Canine distemper virus infection of canine footpad epidermis

Infection of the footpad epidermis can occur in natural canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of dogs. Footpads from 19 dogs experimentally inoculated with virulent distemper strain A75/17 and from two nonexposed dogs were examined histopathologically and assessed for the presence of viral antigen and nucleoprotein mRNA, as well as number of inflammatory and apoptotic cells. Dogs were divided into four groups based on inoculation status and postmortem examination: inoculated dogs with severe distemper (group 1, n = 7); inoculated dogs with mild distemper (group 2, n = 4); inoculated dogs without distemper (group 3, n = 8); and noninoculated dogs (group 4, n = 2). Footpads from dogs of all groups had a comparably thick epidermis. Eosinophilic viral inclusions and syncytial cells were present in footpad epidermis of one dog of group 1. Footpads of group 1 dogs contained viral antigen and mRNA in the epidermis with strongest staining in a subcorneal location. Additionally, in these dogs footpad dermal structures including eccrine glands and vascular walls were positive for virus particles. No CDV antigen or mRNA was present in the footpad epidermis and dermis of any other dog. Group 1 dogs had more CD3-positive cells and apoptotic cells within the basal layer of the epidermis when compared to the other groups. These findings demonstrate that in experimental infection CDV antigen and mRNA were colocalized in all layers of the infected canine footpad epidermis. The scarcity of overt pathological reactions with absence of keratinocyte degeneration indicates a noncytocidal persisting infection of footpad keratinocytes by CDV.     

硝化应激在神经型犬瘟热疾病发展中的临床意义

为了研究硝化应激在神经型犬瘟热疾病发展中的作用,并探讨其对该病的诊断价值,选取犬瘟热临床病例113例,其中有神经症状组(NCD)共37例,无神经症状组(NNS)共76例,并设25例无犬瘟热健康犬作为对照组(CG).就诊时分别采取血液和脑脊液,测定一氧化氮(NO)、神经元型一氧化氮合成酶(nNOS)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶...     

同时检测犬瘟热病毒和犬细小病毒双重PCR方法的建立

为建立可以同时检测犬瘟热病毒(CDV)和犬细小病毒(CPV)的双重PCR方法,本研究根据GenBank登录的CDV N蛋白序列和CPV NS基因保守序列,设计合成2对特异性引物。通过优化反应条件,对CDV阳性病毒株反转录后的cDNA模板和CPV的DNA模板进行双重PCR扩增,同时得到2条与试验设计相符的669 bp(CDV)和392 bp(CPV)特异性条带,建立了同时检测CDV和CPV的双重PCR方法。实验结果表明:在同一PCR反应体系中可以同时检测这2种病毒,而对犬腺病毒Ⅰ型、犬腺病毒Ⅱ型、狂犬病毒检测均为阴性;CDV和CPV的最低检出限分别为101.8TCID50和101.4TCID50。采用该方法对在黑龙江省不同地区所采集的30份犬病料样品进行检测,CDV阳性率为30%;CPV阳性率为23.33%,表明建立的PCR方法可以用于临床诊断。     

A canine distemper virus seroprevalence study of dogs on three islands in the Torres Strait region,Australia

Canine distemper virus (CDV) can cause mortality in domestic dogs, which is easily prevented by the consistent application of vaccination protocols. The aim of this study was to determine if the dog populations of three strategically located islands in the Torres Strait of Australia, adjacent to Papua New Guinea, are infected by CDV. Eighty-four serum samples were collected from 70 dogs resident on Saibai, Dauan and Boigu Islands during 2017–2018. Sera were tested for CDV antibodies by a virus neutralization test (VNT). Overall, 7 (8.3%) sera from 6 (8.6%) dogs resident on all three islands were test positive. VNT titres ranged from 20 to >1280. Male adult dogs were more commonly seropositive than female and juvenile dogs. Considering the origin and age of test positive dogs, and veterinary visits to these islands, it was concluded that there is evidence of exposure to a field strain of CDV – rather than previous vaccination – in 4 of the 70 dogs (5.7%) tested in this study. Given the strategic location of these islands in a zone of high biosecurity risk, ongoing surveillance of pathogens such as CDV could inform on potential disease spread pathways in this region. In addition, the presence of high serological titres in the apparent absence of clinical disease requires further investigation.     

