DNA甲基化调控动物季节性行为和繁殖的研究进展

动物的生物学行为会随生存环境、季节变换发生一些显著的改变,这些行为变化在动物生存、生长发育、繁殖甚至疾病中扮演着重要角色。近年来研究指出,DNA甲基化参与了动物季节性行为及繁殖性能的调控。本文概述了DNA甲基化常见的发生区域,动物季节性行为变化及动物繁殖性能(初情期、季节性发情、性腺发育等)受DNA甲基化调控的研究进展,为从表观遗传角度分析动物季节性行为变化和动物繁殖的分子机制提供理论参考和研究思路。     

季节性繁殖动物生殖的影响研究

季节性繁殖是动物对环境适应的一种反应。本文就动物季节性繁殖的影响因素进行了分析，并针对不同的因素提出了相应的提高繁殖率的措施。     

绵羊季节性繁殖的神经内分泌研究进展

季节性繁殖是动物适应自然环境变化的一种策略,通过在合适的时间繁殖来保证后代的存活和生长,GnRH神经元对雌激素负反馈响应的显著变化是调节季节性繁殖的主要原因。近年来,科学家对绵羊季节性繁殖的神经和神经内分泌调控进行了大量研究,主要集中在下丘脑褪黑激素及相关神经元的活动。本文综述了绵羊季节性繁殖的传入信号和神经通路,简要比较了绵羊和仓鼠季节性繁殖的相关研究,为绵羊季节性繁殖神经机制研究提供参考。     

拂晓前断奶

你在任何教科书中都找不到这一奇异的建议。你可以找到的是这样的说法：”猪与马和羊不同，猪不是季节行繁殖的动物。”本人认为，这既对，也不对。现代猪虽不算季节性繁殖的动物，但也有一些季节繁殖的特性。也许，很久以前，猪的确曾经是季节性繁殖的动物，它们不在秋季...     

略谈水貂的繁殖生理

<正> 配种季节 一、水貂繁殖的季节性 水貂为季节性繁殖的动物,造成季节性繁殖的主导因素是日照与温度(均直接受纬度的影响)。通过神经的作用,使水貂把感觉到的日照时间的季节性变化传导到大脑中枢,再反射到脑下垂体前叶,加强前叶促性腺激素的分泌功能,使处于相对静止状态的卵巢与睾丸机能日趋活化和     

甲状腺激素受体基因调控动物繁殖的研究进展

甲状腺激素(thyroid hormone,TH)及其受体除了参与调控机体正常发育和代谢平衡外,还在动物繁殖活动中发挥重要的生物学作用。甲状腺激素受体α(thyroid hormone receptor alpha,TRα)和甲状腺激素受体β(thy-roid hormone receptor beta,TRβ)属于配体依赖性核受体超家族成员,分别由THRA和THRB两个基因编码,这两个基因的选择性剪接或转录起始位置不同可导致不同组织中存在多种受体亚型。本文首先介绍了TRs的基本特征;然后以下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis,HPGA)为主线,综述了TRs通过参与促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)脉冲释放、促性腺激素水平、促性腺激素受体和性激素受体的表达实现对性腺轴系统的繁殖调控;最后,从TH-GnRH通路、TH/TRs在哺乳动物季节性繁殖中的作用及在鸟类季节性繁殖中的作用3个方面概述了TH/TRs对动物季节性繁殖的调控作用,有助于深入了解动物季节性繁殖的分子机制,为季节性发情的人工调控提供新思路。     

马属动物卵巢发育研究进展

随着国内经济发展,马、驴产业经济价值越来越高,产业需求量也日益增长,但马属动物是繁殖周期较长的季节性单胎动物,其独特的繁殖生理结构特性成为马属动物繁殖效益和相关繁殖技术开发应用的主要因素之一.卵巢作为雌性动物生殖系统中的核心器官,在神经系统和内分泌系统的作用和调节下,具有周期性产生卵子和分泌生殖激素的功能.然而由于排卵...     

