Gibberellins as gametocides for the common onion (Allium cepa L.). III. GA4+7 and pollen viability

Summary The gametocidal effect of GA₄₊₇ in onion is strong in respect of pollen production but very weak or absent in respect of pollen viability. Large scale application of GA₄₊₇ for the production of onion hybrid seed is still impossible because of low seed yield and high costsof required chemicals. On a small scale, however. GA₄₊₇ can be used very well to emasculate breeding material.Because of switching over to the gibberellin terminology of plant physiologists, this title slightly deviates from that of the two previous articles.     

Gibberellic acid as a gametocide for the common onion (Allium cepa L.). II. The effect of GA 4/7

Summary The gametocidal effect of Berelex GA 4/7 on onions was investigated. Frequent spraying during the bolting period with relatively high concentrations (0.1 and 0.3%) resulted in a very high percentage of completely male sterile plants in the beginning of the flowering period. The gametocidal effect was accompanied by a considerable reduction in seed production.Differences in reaction to GA 4/7 between the three varieties involved were small.     

外源赤霉素对旱区烤烟叶片生长和品质的影响

在豫西旱区,利用田间试验,进行了不同时期喷施不同浓度赤霉素对烤烟叶片生长和品质影响的初步研究。结果表明,打顶当天喷施适当浓度的赤霉素,可增大烤烟上部和全株叶面积,尤以喷施20mg/kg的处理效果最好,烤烟产量构成因素较为优化,明显降低上部烟叶厚度与烟碱和游离烟碱含量,提高上部烟叶可用性;稳定NO2-含量,并使上部和中部烟叶主要化学成分具有较好协调性。     

抗4,抗7高粱品种选育及对丝黑穗病抗性的遗传

抗４，抗７高粱杂交种是由Ｔｘ６２２Ａ不育系和晋粱５号，忻粱７号恢复系杂交选育而成。具有高产，高抗至免疫丝黑穗病和适应性广等特点，增产１５％－１８％，在人工接菌条件下发病率为０，对照种为８２．４％，是目前山西，河北，陕西，甘肃和天津等省市生产上推广的骨干品种。     

Quantitative trait loci for agronomic and seed quality traits in an F2 and F4:6 soybean population

Molecular breeding is becoming more practical as better technology emerges. The use of molecular markers in plant breeding for indirect selection of important traits can favorably impact breeding efficiency. The purpose of this research is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) on molecular linkage groups (MLG) which are associated with seed protein concentration, seed oil concentration, seed size, plant height, lodging, and maturity, in a population from a cross between the soybean cultivars ‘Essex’ and ‘Williams.’ DNA was extracted from F₂ generation soybean leaves and amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Markers that were polymorphic between the parents were analyzed against phenotypic trait data from the F₂ and F_4:6 generation. For the F₂ population, significant additive QTL were Satt540 (MLG M, maturity, r² = 0.11; height, r² = 0.04, seed size, r²= 0.06], Satt373 (MLG L, seed size, r² = 0.04; height, r² = 0.14), Satt50 (MLG A1, maturity r² = 0.07), Satt14 (MLG D2, oil, r² = 0.05), and Satt251 (protein r² = 0.03, oil, r² =0.04). Significant dominant QTL for the F₂ population were Satt540 (MLG M,height, r² = 0.04; seed size, r² = 0.06) and Satt14 (MLG D2, oil, r² = 0.05). In the F_4:6 generation significant additive QTL were Satt239 (MLGI, height, r² = 0.02 at Knoxville, TN and r² = 0.03 at Springfield, TN), Satt14 (MLG D2, seed size, r² = 0.14 at Knoxville, TN), Satt373 (MLG L, protein, r² = 0.04 at Knoxville, TN) and Satt251 (MLG B1, lodging r² = 0.04 at Springfield, TN). Averaged over both environments in the F_4:6 generation, significant additive QTL were identified as Satt251 (MLG B1, protein, r² = 0.03), and Satt239 (MLG I, height, r² = 0.03). The results found in this study indicate that selections based solely on these QTL would produce limited gains (based on low r² values). Few QTL were detected to be stable across environments. Further research to identify stable QTL over environments is needed to make marker-assisted approaches more widely adopted by soybean breeders. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

遇旱灌水和施肥方式对大豆土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮时空变异的影响

为了寻求水肥资源的合理利用方式,以九农21为材料,于2008年研究了遇旱灌水和施肥方式对大豆各生育期、各土层土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮变化的影响。结果表明,从各土层土壤中的铵态氮和硝态氮含量来看,灌水前优化施肥处理对保持土壤中的铵态氮和硝态氮含量效果明显,尤其是R1和R5期,减少了土壤中的氮损失。用地质统计学中的区域化变量理论和半方差函数分析,从变程值来看,灌水对优化施肥处理的铵态氮和硝态氮空间变异性程度影响较大;此外块金值与基台值之比较小,分别为0．02和0．21,表明由土壤的空间结构本身引起的空间变异性占主要部分,说明优化施肥处理对改变土壤的空间结构具有良好的作用。     

