南方人工草地山羊牧食行为及对牧草生物量的影响

在南方人工草地上,采用跟踪观察法和齐地刈割法,研究了不同月龄贵州黑山羊的牧食行为和放牧前后牧草群落地上生物量的变化。结果表明:3月龄和15月龄山羊在牧食行为上存在明显差异,3月龄山羊的采食时间和游走站立时间均较15月龄的长(P<0.05),反刍卧息时间比15月龄的短(P<0.01),两种月龄的山羊不同放牧时间段的采食规律也不一样;3月龄羊放牧后各牧草品种的地上生物量与15月龄羊放牧后地上生物量存在差异,与3月龄贵州黑山羊放牧后的草地相比,15月龄羊放牧后鸭茅、多年生黑麦草和白三叶生物量显著减少(P<0.05),两种月龄的山羊都喜欢选择采食鸭茅和多年生黑麦草,而较不喜食白三叶;山羊的牧食行为对人工草地牧草群落地上生物量变化影响很大。     

非洲狗尾草人工草地植物量动态研究

2009～2010年，对不同刈割次数的非洲狗尾草人工草地地上和地下植物量进行了较为详细的研究。结果表明：在孕穗期刈割2次的非洲狗尾草人工草地地上、地下年净初级生产力最高，分别为3845．01g/m2DM和716．90g/m2DM；其次为孕穗期刈割1次的草地，分别为3386．12g/m2DM和674．23g／m2DM；最低的是全年不刈割的草地，分别是3260．97g/m2DM和653．63g／m2DM。草地之间地上年净初级生产力差异极显著（P〈0．01），地下年净初级生产力差异显著（P〈0．05）。全年不刈割的草地，以及孕穗期刈割1次、2次后的再生草草地，地上和地下植物量的变化均呈单峰曲线；地上植物量分别在9月上旬、9月中旬和9月底10月初达到峰值，峰值分别为3260．97g／m2DM、2813．76g／m2DM、2007．17g/m2DM；而地下植物量的峰值则几乎都出现在9月底10月初，分别为653．63g／m2DM、674．23g/m2DM、716．90g／m2DM，较地上植物量峰值出现的时间稍晚。     

不同放牧处理下多年生黑麦草／白三叶草地第一性生产力研究

在湖南南山牧场进行了在不同放牧制度和强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地地下和地上生物量及其组成的影响，结果表明，地上生物量及和土层中地下生物量均以轮牧制较高；随放牧强度增加，根系生物量呈下降趋势，而地上总生物量呈增加趋势。     

多年生黑麦草和白三叶人工草地生物量动态研究

本文研究了多年生黑麦草和白三叶人工草地地上生物量、地下生物量以及全植层生物量的形成规律。结果表明，地上生物量的形成曲线为双峰型，而地下生物量的曲线为三峰型，且后者峰值的出现时间较前者早近一个月；地上部和地下部生物量受两种牧草生长节律的制约。     

冬闲田单混播草地地上、地下生物量和总生物量动态及其相关性分析

冬闲期，在云南省晋宁县对多花黑麦草与光叶紫花苕按不同比例混播的草地地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量等指标进行了测定与相关分析，结果表明：多花黑麦草与光叶紫花苕混播（1．7g／6m^2＋10．3g／6m^2）草地地上生物量可以达到13534．28kg／hm^2，与其他处理差异不显著，粗蛋白产量达到2589．27kg/hm^2，显著高于单播黑麦草（D〈0．05）。草地地上生物量和总生物量随生长时间呈指数曲线变化，地下生物量随生长时间呈对数或幂函数曲线变化，并且地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量三者之间具有显著的相关关系（p〈0．01），地上生物量与总生物量之间表现出线性正相关，地下生物量与总生物量之间的相关曲线为指数或幂函数型，地下生物量与地上生物量之间也呈现出指数函数或幂函数关系。     

不同放牧处理下多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地第一性生产力研究

在湖南南山牧场研究了在不同放牧制度和强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草/白三叶人工草地地下和地上生物量及其组成的影响.结果表明,地上生物量及各土层中地下生物量均以轮牧制较高;随放牧强度增加,根系生物量呈下降趋势,而地上总生物量呈增加趋势.     

