Changes in microrelief and their effects on infiltration and erosion during simulated rainfall

The erosivity of soils under a given rainfall energy appears to vary greatly among soil orders, probably reflecting differences in clay composition and organic matter content. This study was conducted to quantify microrelief, infiltration, and sediment yield changes during three consecutive simulated rain events on a Udic Haploboroll and a Typic Hapludalf from Minnesota, and a Mollic Kandiudalf, and Typic Palehumult from Uganda. Air dry aggregates (< 5 mm) were packed in 19 1 containers tilted to a 5% slope and were subjected to three consecutive high energy rain storms (63 mm h⁻¹) for a duration of 1 h. Runoff and sediment were continuously monitored during a storm. Infiltration was measured by continued weighing of the soil and containers. An automated non-contact laser relief meter was used to measure changes in soil roughness initially and after each storm. Soil surface roughness decreased during the rain events indicating that aggregate breakdown was the dominant process in seal formation. For example, random roughness decreased form 5.9 to 4.0 mm on Barnes loam and from 9.7 to 6.9 mm on Renova silt loam with cumulative rainfall of 0 and 126 mm. These infiltration rates indicated that the Barnes Loam (Haploboroll) and Kabanyolo clay (Kandiudalf) were unstable soils while Kachwekano clay (Palehumult) and Renova silt loam (Hapludalf) were quite stable. Final infiltration rates after 3 consecutive rainfalls on Kachwekano clay (15 mm h⁻¹) and Renova silt loam (13 mm h⁻¹) [the stable aggregate soils] were significantly higher than those of Barnes loam (4 mm h⁻¹) and Kabanyolo clay (3 mm h⁻¹). For the two stable soils a high infiltration rate on a rough surface was maintained until aggregate breakdown occurred and runoff began. Sediment yield from Barnes loam (29 kg m⁻²) and Kabanyolo clay (28 kg m⁻²) was significantly greater than soil loss from Kachwekano clay (0 kg m⁻²) and Renova silt loam (6 kg m⁻²). The microrelief method to quantify aggregate stability is an improvement over wet sieving and other related measurements because of its rapidity and because the statistical quantification can be linked to physical processes.     

东北黑土区水库底泥有机无机复合体组成特性研究——以长春市新立城水库为例

为了探讨静水湖泊底泥中有机碳的分布特征及其与周边土壤的关系,同时为研究湖库中的有机污染状况提供理论依据,以长春市新立城水库底泥和水库周边土壤为供试材料,采用颗粒大小分组法分离复合体,研究东北黑土区水库底泥的有机无机复合体组成及有机碳的分布特征。结果表明,底泥中粘粒复合体平均含量为65%,粉粒为18.7%,砂粒为3.1%;而其周边土壤的平均含量分别为粘粒28.8%、粉粒29.5%、砂粒31%;底泥全土的有机碳平均含量为17.4g/kg,对照土壤为15.4g/kg,底泥各粒级复合体有机碳含量分别为粘粒24.7g/kg、粉粒14.4g/kg、砂粒1.84g/kg,土壤分别为30.6g/kg、粉粒13.63g/kg、砂粒2.67g/kg;底泥的HA/FA平均值为1.24,土壤为1.78。由此可以看出,底泥的有机无机复合体组成以粘粒复合体为主,粉粒复合体含量次之,砂粒复合体含量最少;底泥的有机碳平均含量高于土壤,底泥的粘粒级复合体的有机碳含量全部高于土壤,而底泥的粉粒复合体和砂粒复合体有机碳含量均低于对照土壤;底泥的HA/FA都小于对照土壤。     

