测光谱的潍北地区土壤全盐量监测研究

为提高潍坊北部地区土壤全盐量监测精度,研究利用光谱测量技术,采集80个土壤样本的光谱数据,其中41个土样测定化学成分。对光谱进行一阶微分(FDR)、二阶微分(SDR)、倒数对数变换(Log(1/R)),将三种指标与土壤全盐量建立逐步多元回归模型和主成分回归模型,并分析在不同指标下所建模型的精度,旨在实现研究区土壤全盐量的定量反演。结果表明:利用光谱变换的一阶微分(FDR)、二阶微分(SDR)所建立的逐步多元回归模型和主成分回归模型的建模系数R~2均大于0.80,说明建模精度较高。在进行检测样本精度检验比较后,其中利用一阶微分(FDR)变换建立的主成分回归模型最稳定,检验精度最高,土壤全盐量建模决定系数R~2为0.931,均方根误差RMSE为0.188,其次为一阶微分逐步多元回归模型。     

东北典型黑土区表层土壤有机质含量高光谱反演研究

选择东北典型黑土区——德惠市、扶余市和双城市为研究区,利用便携式地物光谱仪获取土壤光谱数据,基于原始光谱值及一阶微分、倒数的对数、连续统去除变换,分别建立了黑土有机质含量的多元线性逐步回归模型、偏最小二乘回归模型和BP神经网络模型。结果表明:高光谱与土壤有机质含量在多个波段相关性较好,其中有机质与反射率一阶微分处理的相关性最好,在光谱584 nm处其相关性最强(r=-0.60,n=81)。光谱一阶微分处理数据在三种建模方法中的预测及验证精度均高于原始光谱值、倒数的对数和连续统去除变换,因此一阶微分为最佳光谱变换形式。偏最小二乘回归分析的预测效果整体优于多元线性逐步回归分析和BP神经网络分析,光谱一阶微分处理的偏最小二乘回归模型呈现出最佳预测效果,决定系数为0.71、均方根误差为2.29 g kg~(-1)(n=53)。     

Interactions of NaCl and Na2SO4 on soil organic C mineralization after addition of maize straws

NaCl and Na₂SO₄ often dominate salt compositions in saline soils. While either salt alone affects soil organic matter mineralization, their interactions on soil organic matter dynamics are unknown. This study aimed to investigate interactive effects of the two salts on organic C mineralization and microbial biomass C of the saline soils after addition of maize straws. Both NaCl and Na₂SO₄ were applied at 0, 40 and 80 mmol Na kg⁻¹ soil and the incubation was undertaken at soil water content of 15% and 20% (w/w) in dark at 28.5 °C for 70 days. The study found significant interactions of NaCl and Na₂SO₄ on CO₂-C evolution during the early incubation periods—a suppressing effect at days 1-2 but a stimulating effect at days 6-8 and 17-20, and thereafter the salt interactions were influenced by water content. The interactions of water content with NaCl or Na₂SO₄ on CO₂-C evolution were observed through the incubation periods except days 1-2, showing that the salt effects were dependent on water content. Total CO₂ evolution over the 70-day-long incubation decreased with increasing NaCl but increased with increasing Na₂SO₄ compared to the nil-salted treatment. Salt interactions on soil microbial biomass C were observed at days 7, 21, but not at day 49. Microbial biomass C increased at day 7 in the soils treated with either NaCl or Na₂SO₄ but decreased where the two salts were combined. At day 21, microbial biomass C increased with NaCl but decreased with Na₂SO₄ regardless whether the counterpart salt was added. The results suggest that soil organic C mineralization can be affected by the interactions of NaCl and Na₂SO₄, possibly through the salt-induced changes in microbial biomass community structure.     

