Synthesis and herbicidal activity of isoxazole-substituted 1-aminoethylphosphonates and 1-hydroxyethylphosphonates

Isoxazole-substituted 1-aminoethyl- and 1-hydroxyethyiphosphonates were synthesized by a multi-step procedure and were screened for herbicidal activity against Lepidium sativum L. and Cucumis sativus L. All the synthesized compounds exhibited notable herbicidal activity.     

Plant growth regulating activity of aromatic aminophosphonates and their short peptides

Phosphonic acid analogues of phenylalanine, tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine exhibited interesting plant growth regulatory properties when tested on Cucumis sativus L. Depending on the chemical structure, they slightly inhibited or strongly promoted the growth of C. sativus roots, while their influence on hypocotyls was negligible. Phosphono peptides based on these acids showed less significant plant growth regulating activity.     

Plant-growth-regulating phosphono peptides

Phosphono peptides exhibited plant-growth-regulating activity when tested on Lepidium sativum and Cucumis sativus. The studies have provided evidence that the mechanism of action of these compounds may involve the uptake of the phosphono peptides into the plant, intracellular hydrolysis of the peptide bond and release of the P-terminal aminoalkylphosphonic acid. This acid or its metabolite is then probably responsible for the observed physiological effect.     

潍坊萝卜红心病病原鉴定

 本文用生物学、血清学和分子生物学证据证明,引起潍坊萝卜红心病的病原为芜菁花叶病毒(Turnip mosaic virus,TuMV).该病毒可系统侵染曼陀罗、油菜、咸阳黄瓜、丝瓜、大白菜和普通烟,局部侵染苋色藜和假酸浆,不侵染豌豆.病毒粒体弯曲线状,长约700 nm,可由蚜虫传播,在红心病组织内形成风轮状和片层凝集状内含体,它在SDS-琼脂糖凝胶免疫双扩散试验中可与TuMV的抗血清形成明显的沉淀线.该病毒的CP基因共867个核苷酸,编码288个氨基酸,分子量为32.98 kD.该序列与国内外20个TuMV分离物的CP氨基酸序列比较结果表明,这些分离物可以分为5组,其中引起萝卜红心病的病毒与日本的H1J、KYD8lJ、意大利的ITA7同属一组.     

不同寄主植物对小菜蛾艾氏剂环氧化酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾,其体内艾氏剂环氧化酶的活性受到明显的影响,但乙酰胆碱酯酶的变化不显著。在取食花椰菜与萝卜的小菜蛾之间,艾氏剂环氧化酶活性差异极显著(P<0.01),二者相差2.8倍。     

西花蓟马对不同寄主植物的选择及嗅觉行为反应

为比较西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis对不同寄主植物的选择性,本研究采用罩笼法观察了西花蓟马对8种不同蔬菜寄主植物(茄子、甘蓝、辣椒、黄瓜、莴笋、番茄、芹菜、香菜)的选择性,并使用“Y”形嗅觉仪评价了西花蓟马对不同蔬菜的嗅觉行为反应。结果表明,在8种不同蔬菜寄主植物中,西花蓟马对茄子、甘蓝的选择性最高;对芹菜和香菜的选择性较弱,表明西花蓟马对芹菜和香菜表现出忌避性。本研究结果为了解西花蓟马对不同寄主植物的选择提供理论依据。     

小麦抗蠕孢菌叶枯病(HLB)遗传的初步研究

小麦蠕孢菌叶枯病(HLB)在我国已经成为影响小麦高产、稳产的重要病害之一。本文通过小麦抗、感品种杂交的F1、F2代群体对Bipolaris sorokiniana的抗病性差异,研究了小麦蠕孢菌叶枯病(HLB)的抗性遗传,发现豫麦17的抗病性是由数量性状基因控制的。经典数量遗传学分析表明豫麦17对蠕孢菌叶枯病的抗性是由2个以上基因控制,可能是3个基因。它与中国春组合的广义遗传力为67%。     