河流底泥粒径分形维数与重金属含量相关性——以海南岛南渡江塘柳塘为例

为了揭示河流底泥重金属含量与粒径分形维数、有机质之间的数量关系,借助统计分析和土壤分形维数分析法,分析了南渡江塘柳塘52个底泥样品的粒径分形维数特征;开展了底泥重金属含量与有机质、粒径分形维数的相关性分析、主成分分析及模型回归等。研究结果表明：所调查河流底泥粒径分形维数在2.453~2.971之间,不同粒径分级的分形维数平均值不同;重金属含量与有机质含量、极细砂分形维数、细砂分形维数呈显著的正相关,与粘粒、粉粒分形维数呈负相关,底泥中Zn、Hg受粒径的影响较小。底泥中有机质与粘粒分形维数可作为表征底泥基本理化形状的关键指标。底泥重金属含量（Zn、Hg除外）与有机质存在一元线性数量化关系;底泥重金属（Zn、Hg除外）含量与有机质、粘粒分形维数之间存在二元回归模型的数量化关系,上述模型间的数量化关系对于研究底泥的理化性状有着重要的意义。     

不同种植年限桃树根区土壤肥力变异特征

果树根际土壤肥力是果树生长的基础,本研究通过对种植年限为5、10、15、20年桃树根区土壤理化和生物学性状变化进行分析,以期揭示不同种植年限桃园根际土壤肥力的变异特征,探明影响桃树产量和品质主要土壤肥力因子,为不同种植年限桃树生产管理提供理论依据。结果表明：随着种植年限的增加,土壤粘粒、粉粒含量增加,但土壤质地未改变;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量呈增加趋势;土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性以种植年限15年达到最大值;土壤真菌和细菌数量随种植年限增加呈减少趋势;土壤微生物量氮含量逐年降低。土壤肥力因子之间存在一定相关性,不同土壤肥力因子间的交互关系影响桃园土壤肥力变化,其中土壤有机质、微生物量碳以及土壤酶活性是影响土壤肥力的主要因素。桃树产量以种植年限15年最大,种植年限超过15年桃品质下降,土壤肥力因子中土壤速效钾、有机质、微生物量碳含量及脲酶活性是影响桃产量和品质（可溶性固形物）的主要因素。     

Particle Size Distribution (Texture) of Eroded Soil Material

The total quantity of erosional drift on a Stagnic Luvisol on which six tillage methods were used was measured over 5 years of investigation. The texture of the tilled soil and the erosional drift for each trial method was recorded in the same plots. The results obtained suggested that erosional drift was generally richer in silt and clay particles. The standard deviations of coarse sand indicated that approximately the same quantity of coarse sand was found in plot soil and in erosional drift for all tillage methods. Sometimes more and sometimes fewer fine sand particles were found in erosional drift than in plot soil. In most cases, more silt particles were found in erosional drift than in plot soil. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation for clay and silt were higher in erosional drift than in plot soil for all methods. The highest content of clay particles was recorded in erosional drift from the no‐tillage treatment in all investigation years. The results suggest that the correct choice of tillage method (no‐tillage and ploughing across the slope) on a Stagnic Luvisol can protect the soil on a slope.     

Restoration of eroded soil with conservation tillage

Eroded Kandhapludult soils occupy more than 40% of the Southern Piedmont region of the USA. The humid-thermic climate associated with the Ultisols permits double crop residue production ranging from 10 to 14 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Long-term conservation tillage into these crop residues is beneficial in ameliorating the effects of soil erosion. During the course of a five-year study, decomposition of these residues increased soil carbon significantly. Restoration processes were initiated by increasing average soil carbon, representing slight, moderate and severe soil erosion classes, from 0.97 to 2.37% in the 0 to 1.5-cm depth. Accompanying soil carbon responses were increases in soil N, water-stable aggregation and infiltration. Runoff coefficients on conservation tilled restored soils was only 6%, compared to 35% for those conventionally tilled. Rill and interrill soil loss rates were also reduced significantly with surface residue provided with conservation tillage.Restoring Ultisol landscapes with variable levels of soil erosion requires differential fertilization. All fertilizer requirements for severely eroded plots were 1.43 to 2.30-fold higher than those of moderately eroded plots. Because biological N fixation by the crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) cover crop appeared to be retarded on the severely eroded site, observed plant N stress developed on the irrigated/conservation tillage treatment. Cumulative grain yields of severely eroded site, ranged from 15.4 to 30.3 Mg ha⁻¹ 5yr⁻¹, and were statistically equal to or exceeded those of the slightly eroded site. Conservation tillage grain yields were best optimized on the rainfed-moderately eroded site, probably because of the more desirable texture-organic properties of the 13-cm thick Ap horizon. Management of cool-season cover crops with conservation tillage appears essential to restore and sustain crop productivity on eroded Ultisols.     