阴离子对可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子的影响机理

根据NO-3、Cl-和SO24-对可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响的比较,探讨了阴离子对可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响机理。结果表明,当3种阴离子的浓度相同时,在SO24-体系中铁质砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率较在NO3-和Cl-体系中大得多,而在浓度相同的3种阴离子体系中,黄棕壤对Cu2+的吸附率相差不大。在离子强度相近的NaCl体系中,砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率相近。在3种阴离子体系中,随着pH升高,砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率均增大;但在NO-3体系和Cl-体系中Cu2+的吸附率相近;而在SO24-体系中Cu2+的吸附率最大。随着Na2SO4浓度的增大,铁质砖红壤和砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率减小。但在0.005 mol L-1和0.05 mol L-1Na2SO4体系中,Cu2+的吸附率大于在不含Na2SO4的体系中者。而在0.5 mol L-1Na2SO4体系中,Cu2+吸附率小于在不含Na2SO4体系中者。在3种浓度的Na2SO4体系中,黄棕壤对Cu2+的吸附率均小于在不含Na2SO4体系中者。总之,阴离子可通过离子强度、专性吸附和形成离子对影响土壤对Cu2+的吸附。在可变电荷土壤中,阴离子对Cu2+吸附的影响机理较在恒电荷土壤中复杂得多。     

The Leaching Behaviour and Balances of Nitrogen and Other Elements under Spring Wheat in Lysimeter Experiment 1985–92

Abstract

In a lysimeter study it was found that moderate rates of ammonium nitrate increased utilization percentages in spring wheat, and the leaching was 10% or less of added N. Over-optimal rates reduced utilization percentages and increased leaching to almost 50% of the highest doses. Late split application of calcium nitrate increased the percentage of N in grain. Furthermore, leaching of N was not reduced, but occurred somewhat later in the fall and winter seasons. Leaching of Cl^? was more rapid and that of SO₄ ^2- was delayed relative to the leaching of NO₃ ^?. Rather large negative N balances were obtained, also after over-optimal application rates, and total N content of the soil was reduced. Compared with the N₀ treatment, differences in soil N residues amounted to 15–25% of added N in seven years. Gaseous losses had apparently taken place both from the added N and from soil N according to the total-N analysis.     

Effect of Chloride and Sulfate Salinity on Micronutrients Release and Uptake from Different Composts Applied on Total Phosphorus Basis

Generation of different biowastes is increasing day by day, and ultimate load on agricultural lands has increased. Concerns over increased phosphorus (P) application with nitrogen (N)–based compost application shifted the trend to P‐based applications. But focus on only one or two nutritional elements will not serve the goals of sustainable agriculture. Full insight into nutrient availability from different composts is necessary. The need to understand the nutrient release and uptake from different composts has increased because of the use of saline irrigation water in the recent scenario of fresh water shortage. Therefore, current greenhouse studies were designed to evaluate the bioavailability and leachability of some micronutrients [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn)] from different biocomposts under chloride (Cl^?) and sulfate (SO₄ ^?2) saline environment. In the first pot experiment, soil was amended with livestock compost (AC), poultry compost (PC), and composted sludge (SC) at the rate of 200 kg P ha^?1 equivalent bases. Pots were irrigated with artificial saline water of sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄; 60 mmol_c L^?1), and leachates were collected for Ca and Mg analysis. As composts were applied on total P bases, which left varying amounts of nutrients in each treatment, it was observed that nutrient uptake and release differed greatly regardless of the total amount applied with each compost type. Amount of Ca applied with PC (3.9 g pot^?1) was greater, but Ca concentration in leachate was greater under AC‐amended treatments. Magnesium concentration also varied greatly under compost types. Among the saline irrigation, Ca and Mg concentration in leachate increased under both saline irrigations compared to nonsaline treatment, and SO₄ ^?2 had relatively greater ionic strength to replace cations than Cl^?. Calcium, Mg, and Zn uptake by maize stem and leaves were greater from SC‐amended pots followed by PC, SC, and control. Irrespective of the salt types, Ca and Mg uptake reduced under both saline irrigations, whereas Zn uptake increased as compared to nonsaline treatment. Among the salt types, it was observed that plant growth and nutrient uptake was more influenced by Cl^? than SO₄ ^?2 saline irrigation. In the second experiment, soil was saturated with NaCl and NaSO₄ (75 mmol_c L^?1) and amended with AC. The trend of nutrient uptake under both salt types was similar to first experiment, and the results of AC amendments have been discussed. It can be inferred from the results that regardless of the total amount applied, nutrient uptake greatly varies under different composts and their availability depends upon the source rather than total amount applied. Analogously, sulfate‐dominated irrigation water can increase the leaching of Ca and Mg from root zone more than chloride.     