浅谈环境及食物因素对动物繁殖力的影响

实践证明,动物的繁殖性能受到很多环境因素及食物因素的影响,掌握这些影响因素和动物的繁殖规律,可提高动物的繁殖率。动物的繁殖受生活条件的严格影响,对哺乳动物来说,当生活条件不能满足其基本要求时,往往会出现性腺发育不良;发情和配种能力下降;不能受精或受精率降低;胚胎不能着床、胚胎吸收或流产;产后哺乳不足及子代生活力降低等。上述现象无论在野生状态还是人工养殖的哺乳动物都可能出现。动物繁殖有明显的季节性,它除了与内分泌机制、营养状况和新陈代谢水平等内部因素有关外,还受到外界环境条件季节性变化的直接影响,如每当春季来…     

褪黑素影响动物繁殖性能的研究进展

褪黑素是一种由哺乳动物松果体分泌的神经内分泌胺类激素,通过其高亲和性膜受体的参与调控动物生理节律、季节性繁殖、睾丸及卵巢功能等生理过程。本文就褪黑素的相关特性及其对动物繁殖性能的影响进行综述,为褪黑素在动物生产中的广泛应用提供参考。     

鹅反季节繁殖技术要点

我国是世界最大的养鹅大国，年出栏肉鹅5．06亿羽，占全世界鹅出栏总数的92．8％。鹅是典型的季节性繁殖动物，一直以来，鹅的季节性繁殖向题困扰和制约了养鹅生产和产业化发展。为解决这一问题，国内一些单位从20世纪80年代就研究和尝试过种鹅的反季节繁殖。经过多年实践，广东、四川省成功通过光照和营养调控等措施，克服了鹅的季节性繁殖问题。但由于我国地域辽阔，     

褪黑素的生物合成及对繁殖性能的影响

褪黑素是一种广泛存在于动物体内的激素,不仅能够调节动物昼夜节律,还能够从多方面影响动物的繁殖性能,对于季节性繁殖动物,褪黑素根据日照时长的变化表现出抑制或促进繁殖性能的作用。对于幼年动物,褪黑素表现出抑制发情的作用,体成熟后则表现促进发情的作用。褪黑素主要通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴调控动物繁殖活动,除此之外,褪黑素还能够直接作用于生殖系统甚至早期胚胎,通过提高组织及细胞抗炎及抗氧化功能来改善动物繁殖性能。目前,褪黑素能够用于治疗精神疾病及炎症、促进畜禽繁殖和调节昼夜节律,是相关研究领域的热门话题。本文详细描述了褪黑素的生物合成以及分泌调控,并结合褪黑素的生理功能,阐述了对动物繁殖性能以及辅助生殖的影响。     

Research progress on the role of melatonin and its receptors in animal reproduction: A comprehensive review

Melatonin and its receptors play a crucial role in the regulation of the animal reproductive process, primarily in follicular development. However, the role that melatonin performs in regulating hormones related with reproduction remains unclear. Melatonin and its receptors are present both in female and male animals’ organs, such as ovaries, heart, brain and liver. Melatonin regulates ovarian actions and is a key mediator of reproductive actions. Melatonin has numerous effects on animal reproduction, such as protection of gametes and embryos, response to clock genes, immune‐neuroendocrine, reconciliation of seasonal variations in immune function, and silence or blockage of genes. The growth ratio of reproductive illnesses in animals has raised a remarkable concern for the government, animal caretakers and farm managers. In order to resolve this challenging issue, it is very necessary to conduct state‐of‐the‐art research on melatonin and its receptors because melatonin has considerable physiognomies. This review article presents a current contemporary research conducted by numerous researchers from the entire world on the role of melatonin and its receptors in animal reproduction, from the year 1985 to the year 2017. Furthermore, this review shows scientific research challenges related to melatonin receptors and their explanations based on the findings of 172 numerous research articles, and also represents significant proficiencies of melatonin in order to show enthusiastic study direction for animal reproduction researchers.     

热应激影响动物生殖的表观遗传学机制研究进展

随着全球温室效应剧增,夏季高温作为一种热应激源对动物生殖产生越来越大的影响,对世界各国的畜牧生产带来严重损失,因此,亟需对热应激影响动物生殖的机制进行深入研究。同时,越来越多的报道指出,在动物生殖的诸多生理过程中,表观遗传机制起到广泛而又重要的作用。基于此,文章总结了近期国内外热应激影响动物生殖的表观机制的研究进展,以便为解决实际生产中的问题提供理论支持。     