贵州犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定

对流行病学调查、临床症状检查和ELISA检测为犬瘟热阳性的自然发病犬,取肠内容物为病料,采用同步培养方法接种于犬肾细胞系(MDCK)进行病毒的分离,并对分离株进行了形态学特征、血凝特性、动物感染及RT-PCR鉴定。结果表明:病料接种MDCK细胞产生明显的细胞病变(CPE),电镜负染观察接毒细胞培养物见有典型的犬瘟热病毒粒子。分离株不凝集鸡及人“O”型红细胞,接种犬出现明显的临床症状和病理变化。用RT-PCR技术检测病毒细胞培养液,扩增出的片段长为760 bp,与预期设计的长度相同,由此确证分离株为犬瘟热病毒,命名为CDV-GZ2株。     

犬瘟热病毒融合蛋白七肽重复区基因的克隆表达

根据犬瘟热病毒（Canine distemper virus，CDV）融合蛋白（F）的基因序列，利用LearnCoil-VMF与ExPASy软件预测出两个七肽重复区（heptad repeat，HR1与HR2），应用搭桥PCR拼接的方法获得HR1与HR2基因，将其直接克隆到pGEX-6p-1表达载体构建重组质粒，用PCR及双酶切方法鉴定阳性重组质粒，并对其进行测序鉴定。并在大肠杆菌中进行融合表达。     

RT-PCR检测贵州犬瘟热病毒

根据犬瘟热病毒H基因核苷酸序列 ,设计合成一对引物对贵州临床诊断为犬瘟热 (CD)病死犬的心、肝、脾、肾、粪便进行RT PCR检测。结果表明 :从心、脾、肾病料上清液中可扩增出 760bp的特异性带 ,与预期扩增片段长度相同 ;粪便和肝脏上清液RT PCR结果为阴性 ,但粪便上清液接种Vero细胞后连续传代 3代 ,每代细胞培养液RT PCR结果均为阳性 ;在检测的 2 2条病死犬中 ,有 1 9条病死犬检测到犬瘟热病毒H基因的特异性核酸片段 ,阳性率为 86 4% (1 9/ 2 2 )。     

犬瘟热病毒水貂分离株F基因的克隆及原核表达

根据GenBank中登录的犬瘟热病毒F基因序列设计了1对引物，以从水貂犬瘟热病毒中提取的RNA为模板，扩增出一约1000bp的F基因片段。将PCR产物按相应的阅读框架克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a中，并将重组质粒转化E．coli BL21（DE3），用1．0mmol／L IPTG在30℃下诱导表达。结果显示，F基因的表达量约占细菌总蛋白的35％。SDS-PAGE电泳显示，表达产物的分子质量约为55ku，与预计大小相符；经Western-blotting试验进一步证实，该基因获得了正确表达。     