应用叶绿素荧光技术快速预警乌鲁木齐典型农作物干旱胁迫

通过叶绿素荧光技术,分析了黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒4种乌鲁木齐典型农作物幼苗在干旱胁迫过程中光系统（PSⅠ、PSⅡ）活性的变化特点,同时分析了土壤含水量和叶绿素荧光参数之间的相关关系。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,4种农作物幼苗的光系统活力受到土壤水分含量变化的影响。Fv/Fm、Y(II)（实际量子产量）随土壤水分含量降低逐渐受到抑制,在土壤失水严重时显著降低。Y(NO)（非调节性能量耗散的量子产量）在干旱胁迫过程中逐渐增加。PSⅡ反应中心潜在活性Fv/F0在指示干旱胁迫危害和鉴别不同植物耐旱性时具有一定优势。通过土壤含水量和叶绿素荧光参数的相关分析发现,土壤含水量与Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Y(II)和Y(ND)（非光化学能量耗散的量子产量）等呈显著正相关关系,与Y(NO)和Y(I)呈显著负相关关系。叶绿素荧光参数可以反映植株在干旱胁迫下的生理状态,也可以作为土壤水分含量的指示物,对农作物幼苗的干旱胁迫程度做出快速预警。同时,通过干旱胁迫下叶绿素荧光参数的对比,还发现幼苗之间的耐旱性差异,茄子抗旱能力优于其他3种农作物幼苗,黄瓜和番茄幼苗耐旱能力相似,辣椒的耐旱性比其他3种农作物幼苗差。     

食料对大猿叶虫不同地理种群滞育诱导的影响

［目的］ 探求食料对大猿叶虫不同地理种群滞育的影响。［方法］ 在室内一定的温湿度条件下,观察比较大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群、泰安种群和龙南种群取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独行菜5种不同食料的滞育反应。［结果］ 食料对哈尔滨种群的滞育诱导作用不依赖于光周期,而对泰安种群和龙南种群的滞育诱导作用依赖于光周期。取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独行菜5种食料,大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群在25 ℃的滞育率为89.5%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为76.9%~100%;泰安种群在25 ℃的滞育率为21.7%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为4.5%~90.1%;龙南种群在25 ℃的滞育率为2.5%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为1.1%~90.9%。哈尔滨种群和泰安种群在25 ℃和28 ℃取食独行菜滞育率较低;龙南种群在25 ℃取食萝卜滞育率较低;在28 ℃取食白菜滞育率较低。［结论］ 食料对不同地理种群的大猿叶虫滞育诱导的影响显著。     

乌桕不同器官除草活性研究

在10 g/L的浓度下,乌桕不同器官粉末对生菜和小麦幼苗的生长均有较高的抑制活性,且以叶器官活性最高,果实最低。而叶在0.1～10.0 g/L的不同浓度下对夏至草、反枝苋、生菜、荠菜、小麦和黄瓜幼苗的生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,且抑制活性随浓度的增加而提高,其中以夏至草的敏感性最高,而黄瓜最低。     

高效液相色谱法测定噻唑锌在水、土壤及黄瓜中的残留

建立了采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（HPLC-DAD）测定水、土壤和黄瓜中噻唑锌残留的方法。在碱性条件下先将噻唑锌转化为噻二唑（AMT）,采用外标法通过测定噻二唑的量来进行噻唑锌的定量分析。样品在40℃恒温振荡条件下,依次经Na2S转化及乙腈提取;过滤后调节混合液pH值至3,经乙酸乙酯液-液分配后,用HPLC-DAD及BDS Hypersil-C18色谱柱,以V（乙腈）:V（0.1%乙酸）=10:90为流动相,在313 nm波长下测定样品中的噻唑锌残留。结果表明:噻二唑在0.10~10 mg/L、噻唑锌在0.20~5.0 mg/L的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（R2 > 0.999 5）,噻二唑的检出限（LOD）为0.05 mg/L。在0.2、1和5 mg/L添加水平下,噻唑锌在水中的平均回收率为100%~110%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.90%~6.4%;在0.05、0.5和5 mg/kg添加水平下,噻唑锌在土壤中的平均回收率为81%~98%,RSD为0.70%~2.8%;在0.05、0.5和2 mg/kg添加水平下,噻唑锌在黄瓜中的平均回收率为95%~102%,RSD为1.3%~4.2%。噻唑锌在水、黄瓜和土壤中的定量限（LOQ）分别为0.03 mg/L、0.05 mg/kg和0.05 mg/kg。本方法简单、准确、可靠,能满足农药残留分析的要求。     