山东省赤松人工林土壤理化特性与综合肥力

土壤理化特性是土壤综合肥力的重要组成部分,对于诊断土壤质量优劣具有重要意义,可为人工林的合理经营提供参考。以山东省鲁中、鲁东山区35块典型赤松人工林样地为对象,取样测定了13个土壤指标,研究了林地土壤的物理和化学特性,并采用综合指数法评价了赤松林地的土壤综合肥力。结果表明：山东省赤松人工林土壤全氮、有机质、有效氮和有效钾含量整体上均处于中等水平,而有效磷含量较低;土壤pH均为酸性,电导率(EC)普遍很低,变幅为19.6~115.6 μS/cm,阳离子交换量(CEC)也整体较低;供试样地土壤容重和孔隙度处于“适中”等级的分别占74.54%和65.71%;所有样点的土层厚度均处于适中水平;土壤粘粒含量的平均值仅为9.35%,均处于“较低”或“很低”水平,导致粉粘比相对较高。不同样地间的土壤综合肥力存在较大差异,以烟台市昆嵛区和淄博市沂源县的赤松林土壤综合肥力最高,显著高于其它县区;鲁中山地赤松林的土壤肥力指数要高于鲁东丘陵区。林分密度与土壤综合肥力指数之间表现出显著负相关。     

Soil erosion in catchments and experimental plots on Java (Indonesia) and Luzon (the Philippines)

Soil erosion was studied in the Serayu (Indonesia) and Bicol (The Philippines) catchment areas as there was a need to reduce sediment discharge. Water is diverted at Gambarsari (Indonesia) for rice irrigation; deposition in the feeder canal requires costly dredging maintenance. Erratic deposition in the Bicol plain impedes rice cultivation.Monitoring sediment discharge at gauging stations showed that in both cases a limited heavily eroded (450 t/ha/year) area supplied most of the material. Monitoring erosion rates on experimental plots showed that, as a general rule, soil loss was minimal (5–25 t t/ha/year) and of the same order of magnitude as pyroclastic deposition (5 t/ha/year).Soil conservation methods are ineffective when soil losses are either very high or very low. In both cases preliminary standard watershed management attempts failed as they were the result of technical inadequacy based on the incorrect assumption that there was generalized sheet and rill erosion.Sediment deposition at the Gambarsari intake would be strongly reduced by proper dam design and sediment flushing. Sediment deposition in the Bicol plain should be directed to warping enclosures.     

芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤改良的效果研究

为探索芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤的改良效果,在山西省朔州市右玉县,以未种植芦笋裸沙地为对照（CK）,设置种植芦笋1、2、3和4年共4个处理,通过田间试验测定不同种植年限芦笋田土壤理化特性和芦笋生长发育情况。结果表明,与CK相比,随种植年限增加,土壤黏粒和粉砂粒含量递增,砂粒含量递减,土壤容重递减,土壤田间持水量递增;土壤pH和可溶性盐浓度（EC）递减;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量逐年递增。种植芦笋3年的土壤粒级、土壤容重、田间持水量、pH、EC值、土壤肥力发生显著变化;连续种植芦笋4年的土壤黏粒含量较CK增加到29.8%,粉砂粒含量增加到12.6%,砂粒含量降低到57.6%,田间土壤持水量显著提高,土壤容重显著降低,土壤由砂质壤土向砂质黏土转变;土壤pH降低0.75,EC值降低0.08mS/cm;土壤有机质含量增加28.89%,全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加95.12%、94.92%和45.40%;芦笋产量达6 037.5kg/hm ²。综合分析,连续种植芦笋4年可改善沙化土壤的物理结构,提高土壤养分,降低盐碱程度。芦笋是冷凉沙化区土壤改良的先锋作物之一,可实现生态效益与经济效益并举。     