高氮和NO2-对中亚热带森林土壤N2O和NO产生的影响

利用15N同位素标记方法,研究在两种水分条件即60％和90％ WHC下,添加硝酸盐(NH4NO3,N 300 mg kg-1)和亚硝酸盐(NaNO2,N 1 mg kg-1)对中亚热带天然森林土壤N2O和NO产生过程及途径的影响.结果表明,在含水量为60％ WHC的情况下,高氮输入显著抑制了N2O和NO的产生(p＜0.01);但当含水量增为90％ WHC后,实验9h内抑制N2O产生,之后转为促进.所有未灭菌处理在添加NO2-后高氮抑制均立即解除并大量产生N2O和NO,与对照成显著差异(p＜0.01),在60％ WHC条件下,这种情况维持时间较短(21 h),但如果含水量高(90％ WHC)这种情况会持续很长时间(2周以上),说明水分有效性的提高和外源NO2-在高氮抑制解除中起到重要作用.本实验中N2O主要来源于土壤反硝化过程,而且加入未标记NO2-后导致杂合的N2O(14N15NO)分子在实验21 h内迅速增加,表明这种森林土壤的反硝化过程可能主要是通过真菌的“共脱氮”来实现,其贡献率可多达80％以上.Spearman秩相关分析表明未灭菌土壤NO的产生速率与N2O产生速率成显著正相关性(p＜0.05),土壤含水量越低二者相关性越高.灭菌土壤添加NO2-能较未灭菌土壤产生更多的NO,但却几乎不产生N2O,表明酸性土壤的化学反硝化对NO的贡献要大于N2O.     

Variation in the relationship between nitrification and acidification of subtropical soils as affected by the addition of urea or ammonium sulfate

The effects on nitrification and acidification in three subtropical soils to which (NH₄)₂SO₄ or urea had been added at rate of 250 mg N kg⁻¹ was studied using laboratory-based incubations. The results indicated that NH₄⁺ input did not stimulate nitrification in a red forest soil, nor was there any soil acidification. Unlike red forest soil, (NH₄)₂SO₄ enhanced nitrification of an upland soil, whilst urea was more effective in stimulating nitrification, and here the soil was slightly acidified. For another upland soil, NH₄⁺ input greatly enhanced nitrification and as a result, this soil was significantly acidified. We conclude that the effects of NH₄⁺ addition on nitrification and acidification in cultivated soils would be quite different from in forest soils. During the incubation, N isotope fractionation was closely related to the nitrifying capacity of the soils.     

宁夏引黄灌区稻田氮素浓度变化与迁移特征

过量施氮与不合理灌水是农田面源污染加剧的主要原因。为了寻求较优的水氮管理模式以促进农业生产和减少农田退水对黄河水体的污染, 在宁夏引黄灌区典型稻田中开展了不同水氮条件下稻田氮素迁移转化规律研究。结果表明: 不同水氮条件下稻田田面水NH₄⁺-N 与NO₃^--N 浓度伴随施肥出现明显峰值, NO₃^--N 峰值出现时间较NH₄⁺-N 晚, 且变化较平缓。3 次追肥时期和整个生育期田面水NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与施氮量和灌水量都呈显著相关, 田面水NO₃^--N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著正相关, 与灌水量相关性不显著。稻田30 cm与60 cm 深度的直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度受施肥影响较大, 与田面水NH₄⁺-N 浓度变化规律相似, 90 cm 处直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度峰值出现较为滞后, 且浓度较上层土体低, 120 cm 处直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度大体呈现持续上升趋势,整个生育期直渗水NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著相关, 仅30 cm 处NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与灌水量呈负相关, 其他土层深度不显著。30 cm 与60 cm 直渗水NO₃^--N 浓度在首次灌水后急剧下降, 在施肥后有较小幅度上升, 90 cm 与120 cm 直渗水NO₃^--N 浓度下降缓慢, 仅30 cm 处NO₃^--N 平均浓度与施肥量显著正相关。总的结果表明减少施肥或灌水均可达到减少农田氮素淋失的目的。     