犬瘟热病毒融合蛋白、血凝蛋白、基质蛋白和核衣壳蛋白基因DNA联合免疫的研究

为研究犬瘟热病毒(CDV)融合蛋白(F)、血凝蛋白(H)、基质膜蛋白(M)和核衣壳蛋白(N)基因核酸联合免疫的效力,本研究分别构建了表达经哺乳动物密码子优化的CDV F、H、M和N蛋白基因的真核重组表达质粒p CAGG-CDVF、p CAGG-CDVH、p CAGG-CDVM和p CAGG-CDVN;将其分别转染BHK-21细胞后通过间接免疫荧光试验表明,目的蛋白均获得正确表达。此外,将等量混合的重组质粒p CAGG-CDVF、p CAGG-CDVH、p CAGG-CDVM(3组份DNA疫苗)或重组质粒p CAGG-CDVF、p CAGG-CDVH、p CAGG-CDVM、p CAGG-CDVN(4组份DNA疫苗),分别以500μg/只经肌肉注射途径免疫A组(6只)或B组(6只)比格犬,间隔4周以相同剂量、途径加强免疫一次,并于初次免疫前、后不同时间检测血清CDV中和抗体。中和试验结果显示,A组和B组免疫犬,二免4周时,CDV中和抗体滴度平均值达到峰值,分别为6 log2和5.64 log2;在初免54周时,CDV中和抗体滴度均仍然维持5 log2。因此,3组份DNA疫苗为具有良好应用前景的犬瘟热候选疫苗。     

犬瘟热病毒N蛋白的B细胞抗原表位预测

将1段犬瘟热病毒N蛋白氨基酸序列（GenBank编号为：AEV77096．1）与GenBank登录的其他氨基酸序列进行比对,分析其同源性;通过DNAStar生物信息学分析软件中的Protean模块及The PredictProteinserver在线蛋白分析工具预测犬瘟热病毒N蛋白的理化性质、二级结构、亲水性、表面可及性、柔韧性、抗原指数、跨膜螺旋、蛋白相互作用位点、蛋白功能位点等特性,并预测其B细胞优势抗原表位。结果显示,犬瘟热病毒N蛋白具有规则的二级结构、亲水性、柔韧性片段多,多处于表面可及性大,抗原指数高,蛋白质相互作用位点区域。潜在的B细胞优势抗原表位为12～18、61～66、243～246、410～415、421～429、434～447、452～456、480～487氨基酸序列。结果表明,本试验预测了犬瘟热病毒N蛋白的B细胞优势抗原表位,为进一步设计犬瘟热病毒的诊断抗原多肽、免疫用抗原多肽和研发血清学检测试剂盒奠定了理论基础。     

犬瘟热病毒R／20-8株核衣壳蛋白基因的克隆和表达

应用RT-PCR技术扩增出犬瘟热病毒（CDV）核衣壳（N）蛋白基因的高度保守序列，将其克隆至质粒pMD18-T中，获得了重组质粒pMD18-T-N。将N基因的目的片段克隆到表达载体pGEX-4T-1中谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）基因的下游，并将该重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21株，经IPTG诱导，N基因融合蛋白获得了高效表达。SDS-PAGE电泳和Western—blot分析结果显示，表达产物的分子质量为55ku，与CDV标准阳性血清呈阳性反应。表明，大肠杆菌表达的CDVN蛋白在免疫原性上与天然N蛋白具有一定的相似性，可作为诊断用抗原。     

Atypical necrotizing encephalitis associated with systemic canine distemper virus infection in pups

This report describes the naturally occurring atypical neuropathological manifestation of systemic canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in two 16-day-old Pit Bull pups. CDV-induced changes affected the gray and white matter of the forebrain while sparing the hindbrain. Histologically, there was necrosis with destruction of the nervous parenchyma due to an influx of inflammatory and reactive cells associated with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within glial cells. Positive immunoreactivity against CDV antigens was predominantly observed within astrocytes and neurons. RT-PCR was used to amplify CDV-specific amplicons from brain fragments. These findings suggest the participation of CDV in the etiopathogenesis of these lesions.     

犬瘟热自然病例脱髓性脑病发生的机理

为了进一步调查脑组织的髓鞘脱失与神经胶质细胞等成份的关系,用12只犬瘟热自然病例通过病理组织学和免疫组织化学染色法进行了本试验.结果表明:髓鞘脱失部位的脑组织伴有明显的血液循环障碍,即淤血、水肿、血栓形成和弥漫性血管内凝血;少突胶质细胞发生代谢紊乱和凋亡;用抗犬瘟热病毒(CDV)抗体染色,星状胶质细胞呈现强阳性反应;用抗GFAP染色,纤维性星状胶质细胞在脱髓区呈较强阳性反应,用TUNEL染色可检出发生凋亡的星状胶质细胞;一些室管膜细胞也被CDV感染,许多含有包涵体币口凋亡的室管膜细胞在脑室壁被发现;少数神经元变性和皱缩,其核发生浓缩.据此认为,脑组织的髓鞘脱失主要与血液循环障碍和少突胶质细胞的代谢紊乱及凋亡有关;脑组织的髓鞘脱失是许多病因共同作用的结果,并非是一种病因所致.     