宜居山地土壤机械组成对有机碳含量的影响

以位于适合人类居住黄海沿岸的大连市金州区大黑山松树林和玉米田为研究对象,分层采集土样,测定粘棕壤有机碳含量和机械组成。研究不同土地利用方式下土壤机械组成对有机碳含量的影响。结果表明：土壤有机碳含量的空间垂直分布总体上随着土壤深度增加而降低。松树林和玉米田土壤有机碳平均含量分别为7.619g/kg和5.971g/kg。土壤有机碳含量不同层次间差异极显著(P＜0.01)。土壤机械组成与有机碳含量呈现显著的相关关系。松树林土壤粉粒平均含量与有机碳平均含量的相关性最大(R²=0.8822),玉米田土壤砂粒平均含量与有机碳平均含量的相关性最大(R²=0.9786);松树林、玉米田土壤粘粒含量与有机碳平均含量的相关性最小（分别为R²=0.8186、0.6145）。粉粒在各层土壤中所占的平均含量(＞32%)最大。松树林土壤的粉粒和玉米田土壤的砂粒含量可以作为有机碳含量的一个预测因子,用来估计土壤有机碳的含量。     

Soil organic matter and erosion processes on arable loamy sand soils in the west midlands of England

Plot studies at the Hilton experimental site, Shropshire (U.K.) show that small reductions in soil organic content markedly increase erodibility and erosion rates. Soil organic material varies vertically within crusting topsoils, with more organic-rich material ingressing to a ‘filtration pavement’ beneath the surface crust. Consequently, the organic content of soils eroded from plots is less than in situ plot soil. Soil organic content decreased through time on bare soils.     

Influence on salinity and other constituents on the mechanical behaviour of clay soils

The irrigated soils of the El-Khemis valley (Algeria) are characterized by high clay and silt, and low organic matter contents, and often present high salinity levels. In order to better understand their mechanical behaviour, Proctor compaction tests were performed and consistency limits determined on a range of soils from the area. The statistical relationships between compaction characteristics, consistency limits, soil salinity and other soil constituents were examined. The liquid limit was positively related to the clay and fine silt contents whereas the plastic limit was positively correlated with fine sand and organic matter. Clay content and exchangeable sodium explained most of the variation of the plasticity index. The compaction tests showed that water contents at the compaction sensitivity threshold and at maximum compaction were both positively correlated with clay and organic matter contents. Overall, exchangeable sodium and electrical conductivity were only weakly correlated with the Atterberg limits and the compaction parameters. Irrigation of these soils with brackish water had therefore apparently little effect on their mechanical properties. However, their compactibility and wide plasticity in relation with their water retention properties suggest that they are susceptible to structural degradation.     

Short-term crop and soil response to C-friendly strategies in two contrasting environments

In southern Europe (Italy), a two-site field experiment with contrasting soil conditions (high clay—SOC-protecting soil near Napoli versus low clay—non-SOC-protecting soil near Torino) was conducted to evaluate the short-term potential of a carbon (C) friendly management to sustain and possibly increase both crop yields and soil organic C (SOC). Compost distribution (COM1, COM2) and minimum tillage (MT) were compared to conventional management (CONV) in a maize-based cropping system. COM1, MT, and CONV each received 130 kg N ha⁻¹ in compost or urea form. A double dose was applied to COM2 while the plowed control plots (0 N) were not fertilized. Fertilizers were applied for three years (from 2006 to 2008); residual soil fertility was assessed during the fourth year (2009).Results suggested that only the SOC protection strategy via MT could be agronomically sustainable in the high clay content soil near Napoli. There, a short-term SOC increase was recorded with either compost or MT application. In fact, in the same soil, compost use depressed both yield and N availability for maize, which we attribute to the reduction of SOM mineralization due to hydrophobic protection by added humified organic matter coupled with soil physical protection. Compost addition increased SOC (55.1% of added C) in the soil near Torino, where high native N availability buffered its low mineralization and allowed high yields. Alternatively, MT showed no effect on short-term C dynamics, probably because the low organic matter protection favored oxidation and mineralization of root-derived C.     

