森林认证对森林经营和林产品贸易的影响

森林认证把森林经营与森林的产品结合在一起,良好的森林经营产出的产品才能被消费者认可。改善森林经营是所有森林认证计划的目标和要求。森林认证能逐步提高森林经营的质量;森林认证和标签的出现,使贸易有可能多元化,环境敏感市场的市场格局可能受到冲击,一些不符合环境要求的产品可能退出市场,而通过认证的产品有机会占领市场。     

森林认证及其对我国林产品贸易的影响

森林可持续经营问题已普遍受到人们的关注 ,但相对来说 ,森林认证从理论到实践 ,只有十几年的发展历程 ,其理论基础与实践经验都很不完善 ,现存的有关森林认证的论述大多是关于体系、标准的建设和基本理论及国外经验的总结 ,而涉及森林认证对我国林产品贸易的影响及对策方面的研究在国内尚属空白。因此 ,在了解我国森林认证的进展与绿色壁垒的基本情况下 ,重点研究森林认证对我国林产品贸易产生的影响     

森林认证对全球林产品贸易影响实证分析

文中基于贸易引力模型,以73个开展森林认证的国家（地区）2015—2020年林产品进出口贸易数据为被解释变量、森林认证证书数量为核心解释变量,结合经济规模、经济发展水平、地理距离、森林资源禀赋和加入WTO、自由贸易区协定签署情况等影响因素,对森林认证与林产品贸易间的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明:一国所拥有的森林认证证书数量增加能够显著促进林产品出口和进口;若贸易双方经济规模较大且经济发展水平相当,均加入WTO或签署自由贸易协定也会促进该国林产品出口和进口;本国森林资源丰富有助于林产品出口,同时会减少林产品进口;双边距离过远则会阻碍两国林产品出口和进口。建议我国完善顶层设计,持续推进森林认证,通过深化与国际组织和其他国家森林认证体系的交流与合作,保护森林、改善环境,实现可持续发展。     

森林认证对中国林产品进出口贸易的影响

文章在分析国内外森林认证发展现状以及森林认证对中国林产品进出口贸易影响的基础上,提出中国森林认证的落后性,并指出由于这种落后性严重影响了中国林产品贸易的发展,从而受到了来自环境敏感国家的绿色贸易壁垒的阻碍。通过现阶段阻碍中国森林认证发展因素的分析,进一步提出推动中国森林认证发展的几点建议。     

森林认证与中国林产品贸易

在分析森林认证基本含义及中国林产品贸易特点的基础上，探讨了森林认证对中国林产品贸易和林产品竞争力的影响，并提出了政府和企业的应对措施。     

国际森林和林产品认证的现状和展望

近十几年来,随着森林可持续经营的发展,世界森林和林产品认证体系相继建立,世界自然基金会等国际组织和许多国家成立了森林和林产品认证机构,并逐步开展了森林和林产品的认证工作.我国的森林认证工作起步较晚,但在国家林业局的大力支持下,发展较快.文中介绍了国际森林和林产品认证的作用、现状及展望.     

木材合法性认证及其对中国木质林产品贸易的影响

木材非法采伐及其相关贸易是导致许多发展中国家毁林和森林退化的重要原因。森林破坏反过来导致约20%的全球碳排放。许多政府和私人部门以及国际社会纷纷采取措施确保木材的合法性。随之而来的木材合法性认证越来越普遍。文中概述木材合法性认证的概念及认证体系,归纳木材合法性认证的要点、局限性和启示,简要分析木材合法性认证对中国木质林产品贸易的影响。     

世界森林认证的发展现状及对中国森林认证的启示

森林认证是一种基于对森林产品市场贸易的监管达到保护森林资源和提高森林管理的机制。自从20世纪90年代初第一个森林认证体系（FSC认证体系）问世以来,世界上已有50多个森林认证体系,这些认证体系对世界森林开展了不同形式的认证工作,目前已被认证的森林面积超过300×104 km2。中国第一个森林认证始于2002年,但发展较为缓慢。本文在分析世界森林认证现状的基础上,对中国的森林认证提出了几点建议。     