不同放牧强度对多年生黑麦草—白三叶草地群体密度的影响

在中、高放牧强下黑麦草分蘖密度略有下降，而在低放牧强度下则有所上升。白三叶枝条密度受放牧强度影响较小。秋季的重牧使黑麦草分蘖密度极显著下降（P＜0．01）。6月份随着放牧强度的增强黑麦草案死亡数显著减少（P＜0．05），草地群体密度亦随之减少（P＜0.05）。在秋季随着放牧强度的增大黑麦草单蘖重明显减少（P＜0．05）。黑麦草和白三叶的单菜（枝）重与其密度均呈强负相关（P＜0．01）。白三叶的单枝重与生物量呈正相关（P＜0．05）。以上分析表明，中等放牧强度（70％利用率）有利于保持合理的草地群体密度和较高的生物量。     

不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地土壤特性的影响

本文作者在湖南南山牧场通过放牧试验研究了不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地土壤物理和化学特性的影响。结果表明：放牧强度直接影响着多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地土壤的物理结构。随放牧强度增加，奶牛对草地土壤的践踏加剧，导致土壤紧实度增加，容重上升，通气性变差，含水量下降。放牧强度对土壤物理特性的影响随土层深度增加而减轻。土壤中全磷、速效磷、碱解氮和有机质随放牧强度的增加而减少，而全氮、速效钾则随放牧强度的增加而增加。土壤中各养分含量随季节变化波动很大。     

荒漠草原不同植被恢复模式地上生物量与土壤水分的关系

以短花针茅荒漠草原不同植被恢复模式的天然草地为对象,研究草地地上部分生物量及不同土层深度土壤水分的变化,分析地上部分生物量与土壤含水量之间的关系。结果表明:围栏封育+灌木条带+施肥复壮、围栏封育+松土补播+草种包衣2种荒漠草原植被恢复模式草地地上生物量在生长末期分别比放牧天然草地,增加31.30g/m2、24.57g/m2;3种植被恢复模式及放牧样地的表层(0～20cm)土壤含水量均较低,随着深度增加,土壤含水量增大;短花针茅荒漠草原地上生物量与土壤含水量间呈正相关关系,围栏封育+灌木条带+施肥复壮、围栏封育+松土补播+草种包衣试验样地、放牧天然草地(CK)的地上生物量与0～20cm土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P0.05),"围栏封育+灌木条带+施肥复壮"试验样地的地上生物量与20～40cm土壤含水量为极显著正相关(P0.01);退化荒漠草原生态恢复过程中,可采取围栏封育、施肥、补播、增加防护灌木带等多种措施以提高生态恢复效果。     

混播人工草地退化演替过程中某些群落结构特征的研究

对人工草地退化过程的植被组成、作用和群落综合特征的动态变化规律的研究,结果表明,１．多年生黑麦草与白三叶混番人工草地具有一定的脆弱性和不稳定性,过牧后逐渐向天然植被演替,但目前仍处于演替的先锋阶段。２．在演替过程,多年生黑麦草和白三叶的地上生物量、密度和密度明显下降,而入侵杂草则呈上升趋势。群落主要种的优势地位发生明显的替代变化。３．杂草入侵的种类和数量取决于放牧强度,在极度退化阶段的杂草入侵种类     

不同放牧制度下多年生黑麦草/白三叶人工草地叶组织转化的研究

本研究应用组织转化的理论和方法,通过放牧试验对湖南南山牧场多年生黑麦草/白三叶人工草地叶组织转化进行了较为系统的研究。主要研究内容有:采用连续放牧(2亩/只绵羊)、间断放牧Ⅰ(2亩/只绵羊)和间断放牧Ⅱ(1亩/只绵羊)三个放牧处理,分析三者之间的叶组织转化情况。研究结果表明:连续放牧、间断放牧Ⅰ和间断放牧Ⅱ之间的多年生黑麦草叶片组织净生产率无显著差异,而白三叶叶组织的净生产率却以连续放牧处理较高,为11.44公斤/公顷/天,间断放牧Ⅰ和间断放牧Ⅱ之间无显著差异;三个放牧处理的多年生黑麦草与白三叶叶组织总净生产率之间无显著差异。     