吉林省雪水沉积物的理化特性分析

为了研究雪水中沉积物对土壤生态环境的影响,笔者采用X射线衍射法、化学分析对吉林省长春市、白城市、延吉市雪水中沉积物的颗粒组成、矿物组成、可溶性离子组成及有机碳含量进行测定。结果表明：降雪雪水中沉积物主要以<2 μm粒径为主,平均含量大小顺序为（<2 μm）>（>200 μm）>（20~200 μm）>（2~20 μm）。雪水沉积物中原生矿物主要以石英、长石为主,黏粒矿物以蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、蛭石为主。大气降雪中（SO42-+NO3-）/(Ca2++NH4+)=1.38,具有对酸的较强中和能力,不易发生酸性降水,对环境酸化不造成影响。降雪沉积物中有机碳含量较高,均值为52.85 g/kg。     

高寒地区人工植被恢复对风沙土区土壤理化性状的影响

通过对青海省沙珠玉治沙站人工植被恢复不同土壤发育阶段土壤理化性状的研究,结果表明,人工植被恢复对荒漠化土壤具有很好的改善作用,随着流动沙丘被固定,机械组成中砂粒逐渐降低,粘粒和粉粒逐渐含量逐渐提高,土壤有机质和养分含量及CEC逐渐提高,土壤pH值变化不大,碳酸钙只是在表层升高。已经发生荒漠化的地区恢复到正常土壤需要的时间相当长,因此人们应减少人为因素对荒漠化的影响。     

施用畜禽粪肥对土壤呼吸和玉米产量的影响及其增效分析

为研究增施畜禽粪肥对土壤培肥和玉米增产的效果,试验以不同畜禽粪肥种类为主区,施肥水平为副区的二因素裂区设计,测定了土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米生物学性状及产量等指标。结果表明,增施不同种类和数量畜禽粪肥,可有效提高土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米年产量和收益:当鸡粪施用量为30.0 m~3/hm~2时,土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米产量和年收益均较高,分别达6.0μmol/(m~2·s),6.786 3 g/kg,11 147.1 kg/hm~2和10 719.2元/hm~2;当羊粪施用量为60.0 m~3/hm~2时,土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米产量和年收益均较高,分别为5.6μmol/(m~2·s),6.785 0 g/kg,11 095.5 kg/hm~2和9 816.0元/hm~2;当猪粪施用量为60.0 m~3/hm~2时,土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米产量和年收益均较高,分别为5.3μmol/(m~2·s),6.783 3 g/kg,10 692.75 kg/hm~2和9 210.5元/hm~2;当牛粪施肥量为90.0 m~3/hm~2时,土壤呼吸速率、土壤有机质含量、玉米产量和年收益均较高,分别为4.6μmol/(m~2·s),6.780 0 g/kg,10 691.15 kg/hm~2和8 607.3元/hm~2。综上所述,从土壤培肥、玉米增产效果及经济效益来看,各种粪肥肥效由高到低的顺序依次为鸡粪羊粪猪粪牛粪,适宜施肥量分别是鸡粪30.0 m~3/hm~2、羊粪和猪粪为60.0 m~3/hm~2、牛粪90 m~3/hm~2。因此,研究不同畜禽粪肥肥效及适宜施肥量对改善土壤肥力、提高玉米产量和增加农民收入具有重要意义。     

膨润土对土壤肥力的影响

在沙土上通过沙滤管培养，研究了不同膨润土用量对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明，施用20％的膨润土，使沙土含水量增加了20个百分点，过氧化氢酶活性提高近1倍；在此基础上增施有机物料(玉米秸秆)，含水量增加16个百分点，有机质含量增加20％，过氧化氢酶活性提高1．1倍。施用膨润土有助于土壤胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)总量的增加。膨润土能够降低有机物料的分解速率、提高腐殖化系数，从而增加有机质的含量和质量，提高土壤酶活性，改善土壤肥力状况。     

