施用猪粪对棕壤胡敏酸和富里酸热力学参数的影响

应用Vodyanitsky提出的方法，根据元素组成数据，计算了施用猪粪对棕壤胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)热力学参数的影响。结果表明，HA、FA的形成都是自发进行的放热反应；与HA相比，FA的能态较低，分子结构有序度和热稳定性较高；FA在土壤中比HA更容易形成。施用猪粪后，HA、FA的能态降低，分子结构有序度和热稳定性也降低，形成的自发性减弱且放热量减少，这些与它们元素组成的变化有关。     

农业有机废弃物对黑土腐殖质元素组成的影响

以循环农业为指导,选取5种具有代表性的农业有机废弃物(秸秆、牛粪、鸡粪、菌渣、树叶)与化肥配施进行腐解培养还田试验,以不施肥(CK)和单施化肥(NPK)作为对照,系统的研究了3a后它们对黑土腐殖质胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和胡敏素(HM)元素组成的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,NPK处理并没有对黑土腐殖质元素组成产生明显影响。不同种类有机废弃物与化肥配施可显著提高HA的N、H和O元素含量,降低C元素含量,其中牛粪与化肥配施处理结果不同;5种配施处理均降低了HA的缩合度,且有利于HA中含氮基团的形成。配施处理提高了FA的C和N元素含量,降低O元素含量,但FA的缩合度几乎不变,其中,牛粪和菌渣与化肥配施处理对FA的元素组成影响具有相似性。无论单施化肥还是配施处理,HA的[O]/[C]原子个数比均小于FA,说明FA中含有较多的烷氧基和羧基。配施处理使HMi的H元素含量降低,而O元素含量升高,且各处理之间差异显著;同时提高了HMc的芳香度,使其结构变复杂,以鸡粪与化肥配施作用最为显著。由此可见,有机废弃物与化肥配合施用均对黑土腐殖质元素组成产生了一定的影响,显著优于单施化肥,具有良好的培肥效果,其中以牛粪和秸秆与化肥配施较好,菌渣、树叶及鸡粪与化肥配施次之。     

秸秆深还不同年限对黑土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响

秸秆深还(Corn stover deep incorporation,CSDI)指将作物秸秆深埋于土壤亚表层20~40 cm深处,用以解决秸秆焚烧和土壤肥力退化的可持续利用模式。本文以吉林农业大学玉米连作耕地试验田未施用秸秆和秸秆深还不同年限的土壤为研究对象,设置CK、CSDI(2014)、CSDI(2013)和CSDI(2012)共4种处理,分别代表未施入秸秆、2014年秸秆深还(深还第1年)、2013年秸秆深还(深还第2年)、2012年秸秆深还(深还第3年),研究秸秆深还不同年限对黑土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响。通过腐殖质组成修改法提取富里酸(Fulvic acid,FA)、胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)和胡敏素(Humin,HM),国际腐殖质协会(International Humic Substances Society,IHSS)推荐的方法提取HA样品,通过元素组成、红外光谱和差热分析测定HA结构。结果表明:与CK相比,秸秆深还1年后显著提高了土壤和腐殖质各组分有机碳含量,亚表层累积效果更明显,其土壤有机碳(SOC)、HA、FA和HM有机碳含量分别增加了23.7%、30.5%、27.3%和46.1%,但PQ值(HA在可提取腐殖物质的比例)没有显著变化;HA氧化度和缩合度降低明显,表层和亚表层(O+S)/C比值分别降低14.31%和14.68%,H/C比值分别增加27.74%和28.86%,脂族链烃和芳香碳含量增加,热稳定性降低,HA结构趋于简单化。随着年限增加,深还3年后SOC、FA和HM有机碳含量呈下降趋势,HA有机碳含量呈上升趋势,PQ值变化显著,HA缩合度、氧化度呈上升趋势,脂族性减弱,芳香性增强,HA结构趋于复杂化。说明随着年限增加,秸秆不断矿化分解,秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质组成和结构特征的影响效果减弱。     