中葡非木质林产品认证标准比较

中国森林认证体系与葡萄牙森林认证体系均为PEFC认可的森林认证体系,中葡2国是通过PEFC认证的非木质林产品经营单位数量最多的2个国家。文中对中葡2国的森林认证体系、非木质林产品认证相关标准及认证程序进行了比较,发现2国认证体系在标准结构、认证程序、认证不符合项的整改时间、证书的有效期方面存在差异,但认证标准在内容上均有相对应的条款;研究结果可为中国森林认证体系的改进以及非木质林产品经营单位选择认证体系及认证机构提供参考。     

中国森林认证探讨

通过研究森林认证与森林可持续经营、林产品国际贸易、保护生态环境和生物多样性以及中国林业同国际接轨等方面的关系 ,详细阐述了中国开展森林认证工作的意义和作用以及中国森林认证的进展情况 ,分析了森林认证对中国森林经营和林产品贸易的可能影响 ,认为森林认证是实现林业可持续发展和生态良好的文明发展道路的有效途径     

Determinants of export marketing strategies of forest products companies in the context of transition — The case of Slovakia

Determinants of export performance have been extensively examined in the literature. Although marketing strategy is considered to be one of the major determinants of export performance, little attention has been paid to the factors affecting export marketing strategies. Direct empirical evidence pertaining to factors influencing export marketing strategies is lacking not only for developed western countries, but also for the transition countries of Europe. As a consequence of the changes that have taken place in these countries over last 17 years, the factors influencing export marketing strategies might significantly differ from the factors observed in the developed western countries. Additionally, this situation as it relates to the forest products industries specifically is still unknown. Incorporating insights from the resource-based view of the firm, market-as-network perspective and institutional theory connected by characteristics of transaction costs theory, the objective of this study was to determine deductively, and to subsequently test, the factors influencing export marketing strategies in the forest products industries in the context of Slovakia. A case study approach employing a qualitative methodology using in-depth personal interviews with individual decision makers from forest products companies was chosen to test the framework. The results suggested that generally the physical and relational resources and domestic formal institutions have the most relevant bearing on export marketing strategies. In addition, company history reveals that the years of the transition process are still having an effect.     

The impact of SFM-certification on forest product markets in Western Europe — an analysis using a forest sector simulation model

In the international discussion on labels for sustainably produced wood products based on the certification of sustainable forest management (SFM), little attention has been paid to what is probably the most crucial part of any market-based instrument: the potential impact on forest products markets. This paper analyses the potential impact of SFM-certification on forest products markets using a simulation model of the Western European forest sector. Two scenarios with assumptions regarding certification (chain-of-custody costs, timber supply reduction from certified forests) are projected for the period 1995–2015 and tested against the results of a base scenario (‘business as usual’). In general, the results show that rather modest changes are to be expected from SFM-certification in forest products markets. The market impact of a timber supply reduction from certified forest would be more distinct than the impacts of chain-of-custody costs. Industry gross profits would decrease more than production. Due to the large share of roundwood costs in total costs, the sawmill industry would be affected more by even small changes in raw-material prices than the panel and paper industry.     

森林认证与黑龙江森工林区的可持续发展

本文讨论了森林认证与森工林区可持续发展的关系，介绍了森林认证的基本情况，认为森林认证是市场经济下促进森工林区可持续发展的有效机制。研究、引入、创建符合森工林区可持续发展要求的森林认证体系意义重大。     

Analysis of environmental effects of prospective trade agreements: the forest products ATL as a case study in the science–policy interface