肉种鹅反季节繁殖技术的研究

为了克服种鹅繁殖活动的季节性束缚,从而使雏鹅和商品肉鹅分别能够在全年各个时期均衡供应市场,本文从遮黑鹅舍、光照控制、限制饲喂和人工强制换羽方案设计四方面详实阐述了改变种鹅传统的季节性繁殖的方式,实现反季节繁殖。该项技术的具体实施方案可操作性强、适用性广,对促进我国鹅业产业化快速发展必将起到积极的推动作用。     

Neuroendocrine mechanism of seasonal reproduction in birds and mammals

In temperate zones, animals use changes in day length as a calendar to time their breeding season. However, the photoreceptive and neuroendocrine mechanisms of seasonal reproduction are considered to differ markedly between birds and mammals. This can be understood from the fact that the eye is the only photoreceptive organ, and melatonin mediates the photoperiodic information in mammals, whereas in birds, photoperiodic information is directly received by the deep brain photoreceptors and melatonin is not involved in seasonal reproduction. Recent molecular and functional genomics analysis uncovered the gene cascade regulating seasonal reproduction in birds and mammals. Long day‐induced thyroid stimulating hormone in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland regulates thyroid hormone catabolism within the mediobasal hypothalamus. Further, this local thyroid hormone catabolism appears to regulate seasonal gonadotropin‐releasing hormone secretion. These findings suggest that although the light input pathway is different between birds and mammals (i.e. light or melatonin), the core mechanisms are conserved in these vertebrates.     

Reproductive science in the global village

Livestock production contributes not only to national economies, but also to sustainability and profitability of agriculture, as well as to the fabric of local societies. Efficient and viable animal production systems are dependent upon the effective management of animal reproduction. Similar arguments can be made in support of the importance of reproduction for companion and performance animals, whereas its key role in preserving endangered species is indisputable. Despite such considerations, the widespread dissemination of current and credible information regarding animal reproduction faces challenges, not only in the developing world, but also in developed countries, where animal reproduction education is apparently in decline. This review will examine these issues, as well as various ways in which animal reproduction education and knowledge transfer is currently being pursued throughout the world. It will conclude with suggested avenues and opportunities for improvement.     

Seasonal modulation of puberty and the postpartum anestrus in cattle: A review

While cattle are not usually considered seasonal breeders, both age at puberty and length of the postpartum anestrus can be modified by season. Specifically, autumn and winter environments during the first six months of life hasten puberty, while the same conditions after six months delay puberty. Cows calving in the winter have delayed resumption of estrous cycles compared with summer-calving cows. Effects of season interact in a complex manner with other environmental factors affecting reproduction, including breed, nutrition, level of milk production and suckling. While some seasonal variation is undoubtedly caused by variations in management, effects of season on puberty and the postpartum anestrus can be mimicked by altering day length, suggesting that photoperiod is one of the environmental stimuli responsible for seasonal effects. The physiological mechanisms by which season alters reproduction in cattle are unclear, but may include changes in folliculogenesis, secretion of luteinizing hormone and growth rate. Based on studies of prolactin secretion, photoperiodic signals are probably transmitted via the retina and pineal. It is suggested that the existence of seasonal effects on reproduction may create the propensity for spring and summer calving.     

单细胞转录组测序技术及其在动物繁殖中的应用进展

动物繁殖在动物种群发展和生命进化的过程中起到群落延续、物种演化、进化变异等至关重要的作用。繁殖是各种生殖细胞的动态变化和互作效应的结果,对生殖细胞动态变化机制进行解析是了解动物繁殖过程的基础。单细胞转录组测序技术在群体细胞中以单细胞维度深入解读信息,逐步成为解读细胞类群异质性、关键基因筛选、相关通路表达、细胞互作等具有复杂性、多样性、动态性的生物学问题的首要选择。目前,单细胞转录组测序技术已经开始从动物生殖细胞的角度对动物繁殖的相关机制进行更深入的探究,以此进一步研究动物繁殖的相关过程。因此,本文主要对单细胞转录组测序技术的相关内容以及其在动物繁殖中的相关应用进行总结。     

牛胚胎移植研究进展

人工授精技术可极大地提高公畜的利用效率，而胚胎移植技术则是充分挖掘优良母畜的繁殖潜力的有效途径。该技术的应用可从很大程度上提高母畜的繁殖率，从而在短时间内迅速扩大优良种群，加速畜群改良和纯种繁育进程，也是迅速提高我国牛群整体水平的重要而有效的手段，本文就牛胚胎移植的研究现状、关键技术以及影响胚胎移植的因素作以探讨。