玉米秸秆分解期间胡敏酸、富里酸动态变化的研究

通过室内培养试验,研究了玉米秸秆在暗棕壤中分解期间(1-15d)胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)数量与特性的动态变化规律。结果表明:玉米秸秆分解期间,HA的绝对数量先增加后下降,FA的绝对数量下降,可提取腐殖质中HA的比例(PQ)增加,说明最初FA的形成速度大于HA,随培养时间延长FA转化为HA。HA、FA的色调系数(△logK)和活化度下降,而相对色度(RF)增加,表明HA、FA的分子结构逐渐变得复杂化。     

有机物料对白土土壤胡敏酸结构特征的影响

【目的】研究有机物料施入对白土土壤的腐殖质含量组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构特征的影响,为明确不同腐殖质组分对土壤肥力的影响提供理论依据。【方法】供试土壤为江苏省溧阳市南渡镇"白土改良大田示范试验核心区"的南方中低产水稻土(白土)。试验设秸秆还田(ST)、施有机肥(OM)和对照(CK,不施有机物)3个处理,培肥3年。同时采集试验田周围相邻的江苏省耕地质量监测点(2007~2013年)的每年施化肥(LAF)和长期不施肥(NF)的两种处理土壤进行比对研究。分别测定土壤的基本理化性质及其腐殖质含量的组成,并提取土壤胡敏酸(HA)固体样品利用红外光谱和元素分析来进行结构表征。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理的有机碳、全氮含量明显高于对照;与对照相比,施有机物料土壤HA的E4/E6比值增加,且秸秆还田施有机肥对照。红外光谱显示,试验区域和耕地监测点的不同处理土壤HA均在1650 cm-1处(酰胺I带)和1550 cm-1处(1500~1580 cm-1酰胺II带伸缩振动)有特征吸收。施有机肥和秸秆还田处理土壤HA的2920/1720、2920/1650比值显著大于对照。在元素组成上,OM、ST处理的土壤腐殖质(HA)中C、H、N的含量比均高于CK,相对长期施化肥(LAF)和不施肥(NF)的土壤有明显提高,而氧元素的含量呈降低的趋势;OM和ST处理土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均低于CK;与LAF和NF处理相比,试验区域各处理土壤腐殖质的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均有明显降低。【结论】有机物料施入土壤后可增加土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤理化性质,提高作物产量和品质,且施入土壤的有机物料可转化为新的腐殖质,降低土壤的腐殖化程度。土壤腐殖质(HA)的红外光谱分析说明,白土土壤HA具有明显的酰胺类化合物特征。有机物料施入后使得土壤脂族性增强,羧基量减少,芳香度降低;秸秆还田和施有机肥处理与对照相比,土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]比均有下降的趋势,且HA的氮素含量明显增加,这显示有机物料施入后白土土壤腐殖质发生"脱水"过程,同时也反映了白土土壤腐殖质形成的特征。     

有机物料对不同作物根系土壤腐殖质组成和结构的影响

为探讨施用有机物料后不同作物根系土壤腐殖质各组分含量和胡敏酸元素组成的变化情况,以吉林农业大学试验田培肥2a的黑土为研究对象,试验选取3种作物(玉米、大豆、白菜),每种作物设4种施肥处理,包括化肥(CK)、玉米秸秆配施化肥、树叶配施化肥和鸡粪配施化肥。采用腐殖质修改法提取水溶性物质(WSS)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏素(HM),利用重铬酸钾外加热法测定腐殖质各组分有机碳含量,采用分光光度计法测定HA和FA的光学性质,通过光密度E_4/E_6值和元素组成分析HA的结构变化。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)和腐殖质各组分有机碳含量均表现为白菜玉米大豆。相比CK,配施有机物料后作物根系土壤TOC、WSS、HA含量分别显著增加5%~8%,34%~55%,8%~20%,FA含量变化不明显。相比树叶和鸡粪,秸秆可显著提高TOC含量;WSS在各物料之间差异不明显;HM含量表现为秸秆树叶鸡粪CK。有机物料对PQ值的影响因作物而异,秸秆和鸡粪对玉米、大豆根系土壤PQ值(HA占腐殖酸的比率)的影响相似,而鸡粪对白菜根系土壤PQ值的影响显著高于玉米秸秆。施用有机物料后HA的E_4/E_6未发生明显改变,FA的E_4/E_6显著提高。有机物料使根系土壤HA缩合度升高,分子结构更加复杂,且有利于HA含氮基团的形成,以秸秆处理作用最好。由此可见,有机物料具有良好的培肥效果,其中鸡粪对白菜根系土壤培肥效果最显著,秸秆与鸡粪对玉米、大豆根系土壤培肥效果相似,均显著高于化肥。     