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM AN ALKALINE SALINE SOIL CULTIVATED WITH MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND AMENDED WITH ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED COW MANURE: A GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT

Sludge derived from cow manure anaerobically digested to produce biogas (methane; CH₄) was applied to maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in a nutrient-low, alkaline, saline soil with electrolytic conductivity 9.4 dS m^?1 and pH 9.3. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission increased 3.1 times when sludge was applied to soil, 1.6 times when cultivated with maize and 3.5 times in sludge-amended maize cultivated soil compared to the unamended uncultivated soil (1.51 mg C kg^?1 soil day^?1). Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from unamended soil was -0.0004 μg nitrogen (N) kg^?1 soil day^?1 and similar from soil cultivated with maize (0.27 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1). Application of sludge increased the N₂O emission to 4.59 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1, but cultivating this soil reduced it to 2.42 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1. It was found that application of anaerobic digested cow manure stimulated maize development in an alkaline saline soil and increased emissions of CO₂ and N₂O.     

Use of 15N isotope dilution for quantification of N2 fixation associated with roots of kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca (L.))

Summary Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth (kallar grass) has previously been found to exhibit high rates of nitrogen fixation. A series of experiments to determine the level of biological nitrogen fixation using ¹⁵N isotopic dilution were carried out in nutrient solution and saline soil. In the nutrient solution, E. coli inoculated plants were taken as non-nitrogen-fixing control. It was observed that nearly 60%–80% of the plant N was derived from atmospheric fixation. Estimations based on the N difference method gave much lower values (18%–35%). In experiments with saline soil which was initially sterilized with chloroform fumigation, a mixed culture of N₂-fixing rhizospheric isolates from kallar grass roots was inoculated and planted to kallar grass. Uninoculated treatments were regarded as controls. The soil was previously labelled with ¹⁵N by adding cellulose and (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄. The results of these studies showed fixation values of 6%–32% when estimated by ¹⁵N dilution, whereas by the N difference method 54% of the plant N was estimated to be derived from fixation. This discrepancy is due to the increase in root proliferation due to inoculation, which results in greater uptake of soil N. The distribution of ¹⁵N in different fractions of the soil-N indicted isotopic dilution due to bacterial fixation of atmospheric N₂.     

好氧条件下两种水稻土的氮素总转化速率比较

Although to date individual gross N transformations could be quantified by ~(15)N tracing method and models,studies are still limited in paddy soil.An incubation experiment was conducted using topsoil(0-20 cm) and subsoil(20-60 cm) of two paddy soils,alkaline and clay(AC) soil and neutral and silt loam(NSL) soil,to investigate gross N transformation rates.Soil samples were labeled with either ~(15)NH4_NO_3 or NH_4~(15)NO_3,and then incubated at 25 °C for 168 h at 60%water-holding capacity.The gross N mineralization(recalcitrant and labile organic N mineralization) rates in AC soil were 1.6 to 3.3 times higher than that in NSL soil,and the gross N nitrification(autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification) rates in AC soil were 2.4 to 4.4 times higher than those in NSL soil.Although gross NO_3~- consumption(i.e.,NO_3~- immobilization and dissimilatory NO_3~- reduction to NH_4~+ rates increased with increasing gross nitrification rates,the measured net nitrification rate in AC soil was approximately 2.0 to 5.1 times higher than that in NSL soil.These showed that high NO_3~- production capacity of alkaline paddy soil should be a cause for concern because an accumulation of NO_3~- can increase the risk of NO_3~- loss through leaching and denitrification.