Characterization of a set of common wheat–Hordeum chilense chromosome 7Hch introgression lines and its potential use in research on grain quality traits

Chromosome 7H^ch from Hordeum chilense has potential for improving seed carotenoid content in wheat as it carries a Phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) gene, which has a major role in this trait. Structural changes in chromosome 7H^ch were obtained in common wheat background by crossing the wheat disomic substitution line 7H^ch(7D) with a disomic addition line carrying chromosome 2C^c from Aegilops cylindrica in common wheat cv. ‘Chinese Spring’. Rearranged 7H^ch chromosomes were cytologically characterized by FISH. A set of 24 molecular markers and the Psy1 gene were used to identify the H. chilense chromosome segments involved in the introgressions. Six structural rearrangements of chromosome 7H^ch were identified. They included three homozygous wheat–H. chilense centromeric translocations, one involving the 7H^chS arm (T‐7H^chS·A/B) and two involving the 7H^chL arm (T1‐7H^chL·A/B and T2‐7H^chL·A/B). In addition, one 7H^chS arm deletion, one 7H^chL·7H^chL isochromosome and one 7H^chS telosome were obtained in hemizygous condition. These genetic stocks will be useful for studying the effect of chromosome 7H^ch on wheat flour colour.     

高温胁迫对早稻根系质膜ATPase活性及NH+4吸收的影响

选用高温耐性品种农大228、082和高温敏感品种茉莉占、协青早B，比较研究了高温胁迫对根系质膜ATPase活性和NH4^＋吸收速率的影响。结果表明，高温胁迫下，农大228和082根系质膜H^＋-ATPase和Ca^2＋-ATPase活性均比对照提高，而茉莉占和协青早B分别比对照大幅度下降，品种间差异显著（Duncan’s法检验）。根系质膜蛋白含量在高温胁迫后均表现下降。082的NH4^＋吸收速率不受高温影响，热敏感型品种NH4^＋吸收速率受高温胁迫明显下降。     

成都“1+7”经济区土地集约节约利用现状和产业结构调整潜力评价研究

为了评价成都“1+7”经济区的土地集约节约利用度,促进经济区土地集约节约利用,从土地投入水平、利用强度、产出效果、利用持续性4个方面构建了土地集约节约利用评价指标体系,采用层次分析法、德菲尔法确定指标权重,用Matlab软件对2009年经济区的土地集约节约利用度进行模糊综合评价。结果表明：城市土地的投入水平和二三产业的发展水平直接影响到土地集约利用度,经济区土地集约节约利用总体水平较低,成都为中度集约,德阳为初步集约,绵阳、资阳为低度粗放,乐山、遂宁、眉山、雅安为中度粗放。笔者有针对性地提出了优化和调整产业结构,将集约利用的重点放在建成区现有土地的开发和挖潜改造上,尽可能地增加单位面积的土地收益,走内涵式发展道路等对策建议。     

Combining ability estimates for yield and fibre quality traits in 4 × 13 line × tester crosses of Gossypium hirsutum

The aim of this study was to estimate the general combining ability of the parents and specific combining ability of hybrids considered for the development of high yielding and better quality cultivars. Seventeen genotypes and 52 F₁ hybrids obtained by crossing 4 lines and 13 testers in line × tester mating system during 2003 were sown in randomized complete block design in 2004. Line × Tester analysis revealed significant GCA and SCA effects for all the traits except fibre elongation. Preponderance of non-additive gene action was obtained for seed cotton yield per␣plant and majority of its component traits including fibre traits. Among the parents: PIL-8 for days to 50% flowering, CCH-526612 for boll weight, CITH-77 for number of open bolls per plant and CNH-36 for seed cotton yield per plant were detected with higher general combining ability. Parent, CCH-526612 for 2.5% span length, fibre strength and fibre elongation and AKH-9618 for micronaire value, fibre strength and fibre elongation were good combiners for fibre quality traits. The F₁s achieved high seed cotton yield by producing more number of open bolls. The high yielding hybrids with acceptable fibre quality traits were: CISV-24 × LH-1995, H-1242 × PIL-8 and RS-2283 × SGNR-2 deducted with significant SCA effects for seed cotton yield and fibre characteristics; 2.5% span length and fibre strength. These cross combinations involved at least one parent with high or average GCA effect for a particular trait.     