连续提取对土壤腐殖质组分数量与特性的影响

以暗棕壤为供试土壤,研究了NaOH和NaOH+Na4P2O7连续提取对土壤腐殖质组分数量和特性的影响。结果表明:用两种提取剂得到的土壤腐殖质组分总量相差不大,并且其中HA组分的数量均高于FA组分。随提取次数增加,胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和胡敏素(HM)的绝对数量均下降,HA、FA的相对数量也下降,而HM的相对数量则增加。以NaOH为提取剂时,最后得到的腐殖质组分中FA的相对比例高于HA;而用NaOH+Na4P2O7为提取剂时,最后得到的腐殖质组分中HA的相对比例则高于FA。连续提取过程中,HA、FA的色调系数(Δlogk)和活化度(AD)通常呈增加趋势,而相对色度(RF)下降,说明后提取出的HA、FA的缩合度较低,脂族性较强。用RF来表征HA、FA特性变化更为合适。     

秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响

以辽宁省阜新县试验基地培肥3年的草甸褐土为研究对象,设CK(不施秸秆)和CS(秸秆深还施用量为24 000 kg hm-2)2个处理,每个处理随机选取3个采样点,采集深度为0～20 cm和20～40 cm。采用腐殖质组成修改法提取水溶性物质(WSS)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和胡敏素(Hu),研究秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质各组分含量的影响,并提取土壤胡敏酸(HA)固体样品进行结构表征。研究表明:秸秆深还更有助于表层土壤及其各腐殖质组分WSS、HA、FA和Hu有机碳含量的积累,分别较CK增加了33.11%、26.39%、11.09%、9.197%和18.55%,亚表层土壤WSS有机碳含量变化不显著,但HA和Hu的含碳量降低;表层和亚表层土壤PQ值的变化不显著;表层和亚表层土壤HA,缩合度变大,分子结构变复杂,芳香结构增加,热稳定性相对提高,亚表层土壤HA脂族结构稳定性增强。     

用δ13C法研究黑土有机碳组分的变化规律

通过室内短期培养实验，利用δ^13C的方法研究了小麦秸秆分解过程中黑土有机碳组分的变化规律。结果表明：有机物料本身含有相当数量的腐殖物质，这些物质的加入对土壤中有机碳的更新与活化有重要的作用。黑土中添加小麦秸秆后，土壤有机碳各组分的含量明显增加。随着培养时间的延长，土壤有机碳各组分的含量在不断变化，新形成的和原土中的HA与FA间发生转化，而且主要以FA向HA转化为主，原土的HA与FA间的转化速度比新形成的HA和FA的转化速度相对较慢。最初FA的形成速度大于HA的速度。随着培养时间的延长，由于部分FA向HA转化，加速了HA的形成，最终土壤HA与FA皆呈积累趋势，且HA的增加量显著大于FA。土壤中新形成的FA比原有的FA分解速度快。     

锰离子与胡敏酸络合反应特征研究

采用离子交换平衡法研究了在不同酸度、离子强度、温度条件下胡敏酸(HA)与Mn2+络合反应稳定性和热力学特征。结果表明,在相同离子强度、反应温度条件下,随着pH的升高,HA与Mn2+络合反应稳定常数增大;络合反应配位数在pH 3.0～5.0范围内随着pH的升高而增加,在5.0～7.0范围内随着pH的升高而降低;离子强度增加,HA与Mn2+络合反应表观稳定常数增加,离子强度从0.00升至0.10 mol L-1,HA与Mn2+络合反应配位数增加,但离子强度从0.10 mol L-1继续上升至0.15 mol L-1,配位数呈现下降的趋势;胡敏酸络合Mn2+标准自由能变ΔGmθ、焓变ΔHθm、熵变ΔSθm在298.2K、308.2K温度下均为负值,反应是自发进行的放热反应,较低的温度有利于反应的进行。     

Comparison of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and total soil fatty acid methyl esters (TSFAME) for characterizing soil microbial communities