棉蚜唾液腺蛋白 armet 基因的克隆及表达特性分析

armet是一种水溶性唾液蛋白,在蚜虫取食过程中具有重要作用。本研究结合棉蚜的转录组分析结果,以注释的armet基因转录本作为参考,克隆得到棉蚜的armet基因(GenBank登录号KY612465)。armet基因的开放阅读框为522bp,编码173个氨基酸。在其氨基酸序列的N端具有一个由21个氨基酸组成的信号肽。在其氨基酸序列的C-末端具有内质网滞留信号KDEL。运用RT-qPCR分析棉花型棉蚜和黄瓜型棉蚜的时间表达谱,结果表明,armet基因的表达量在除3日龄成蚜外的各个时期均稳定表达,在两种专化型棉蚜中表达量相当,说明armet基因可能在棉蚜整个生命活动过程中均起重要作用。分别将棉花型棉蚜和黄瓜型棉蚜转接到西葫芦Cucurbita pepo L.后,通过荧光定量PCR检测armet基因在转接寄主前后表达量的变化,结果显示armet基因在转接第2代3日龄黄瓜型成蚜中的表达量显著高于转接前,在其他转接试验中转接前后表达量有变化,但未达到显著水平,说明armet基因在不同专化型棉蚜寄主转接试验的成、若蚜中发挥不同作用。     

大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖的室内毒力及田间防效

采用大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖进行了室内及田间药效试验,结果表明大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖的致死中浓度(LC50)为1 038.60 mg/L,50%大蒜精油100~250倍液对灰茶尺蠖低龄幼虫具有良好的速效性和持效性,建议生产中可在灰茶尺蠖1~2龄幼虫发生期喷施100~250倍液大蒜精油。这一结果为开发大蒜精油作为茶树主要害虫的新型低毒高效植物源药剂提供了依据。     

The impact of uprooting and soil-covering on the effectiveness of weed harrowing

The impact of uprooting and covering plants on mortality and growth reduction was investigated in the laboratory using Lolium perenne L. and Lepidium sativum L. (harrowed 3–4 days after emergence) and Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (harrowed at emergence) as model weed species. Although the predominant initial effect of harrowing was to cover the plants, only 1–17% of the non-uprooted covered plants were killed because the depth at which they were buried by the harrow was shallow. Uprooting was more effective (47–61% mortality) but strongly dependent on soil moisture content. It accounted for 93 and 95% of L. sativum and C. quinoa mortality, but for only 60% of L. perenne mortality. In L. perenne , the species most sensitive to burying, a strong positive relationship was observed between the percentage of plants covered by harrowing and the fresh weight reduction of the total population 6 days after harrowing. The fresh weight reduction of the total L. sativum population was best related to the percentage of uprooted plants, but the percentage of covered plants also appeared to be a good predictor because of its correlation with uprooting. Most of the uprooted plants were also buried. The fresh weight reduction of the total C. quinoa population was not related to the covering effect of harrowing and only weakly related to the percentage of uprooted plants. The results indicate that the plant recovery process after harrowing needs further study and that field research methods should be refined so that they can better discern initial and final harrowing effects on weeds.     

AMINOTRIAZOLE METABOLISM IN CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) SCOP. AND PISUM SATIVUM L.

Summary. Excised leaves as well as intact plants of Canada thistle ( Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) metabolized 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole (aminotriazole) to three major products, Unknowns II, 1a and 1b. Unknown II was identical to β-(3-amino-l,2,4-triazolyl-l-)α-alanine. Unknowns 1a and 1b, previously described as one product, were separated by electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography. Unknown 1a appeared to be a metabolic product of Unknown II while Unknown 1B was derived from Unknown 1a. An enzyme preparation from pea ( Pisum sativum L. cv . Thompson Laxton) seedlings capable of synthesizing tryptophan from indole and serine was also able to metabolize aminotriazole. Tryptophan synthesis with the enzyme preparation was inhibited by aminotriazole and evidence suggests that aminotriazole metabolism may follow a similar pathway to tryptophan synthesis.
Métabolisme de l'aminotriazole chez Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, et Pisum sativum L.     

牡丹叶及其不同溶剂提取物对生菜等幼苗生长的抑制效应

为了进一步明确牡丹叶及其不同溶剂提取物的化感活性大小,于室内采用琼脂混粉法测定了牡丹叶粉末在不同浓度下对生菜、小麦、黄瓜、稗、夏至草、播娘蒿和独行菜等7种受体植物幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,虽然在低浓度下牡丹叶粉末对各受体植物幼苗生长的影响差异较大,但在高浓度时均表现出了较高的抑制作用,且对胚根(或种子根)的抑制效果明显高于对胚轴或胚芽鞘的抑制.计算对各受体植物胚根或种子根、胚轴或胚芽鞘的有效中浓度(EC50),生菜为0.93～5.25 g/L、小麦为1.20 ～4.65 g/L)、黄瓜为3.58～＞10.0 g/L、稗为0.64～3.36 g/L、夏至草为1.09～5.27 g/L、播娘蒿为1.02 ～9.65 g/L、独行菜为0.79 ～6.84 g/L,以稗的敏感性最高,黄瓜最低.继而探索了牡丹叶乙醇、甲醇和蒸馏水3种溶剂提取物对生菜幼苗生长的抑制效果,发现乙醇提取物的活性最高,提取浓度以80％ (V/V)为宜.     

