加强科学管理 培养创新人才——祁连山水源涵养林研究院博士后科研工作站纪实

甘肃省祁连山水源涵养林研究院是专业从事水源涵养林研究的科研机构,形成了高中低海拔、山区及绿洲荒漠区布局趋于合理的科研试验基地。主要开展以水源林生态系统定位研究、生物多样性保护、黑河流域退化生态系统综合治理等科研工作,建成集科研、生产、推广、培训为一体的综合性研究机构。2010年10月,经国家人力资源和社会保障部、全国博士后管理委员会批准,甘肃省祁连山水源涵养林研究院设立博士后科研工作站。     

祁连山国家级自然保护区森林健康保育

甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区位于祁连山北坡中东段,分布有以青海云杉为主要建群树种的乔木林19.8万多公顷,灌木林69.4万多公顷,是我国重要的水源涵养林,发挥着调节气候、涵养水源、保持水土、储碳释氧、保护生物多样性等多种生态服务功能。加强森林资源保护、维护森林健康、实现森林最佳的服务功能,是自然保护区的主要管理目标。祁连山国家级自然保护区林分树种单一,森林生态系统比较脆弱。近年来,受气候变暖和人为干扰双重影响,森林有害生     

祁连山水源涵养林效益的研究

森林涵养水源、保持水土和净化水质的有益作用愈来愈引起人们的重视。祁连山水源涵养林是河西商品粮基地建设的基础,是经济建设的保障,是河西人民赖以生存的命脉。本文宗旨是探讨森林涵养水源的机理,筛选涵养水源功能最佳的森林生态系统,为祁连山水源涵养林的保护、发展和综合利用提供科学依据。     

认知森林功能 促进生态保护

由国家林业局下达的《森林价值评估》课题,经甘肃省生态环境监督监测管理局与祁连山水源涵养林研究院历时三年的调查研究完成了,这是我省首次在全省范围内对森林生态系统服务功能进行评价,标志着在森林生态系统理论研究与创新运用方面迈出了新的一步。     

“铁匾”和“人头杆”——历史上祁连山西大河水源涵养林管护记事

祁连山水源涵养林是永昌县传统的天然林区，西大河水源涵养林又是祁连山水源涵养林的重要组成部分。西大河水源涵养林分为上、下游两部分。上游的水源涵养林以大河坝水系汇集而成，今为西大河水库，西起白石崖、大乌龙、小乌龙、老龙泉、鸾鸟口、     

开展有害生物风险管理实现祁连山森林持续发展

甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区是我国生物多样性保护的重要基地，也是国际生物多样性保护的重点区域。祁连山自然保护区优势乔木树种主要有青海云杉、祁连山圆柏、杨树、华北落叶松、桦树、油松等，以青海云杉为主的祁连山水源涵养林作为祁连山及河西走廊绿洲生态系统的主体，具有巨大的经济、生态和社会价值。在祁连山自然保护区内科学地开展林业检疫性有害生物风险管理是祁连山森林可持续发展战略的重要内容之一。     

祁连山水源涵养林的保护和可持续经营对策

基于祁连山水源涵养林保护工作,首先对祁连山自然环境以及资源分布特征进行相关论述;其次提出祁连山水源涵养林保护中存在的问题;最后依据祁连山发展实情,对水源涵养林可持续经营提出解决对策。旨在从根本上提升祁连山水源涵养林的经济效益及生态效益。     

祁连山管理局抓管护强宣传促发展

甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区管理局于1988年成立以来,旗帜鲜明地坚持生态建设、生态教育、生态保护三位一体的建设原则,依法保护管理祁连山水源涵养林生态系统和野生动植物资源,     

祁连山水源涵养林的主要作用与保护现状

甘肃祁连山水源涵养林是河西地区工农业生产和人民生活的命脉,它的兴衰成败,直接关系到下游地区的工农业生产、人民生活和经济的可持续发展。保护和建设祁连山水源涵养林就是保护和建没我们的家同,也是保护和建设我们的“生命线”。一、祁连山水源涵养林的主要作片用1．祁连山水源涵养林是内陆河贮水、供水中心。     

祁连山林区火灾隐患及防控

祁连山是我国著名的高大山系之一,位于欧亚大陆中心,地处青藏、蒙新、黄土三大高原的交汇地带。林区总面积265.3万公顷,现有水源涵养林43.6万公顷,森林覆盖率16.44%。甘肃省祁连山国家级自然保护区内有森林、草原、荒漠、水域、冰川等多种生态系统,这些系统奠定了林区内生物多     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.