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and total soil fatty acid methyl esters (TSFAME), both lipid-based approaches used to characterize microbial communities, were compared with respect to their reliable detection limits, extraction precision, and ability to differentiate agricultural soils. Two sets of soil samples, representing seven crop types from California's Central Valley, were extracted using PLFA and TSFAME procedures. PLFA analysis required 10 times more soil than TSFAME analysis to obtain a reliable microbial community fingerprint and total fatty acid content measurement. Although less soil initially was extracted with TSFAME, total fatty acid (FA) content g⁻¹ soil (DW) was more than 7-fold higher in TSFAME- versus PLFA-extracted samples. Sample extraction precision was much lower with TSFAME analysis than PLFA analysis, with the coefficient of variation between replicates being as much as 4-fold higher with TSFAME extraction. There were significant differences between PLFA- and TSFAME-extracted samples when biomarker pool sizes (mol% values) for bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were compared. Correspondence analysis (CA) of PLFA and TSFAME samples indicated that extraction method had the greatest influence on sample FA composition. Soil type also influenced FA composition, with samples grouping by soil type with both extraction methods. However, separate CAs of PLFA- and TSFAME extracted samples depicted strong differences in underlying sample groupings. Recommendations for the selection of extraction method are presented and discussed.     

封育对沙质草甸土壤理化性状的影响

对不同封育年限沙质草甸自然恢复过程中土壤理化性状进行了测定和分析。结果表明,封育对沙质草甸土壤理化性状的改善有明显的促进作用。随封育时间的延长,土壤颗粒组成发生明显变化,>0.25 mm的中粗沙成分明显减少,0.05~0.25 mm的细沙成分明显增加,而且表层粘粉粒含量也明显增加;各取样层次土壤有机碳和全氮含量在不同封育状况下形成显著差异,并随封育时间的延长而显著提高;随封育时间的延长,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤硬度逐渐增大。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量与0.25~0.05 mm的细沙含量及<0.05mm的粘粉粒含量表现出显著的正相关关系,而与>0.25 mm的中粗沙含量呈显著的负相关关系。     

Combination reaction between humic acid and calcium ions

In the previous paper (1), liming an acid humus volcanic ash soil resulted in the formation of humic acids combined with calcium, but had no significant effect on acid brown forest soils containing humic acids of a lower degree of humification. Subsequently, the authors examined the humus composition of the soils treated with calcium acetate, and conducted some experiments on the combination reaction between humic acid and calcium ions. The results obtained are presented in this paper.     

Leaf elemental concentrations and grain yield of sorghum grown on an acid soil

Abstract

Determination of the nutrient requirements of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown on acid soils is, a critical step in the development of plants which are adapted to these problem soils. Sorghum genotype, environment, and soil type interact with the uptake of elements and affect plant growth and production. This study compared the yields of a sorghum grain hybrid grown on a sandy loam soil at four acid pH levels. Nutrient concentrations in sorghum leaves on these soil regimes were also investigated. Grain yields declined 96% as soil pH decreased from 5.5 to 4.4. Leaf element analysis revealed that as pH decreased from 5.5 to 4.4, there was an increase in plant Al, Fe, Mn, K, P and a decrease in Cu, Zn, Mg, Ca. Interactions among several of these elements were readily apparent. Additional data involving different sorghum genotypes and different soil types are needed to establish a consistent pattern of element uptake on acid soils in relation to yield and plant production.     

可变电荷土壤对酸雨敏感度的影响因子

The sensitivity of a large number of variable charge soils to acid rain was evaluated through examining pH-H₂SO₄ input curves. Two derivative parameters, the consumption of hydrogen ions by the soil and the acidtolerant limit as defined as the quantity of sulfuric acid required to bring the soil to pH 3.5 in a 0.001mol L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂ solution, were used. The sensitivity of variable charge soils was higher than that of constant charge soils, due to the predominance of kaolinite in clay mineralogical composition. Among these soils the sensitivity was generally of the order lateritic red soil > red soil > latosol. For a given type of soil within the same region the sensitivity was affected by parent material, due to differences in clay minerals and texture. The sensitivity of surface soil may be lower or higher than that of subsoil, depending on whether organic matter or texture plays the dominant role in determining the buffering capacity. Paddy soils consumed more acid within lower range of acid input when compared with upland soils, due to the presence of more exchangeable bases, but consumed less acid within higher acid input range, caused by the decrease in clay content.     