In the past few decades, the interaction between commodity trade and environmental conditions in both exporting and importing countries has received increasing attention. Recognition of accumulating and expanding environmental consequences of economic activity coincides with an increase in the absolute value and relative importance of trade in the global economy. Therefore, efforts to further reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade are prospectively attractive economic policies and, at the same time, potentially problematic from the perspective of environmental policy objectives. As is the case with many contemporary policy debates, the trade and environment debate is frequently characterized by rhetoric and advocacy of positions. Although examination of the consequences of specific trade policies is complicated by the nature of trade negotiations, opportunities exist to use science in formulating and evaluating policies. In the late 1990s, the forest sector was one of eight sectors targeted for accelerated tariff reduction. In response to concerns about the environmental consequences of the initiative, the US government conducted a first-of-its kind, quantitative study of the economic and environmental effects of the trade policy initiative on the forest sector. Although the multi-sector initiative was not implemented, successful completion of the analysis contributed to policy deliberations in a highly-charged atmosphere (during preparations for the 1999 World Trade Organization Ministerial meeting in Seattle). Demonstration of the ability to provide relevant, technically-credible results is among the factors providing support for the idea of environmental review of future US trade agreements. Therefore, the process and the results of the review of this trade initiative provide a useful case study in the science–policy interface.     

干扰理论及其对森林资源的影响

文章在广泛收集国内外有关干扰研究结果的基础上,总结了干扰的基本概念和基本类型,从森林资源保护的角度阐述了干扰对森林资源的影响,对森林干扰的研究和天然林与城市林的保护具有一定的参考价值。       

The influence of regulatory forest policy tools on biodiversity measures for forests in Ukraine

The transition from a state-oriented forest economy to a market-oriented one requires a critical analysis of the set of tools designed to implement state forest policies. One of the important goals of Ukrainian forest policy is conservation of the biodiversity of forest ecosystems. This paper analyzes the influence of two of the regulatory forest policy instruments (zoning and prohibition of final harvesting) on the diversity of woody vegetation using Tobit regression. Data on the forest resources of the Sumy administrative province in Ukraine are used for the analysis. Additionally, we look at how diversity of woody vegetation is affected by the form of forest tenure.     

A comparison of biodiversity values in boreal forest regeneration areas before and after forest certification

Abstract

In this study, 236 regeneration areas (mostly clear-cuts) in southern Norway were selected by random stratified selection: 118 of the study units were cut before and 118 after the introduction of forest certification in 1998. The degree of compliance with biodiversity measures established in the prevailing certification standard (ISO 14001 and the Norwegian standard “Living Forests”) was compared in a field study, and the differences were analysed. In some aspects, a clear difference could be seen, most clearly in an increasing number of green retention trees and an increasing mean width of buffer-strips left along rivers, bogs and lakes in the postcertification units compared with the precertification units. Even though there was a significant increase in the mean number of retention trees, as much as 21% of the postcertification regeneration areas still did not have sufficient retention trees to comply with the certification standard and 41% had either too few retention trees or too few spruce trees according to the standard. Concerning the management of small swamp forests, and the damage done to terrain and prelogging coarse dead wood by off-road transport, little improvement was seen. The discussion examines whether it is probable that the changes seen are a result of forest certification in Norway.     

Market analysis for timber and forest products in China

lntroductionChina'sterritoryisvast,buttheforestedareaisless.About29%areaofChinaisdesertandbaremOuntains(Zhangetal.1997).ThefourthnationaIforestsurvey,whichwasconductedbytheMinistryofForestryin1989~1993,indicatesthat133.7millionhm2or13.92%oftheIandareaofChinaareforest.Thestockoflivingtreesis11.785bilIionm',ofwhich1o.1biIIionisinforest.Thenetgrowthofstandingvolumeiso.4biIIionm3peryear,whiIethecutisO.3billionm',ofwhichatleastonethirdisfarfueIwood.Sotheforestresourcesarenotrich,forestcoveri…     

加快发展我国森林认证市场的对策探讨

通过分析我国森林认证市场的现状、存在的问题和森林认证市场源动力,提出加快发展我国森林认证市场对策。