Seasonal grazing capacity of an irrigated grass/legume pasture in the Rûens area of the southern Cape

Seasonal changes in grazing capacity of an irrigated grass/legume mixture consisting of lucerne, red clover, white clover, tall fescue, cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass were determined in the Rûens area of the southern Cape. Applying variable stocking rates and three grazing pressures (1,5; 2,25 and 3,0 kg DM/dry sheep‐unit/ day) in a six‐paddock grazing system, it was found that the mean annual stocking rate for maximum wool yield was 54,4 dry sheep‐units/ha over a period of three years. The seasonal grazing capacity of the pasture varied throughout the year and dry matter availability was most limiting during winter and highest during spring. The clover component of the pasture was depressed by the high grazing pressure and declined with age, while the grass content increased proportionally. The proportional lucerne content of the pasture material was more stable and was promoted by the high grazing pressure, but was not influenced by increased pasture age.     

不同放牧强度对多年生黑麦草─白三叶草地叶片数量特征的影响

不同放牧强度在同一季节对黑麦草和白三叶的叶片数及单位面积总叶量的影响均不显著,单枝叶片数也不显著。随着季节的变化黑麦草叶量减少而白三叶则增加,但草地总叶量呈减少趋势。在7～8月两种草的叶面积指数在中、低放牧强度下显著(P<005)高于高放牧强度。黑麦草的单叶面积受季节影响较大。叶面积指数与生物量的回归分析表明,白三叶在中、低放牧强度下呈强正相关(P<001)。在高放牧强度下则呈显著相关(P<005)。草地总叶面积指数与生物量在中等放牧强度下呈强正相关(P<0.01),这与此时黑麦草的叶面积指数与其生物量间相关显著(P<005)有关。     

The effect of pasture species on parasitism and performance of lambs grazing one of three grass-white clover pasture swards

Lamb parasitism and performance were compared on three pasture treatments: browntop/white clover, Yorkshire fog/white clover, and ryegrass/white clover swards maintained at a sward height of 5cm in each of two years by using continuous variable stocking management. In year 1, lamb performance (both suppressively drenched (SD) and trigger drenched (TD)) was similar on ryegrass and browntop swards but was poorer (P<0.05) on Yorkshire fog swards. In year 2, lamb performance (both SD and TD) was markedly better on ryegrass than on Yorkshire fog or browntop swards. This coincided with an increase in white clover content in the ryegrass/white clover swards and a decrease in white clover content in the browntop/white clover swards. Lamb performance was related to the white clover content of the swards (R2=85.4, P<0.001 and R2=77.5, P<0.001 for SD lambs and TD lambs, respectively). Differences among pasture treatments in faecal egg count (FEC) of TD lambs were greater in year 2 than in year 1 when no significant pasture effects were observed. In year 2, FEC was lowest in lambs which grazed ryegrass/white clover, intermediate in those which grazed Yorkshire fog/white clover and highest in lambs which grazed browntop/white clover, despite herbage allowance (kg herbage mass/kg lamb mass) being greater on the browntop/white clover and Yorkshire fog/white clover swards than the ryegrass/white clover swards. Circulating antibodies to gastrointestinal parasites were measured at the end of year 2. Antibody titres were highest (P<0.05) in the plasma of lambs which grazed ryegrass/white clover swards, and lowest in lambs which grazed browntop/white clover swards due to differences in levels of antibody to (P<0.05) Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta larvae and adults, but not Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae or adults. These findings indicate that pasture composition, especially, the proportion of white clover, can help alleviate the production losses due to gastrointestinal parasitism. This information can provide a quick and readily adoptable practice for farmers who aim to reduce drench reliance and could become a key component of any integrated parasite control programme.     