Selected oxygen-dependent process—Response to soil management and tillage

Selected oxygen-related processes in soil are reviewed with regard to different soil management and tillage systems. The processes under consideration comprise gas transport in the atmosphere–plant–soil continuum, soil air composition, redox transformations under anoxic conditions and environmental consequences such as emission of trace greenhouse gases.     

Comparing the effects of paper pulp and lime additions to acid tropical soils using batch experiments

Paper mill residuals may beneficially be used to improve the fertility of tropical acid soils. The effects of paper pulp on soil pH, exchangeable Al and soil solution composition of three acid tropical soils were compared with the effects of equivalent rates of lime in two batch experiments. Paper pulp was more effective than lime in increasing soil pH. However, both amendments were equally effective in decreasing exchangeable Al. Paper pulp and lime similarly influenced the composition of the soil solution by increasing soil solution pH, dissolved organic carbon, inorganic carbon, NO₃, SO₄, Ca and Mg. The supply of nitrate by the soil, however, was reduced in paper pulp treatments compared to lime treatments. Nitrate had a major role in controlling nutrient concentrations in the soil solution. Reduced NO₃ concentrations in paper pulp treated soils compared to limed soils could therefore result in lower nutrient availability and limited losses by leaching.     

Soil amino acid composition across a boreal forest successional sequence

Soil amino acids are important sources of organic nitrogen for plant nutrition, yet few studies have examined which amino acids are most prevalent in the soil. In this study, we examined the composition, concentration, and seasonal patterns of soil amino acids across a primary successional sequence encompassing a natural gradient of plant productivity and soil physicochemical characteristics. Soil was collected from five stages (willow, alder, balsam poplar, white spruce, and black spruce) of the floodplain successional sequence on the Tanana River in interior Alaska. Water-extractable amino acid composition and concentration were determined by HPLC. Irrespective of successional stage, the amino acid pool was dominated by glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, asparagine, alanine, and histidine. These six amino acids accounted for approximately 80% of the total amino acid pool. Amino acid concentrations were an order of magnitude higher in coniferous-dominated late successional stages than in early deciduous-dominated stages. The composition and concentration of amino acids were generally constant throughout the growing season. The similar amino acid composition across the successional sequence suggests that amino acids originate from a common source or through similar biochemical processes. These results demonstrate that amino acids are important components of the biogeochemical diversity of nitrogen forms in boreal forests.     

Evaluation of accelerated H+ applications in predicting soil chemical and microbial changes due to acid rain

Abstract

A comparison was made between three acidified, simulated rain treatments which have been used to assess the impact of acid rain on soil chemical and microbial processes. There were significant differences in effects on chemical and microbial characteristics of soil exposed to the three treatments due to differences in the rate of H⁺ ion application, even though the total quantity of protons supplied was the same in each case. An input of 30 cm of simulated rain of pH 3.0 over 6 months increased microbial activity and caused only slight changes in soil pH and soil nitrogen status. Treatments in which the rate of H⁺ input was accelerated by increasing solution volume, or acidity, inhibited microbial activity and caused soil chemical changes in excess of those produced by the more gradual yet equivalent H⁺ loading. We conclude that the effects of short‐term, accelerated acid treatments cannot be used to realistically forecast long‐term impacts of acid rain. The results of such experiments may be useful in identifying processes or parameters for studies of longer duration.     

在非灭菌与灭菌条件下对土壤CO2短期排放特性的研究

通过室内模拟降雨一维垂直土柱入渗实验,在非灭菌与灭菌条件下,连续地监测土壤不同深度处CO2浓度以及土壤含水率。采用闭合循环回路测量系统,结合膜管（METT）技术来对降雨条件下土壤不同深度处CO2浓度进行监测,研究CO2的短时排放特性。结果表明,在时间上土壤不同深度处含水率与CO2浓度变化并未呈现出一致的趋势。对干土加水时,土壤CO2浓度的迅速增加除了受到微生物矿化作用之外,气体对流、扩散等物理过程也影响较大。对于灭菌土壤,CO2在土壤中的运移只是一个较短的动力学过程,故其变化较快;而对于非灭菌土壤,由于微生物对土壤中有机质的矿化作用,所以CO2浓度较高但变化相对较缓。