培养液NO-3/NH+4比对甜菜幼苗NO-3、NH+4 吸收特性的影响

采用标准偏高糖型甜研7号与标准偏丰产型甜研8号2个二倍体纯系品种及水培方法，研究了子叶期（11d）甜菜对NO3^-和NH4^＋的吸收特性以及不同NO3^-／NH4^＋比对苗期（31d）甜菜吸收特性的影响。发现了子叶期甜研7号较甜研8号对NH4^＋有较大的Vmax,有利于NH4^＋的吸收。低NH4^＋浓度比促进甜菜对N03的吸收。而且甜研7号受到的影响相对大于甜研8号。不同NO3^-／NH4^＋也影响甜菜对NH4^＋的吸收速率，2品种所受的影响并不相同。2品种遗传特性不同导致了甜研7号对NH4^＋的吸收较甜研8号敏感。高浓度NH4^＋的存在促进了甜研7号与甜研8号对NH4^＋的吸收。说明可以通过调节甜菜对NO3^-与NH4^＋的吸收与同化关系来调控甜菜的氮代谢，以提高甜菜的产量与质量。     

高温胁迫对早稻根系质膜ATPase活性及NH4+吸收的影响

选用高温耐性品种农大228、082和高温敏感品种茉莉占、协青早B，比较研究了高温胁迫对根系质膜ATPase活性和NH₄⁺吸收速率的影响。结果表明，高温胁迫下，农大228和082根系质膜H⁺-ATPase和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性均比对照提高，而茉莉占和协青早B分别比对照大幅度下降，品种间差异显著(Duncan’s法检验)。根系质膜蛋白含量在高温胁迫后均表现下降。082的NH₄⁺吸收速率不受高温影响，热敏感型品种NH4+吸收速率受高温胁迫明显下降。     

水分、磷肥耦合对小麦各生育期土壤中氮磷养分的影响

通过田间试验,研究了施磷量、施磷深度和不同水分条件对冬小麦不同生育期土壤中氮、磷养分含量的影响。结果表明,在3种处理条件下,土壤中NO3-_N随小麦各生育期对氮素需求量而变化,在返青期和灌浆期,其在土壤中的含量均出现最低谷;土壤中的NH4 _N的含量在孕穗期出现高峰,其他生育期含量变化无明显影响;同样,土壤中有效磷含量在返青期和灌浆期出现低谷,而拔节或孕穗期达到高峰。根据土壤中氮磷养分的动态变化,推荐整个生育期灌水2次,施磷量及施磷深度分别为225 kg/hm2和30 cm。     

Alleles on the two dwarfing loci on 4B and 4D are main drivers of FHB‐related traits in the Canadian winter wheat population “Vienna” × “25R47”

Fusarium head blight (FHB), leaf rust and stem rust are among the most destructive wheat diseases. High‐yielding, native disease resistance sources are available in North America. The objective of this study was to map loci associated with FHB traits, leaf rust, stem rust and plant height in a “Vienna”/”25R47” population. DArT markers were used to generate a genetic map, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed by evaluating 113 doubled haploid lines across three environments in Ontario, Canada. FHB resistance QTL were identified on chromosomes 4D, 4B, 2D and 7A, while a QTL for leaf and stem rust resistance was identified on chromosome 1B. The dwarfing alleles of both Rht‐B1 and Rht‐D1 were associated with increased FHB index and DON content.     

Introgression of Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21 for resistance to bacterial blight in thermosensitive genetic male sterile rice (Oryza sativa L.) for the development of two-line hybrids

Bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzae is a major production constraint in commercial hybrid rice production in the Philippines because most of the parental lines used in hybrid production do not carry resistance genes against the pathogen. In this study, three bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21, were introgressed to a temperature-sensitive genetic male sterile (TGMS1) line. A three-way cross of AR32-19-3-3/TGMS1//IRBB4/7 (PR36944) was made to produce 1,364 F₂ plants carrying various combinations of Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21. Individual plants were characterized for reaction to bacterial blight PXO61 (race 1), PXO86 (race 2), PXO99 (race 6) and pollen sterility. Of 144 F₂ plants demonstrating resistance against PXO61, PXO86 and PXO99, 22 exhibited highly resistant phenotypes with mean lesion lengths ranging from 0.37–2.97 cm. Analysis of disease reaction identified 20 potential TGMS F₂ plants containing Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21 while 78 plants with Xa4 + Xa7. Phenotypic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses confirmed PR36944-450, PR36944-473 and PR36944-700 as homozygous for Xa7 and Xa21 and highly resistant to all three Xoo races. Fertility of PR36944-450 and PR36944-700 was restored at permissive temperature in a growth chamber. BB-resistant TGMS lines should facilitate breeding two-line hybrids in the tropics.