绒叶泡桐花中除草活性成分的分离与除草活性

采用活性追踪和柱层析技术,以对杂草反枝苋、生菜、黄瓜种子胚根生长的抑制作用为指标,对泡桐花中除草活性成分进行了提取、分离和鉴定。绒叶泡桐Paulownia tomentosa花乙醇提取物依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水萃取后进行活性测定,结果表明,石油醚萃取物在浓度为 0.5 mg/mL 时,对反枝苋、生菜和黄瓜种子胚根生长的抑制率分别为76.30%、56.17%和23.36%; 乙酸乙酯萃取物在浓度为0.5 mg/mL时,对反枝苋、生菜和黄瓜种子胚根生长的抑制率分别为99.89%、63.53%和32.74%。通过对乙酸乙酯萃取物进行硅胶柱层析分离,得到一种活性较高的化合物,经鉴定其为对乙氧基苯甲醛,其抑制反枝苋种子胚根生长的EC50值为55.20 μg/mL。对乙氧基苯甲醛是首次从绒叶泡桐中分离鉴定的化合物,也是首次将其用于除草活性研究。     

ALA和CaCl2处理对黄瓜植株初花期、结果期盐胁迫的缓解效应

试验以津春4号黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)为材料,研究了ALA(5-aminole-vulinic acid)和CaCl2两种外源物质对150 mmol/L和250 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下黄瓜植株在初花期和结果期生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,ALA的作用效果较CaCl2显著,可显著提高黄瓜叶片中可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素b/a值,降低细胞膜透性,提高根系活力,抑制MDA产生,增加黄瓜植株对盐胁迫的抵抗能力,显著提高盐胁迫下黄瓜产量,与盐胁迫下的对照相比小区产量分别提高24.9%和52.3%。     

Enhancement of fungicidal and insecticidal activity by reductive alkylation of chitosan

A series of N-alkyl chitosan (NAC) derivatives were synthesized using a reductive alkylation reaction to examine their fungicidal and insecticidal activity. The chemical structures were characterized by IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and the degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 0.02 to 0.37. Their fungicidal activity was evaluated against the grey mould Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast pathogen Pyricularia grisea Sacc [Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr] by a radial growth bioassay. It was of interest that most of the NAC derivatives were more active against both fungi than chitosan itself. The most active derivative was N-(2,2-diphenylethyl)chitosan with EC50 values of 0.031 and 0.23 g L(-1) against B. cinerea and P. grisea respectively. In addition, some derivatives, at higher concentrations up to 1.0 g L(-1), inhibited the mycelial growth and spore formation of P. grisea. Bioassays against larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with the NAC derivatives at a rate of 5.0 g kg(-1) in artificial diet demonstrated that N-(3-phenylbutyl)chitosan was the most active compound. In addition, N-propylchitosan, N-undecanylchitosan and N-(3-phenylpropyl)chitosan derivatives strongly inhibited larval weight gain in S. littoralis, with respective reductions of 76, 66 and 65% after 4 days of feeding on treated diet.     

Isolation and Characterization of an Endopolygalacturonase from Cochliobolus sativus and a Cytological Study of Fungal Penetration of Barley

ABSTRACT Endopolygalacturonase (EPG) of Cochliobolus sativus was produced in shake culture and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The enzyme had a molecular mass of 34,000 Da, an isoelectric point in the range of 9.0 to 9.5, exhibited endo activity, was nongly-cosylated, and was inhibited by polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins from bean, pear, and tomato. The amino terminus contained a 14 amino acid region homologous to a region at the N terminus of an EPG of C. carbonum. C. sativus EPG-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated. Western blot analysis confirmed the specificity of the antibodies for the EPG and detected the enzyme in an extract from Hordeum vulgare (cv. Golden Promise) leaf segments infected with C. sativus. Using conventional immunogold and enzyme-gold cytochemical methods, homogalacturonan, esterified pectin, and cellulose were localized in healthy and infected barley leaf epidermis at the electron microscope level. Additionally, the leaf cell wall polysaccharides recognized by purified C. sativus EPG were localized at the electron microscope level, using the purified enzyme as a primary cytochemical reagent, followed by a gold-labeled MAb specific for the enzyme. Loss of polygalacturonic acid in the vicinity of the invading pathogen was visualized cytochemically at the electron microscope level. These observations suggest the involvement of EPG during host penetration by the fungus.