鸭茅╋白三叶型混播放牧草地肉牛生产系统优化研究

在鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）+白三叶（Triflium repens）草地型肉牛放牧系统内,实施全日制划区轮牧、载畜量季节性调控、维持肥施用、草地除杂、枯草期补饲等优化措施,对草地的土壤养分、牧草生长强度、现存量、组分、养分及肉牛体质量、日增体质量等指标进行了监测。结果表明,采用全日制放牧,在草地年平均载畜量1.4牛单位/hm2下,牧草的生长量超过8 077 kg/hm2,肉牛体况得到明显的改善,单位草地面积经济效益可达1 135元/hm2,草地实现可持续利用。同时,针对草地肉牛放牧系统中存在的问题,提出了有效改进的合理化建议。     

亚热带山地多年生黑麦草与白三叶混播草地生物量动态研究

本研究对亚热带中山地区多年生黑麦草与白三叶混播人工草地牧草生物量年动态进行监测。通过九年观测,研究结果表明,草地建植初期总生物量呈由低到高的变化趋势,峰值出现在第三年,以后随着生长发育年限的延续,生物量则由高到低逐年降低。草地群落中的多年生黑麦草生物量由高到低,而白三叶生物量则由低到高呈逐年上升的趋势。禾草与豆草的比例,由建植初期3:1下降到九年后的0.47:1。     

Kikuyu over-sown with ryegrass and clover: dry matter production,botanical composition and nutritional value

The seasonality of growth and low nutritional value of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pasture restrict milk production. The aim of the study was to determine the dry matter yield, botanical composition and nutritional value of irrigated kikuyu over-sown with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum), white clover (Trifolium repens) and red clover (T. pratense) or a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with white and red clovers under intensive grazing conditions with dairy cows. The incorporation of annual ryegrass, perennial clover or perennial ryegrass–clover into kikuyu pasture changed the seasonal fodder flow and increased the spring dry matter (DM) production. The over-sowing of kikuyu with annual ryegrass had no effect on the DM production of kikuyu during the summer and autumn. Kikuyu and kikuyu–ryegrass, fertilised with nitrogen fertiliser, had a higher DM production rate than kikuyu–clover pastures. Kikuyu–ryegrass pasture transformed from ryegrass-dominant in spring to kikuyu-dominant in summer and only kikuyu in autumn. This led to a decrease in metabolisable energy (ME) and increase in neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of the pasture during spring, summer and autumn as kikuyu became more dominant. The clover content of kikuyu over-sown with clover decreased annually but was still higher than 30% at the end of two years after establishment. As the kikuyu content of the kikuyu–clover pastures increased, the seasonal growth rate changed from a low autumn growth (37.9 kg DM ha^?1 d^?1) in the first year to a higher autumn growth (48.5 kg DM ha^?1 d^?1) in the second year. The over-sowing of kikuyu with clover resulted in lower DM production and NDF values and higher crude protein (CP), ME and calcium (Ca) values. The lowest CP content in kikuyu–ryegrass pasture was during summer and autumn when kikuyu was dominant. The Ca content of the grass pastures (kikuyu and kikuyu–ryegrass) was low. The phosphorus (P) content of both the kikuyu–clover and grass pastures exceeded the requirement needed for dairy production (0.38%). The mean Ca:P ratio of the kikuyu–clover pasture meets the 1.6:1 ratio needed by dairy cows. The kikuyu and kikuyu–ryegrass pasture had a Ca:P ratio lower than 1:1 and Ca supplementation would be needed for dairy cows. The incorporation of annual ryegrass, perennial clover or perennial ryegrass–clover into kikuyu pasture improved the seasonal DM production and nutritional value of the pasture.     

藏北紫花针茅高寒草原适宜放牧率研究

通过5年的放牧试验研究了藏北紫花针茅高寒草原地上现存量和草地净初级生产力以及藏系绵羊采食量和采食率,以期能够准确制定藏北高寒草原适宜放牧率。研究结果表明,试验初期放牧强度对藏北紫花针茅高寒草地现存量的影响并不显著;随着试验后期对放牧强度增倍,草地地上现存量随放牧强度增加而减少。放牧样地地上净初级生产力在试验初期高于对照样地,但随着放牧强度和时间的增加,到2010年时对照样地净初级生产力明显高于放牧处理(P<0.05)。绵羊采食量与放牧强度间存在显著负相关(P<0.05);绵羊采食率大小顺序为:重牧>轻牧>中牧。综合分析试验结果,轻度放牧条件下,不仅草地现存量和净初级生产力最大,并且绵羊采食量也为最大,因此建议在牧草生长季内藏北紫花针茅高寒草原放牧率应低于4只/1.67 hm²为宜。