Management of soil organic matter in the farming systems of the low land humid tropics of West Africa: a review

Soil organic matter is the key to successful and sustained productivity of soils of the tropics. This is because soil organic matter positively affects structure, aggregation, porosity, microbial activity, pore size distribution and water retention capacity of the soil.Furthermore, soil organic matter is the major nutrient storage site for the low-activity-clay soils of the tropics and so affect nutrient retention capacity, availability and mobility of macro- and micro-nutrients. It increases the water use efficiency, and therefore attenuate runoff and erosion and consequently the productivity of the soil.The low land humid tropics is characterised by high temperature, high relative humidity, high rainfall intensity and high microbial activity which all encourage rapid mineralisation, depletion and erosion of organic matter leading to soil deterioration.Many cultural practices and operations encourage rapid depletion of soil organic matter while others are associated with soil organic matter build up. Practices like crop rotation, multiple cropping, mulching, alley cropping, following and farm yard manuring, encourage soil organic matter accretion. However, the effectiveness of these practices in increasing soil organic matter depends on:

• 1.(a) amount and frequency of residue application;
• 2.(b) the nature and C:N ratio of the mulching material, or manure;
• 3.(c) rainfall amounts, intensity and distribution, soil moisture and clay contents.

Land clearing with heavy machinery is associated with removal of biomass from the field, while conventional ploughing and harrowing lead to soil organic matter depletion. These practices should be discouraged or modified to reduce their negative effects on soil organic matter.Effects of green manuring and burning, on soil organic matter are questionable.Research is needed on processes and pathways of crop residue decomposition to provide clues to possible interventions aimed at management of soil organic matter. Work is also needed to improve the efficiency of agro forestry systems in accreting soil organic matter in soils of the low land humid tropics.     

高泥沙洪水淤地治沙后土壤养分分布特征的分析

了解高泥沙洪水淤地治沙后土壤养分分布特征,对更好地改良风沙土和利用淤积土都是十分重要的。2005年,对内蒙古鄂尔多斯公乌素引洪灌区风沙地(对照)、新淤地、淤后耕地的0~100 cm剖面分层取样,进行有机质、全量氮磷钾、有效氮磷钾的测定,以明确高泥沙洪水淤地治沙后土壤养分的分布特征。结果表明,从养分的水平分布来看,淤积上部养分含量高,改良效果好,但不同养分在淤积的上、中、下部之间的分布有一定的差别;从垂直分布看,新淤地除表层养分富集明显外,40 cm土层内从质地到养分都受到了淤积作用的影响;淤后耕作土壤剖面具有明显的质地分层特征,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量明显与质地层次相关。     

Environmental impact of soil erosion under different cover and management systems

Runoff, soil loss and physical chemical composition of surface soil, runoff water and eroded sediment were measured for three erosive rainstorms of the 1988 Autumn-Winter season, on clay soil slopes (Typic Chromoxeret) under different cover and management systems in a locality of Sicily.Four years reconsolidated natural grass-sod (Avena fatua and Lolium tumulentum), natural grass-sod with implanted forage shrubs (Atriplex halimus) and natural grass-rod afforested with Pine trees (Pinus halepensis), reduced significantly runoff and soil loss in comparison with tilled fallow following four years durum wheat cultivation.While differences in runoff and soil loss between reconsolidated systems were not significant, the higher biomass yield (Stringi et al. 1991) and the better soil cover (Chisci et al. 1991) of the Atriplex system, increased O.M. content of the soil and prevented soil erosion under very intense rainstroms of the semiarid Mediterranean area.The comparison of textural and aggregate grain-size composition of surface soil and sediment confirmed that physico-mechanical composition of sediment detached and transported by over-land flow on clayey soils is better estimated by pseudo-textural grain-size composition of surface soil (Chisci et al. 1989) than from textural composition.Soil loss amounts, and O.M., N and P enrichment ratios, combined in a specifically devised Environmental Impact Index (EI), demonstrated the excellent environmental protection value of reconsolidation of arable soils. However, Pinus system was somewhat less efficient than Atriplex and good natural grass-sod systems.