犬瘟热病毒A株核衣壳蛋白基因的克隆、表达及特性分析

根据GenBank中A75／14株犬瘟热病毒（CDV）核衣壳蛋白（N）基因的核苷酸序列设计合成一对引物，经RT-PCRgA病毒总RNA中扩增出1600bp的N基因，将其克隆于pMD18-T载体对其进行序列分析。结果表明A株CDV与其它毒株N基因序列的同源性较高。将N基因定向克隆于原核表达栽体pPROEXX^TM HT，用重组质粒pPROEX^TM HT-N转化感受态E．coli DH5a细胞，用IPTG于37℃诱导表达了分子量约63Ku的重组N蛋白，占菌体总蛋白18％。经Western blot分析证实所表达的重组N蛋白具反应活性，将表达产物用ProBond^TM纯化试剂盒进行了纯化。用所获得的重组蛋白免疫家兔制备的多克隆抗体可与CDV全病毒发生特异性反应，经琼扩试验测定其效价为1：16。本实验为下一步用重组N蛋白作为诊断用抗原，建立特异的CDV抗体检测方法奠定了基础。     

小熊猫犬瘟热病及病原研究

1999年2月和1999年7月，重庆动物园和雅安碧峰峡生态动物园喂养的小熊猫（red panda)分别大面积爆发和流行犬瘟热病，重庆动物园小熊猫死亡11只，死亡率达100％，雅安碧峰峡生态动物园小熊猫死亡4只，死亡率为25％。两地发病小熊猫所表现的临床症状和病理解剖变化不完全一致，但均有血便、呼吸急促、不食，精神差，肺出血充血等类似症状。从雅安碧峰峡生态动物园患病小熊猫分离出的犬瘟热毒株（cdv2株）对VERO细胞适应性比从重庆动物园分离的（cdv1株）强，其TCID50达10^-6/0.2mL，两地分离的毒株均能同抗犬瘟热阳性高免血清反应。此外，用抗犬瘟热高免血清治疗，成功地挽救了12只病重的小熊猫。     

非典型犬瘟热病毒核衣壳蛋白基因序列分析及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

为分析当地非典型犬瘟热病毒(CDV)核衣壳蛋白(N)基因的序列特征及其表达产物的抗原性,根据已发表CDV的N基因序列设计引物,用RT-PCR方法从引起非典型症状的CDV细胞培养物中扩增N基因,进行克隆和序列分析,结果表明:该非典型CDV的N基因与已发表的12个CDV强毒株的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别在96.6%～99.2%和97.9%～99.4%之间,与已发表的4个CDV疫苗弱毒株的同源性分别在93.2%～93.6%和96.4%～97.5%之间;在N基因系统发育进化树上,非典型CDV与12个强毒株处在同一亚群,而且与9个中国分离毒株的亲缘关系近于3个国外毒株。N基因在大肠杆菌中表达的重组N蛋白的分子量为62 ku,主要以包涵体的形式存在;用western blot分析,重组N蛋白可与CDV阳性血清发生特异性反应;以纯化的重组N蛋白为抗原建立的CDV抗体间接ELISA检测方法具有良好的特异性。     

Myocarditis caused by naturally acquired canine distemper virus infection in 4 dogs

Canine distemper virus (CDV) has long been recognized as a cause of myocarditis; however, cases of myocarditis caused by naturally acquired CDV infection have been reported only rarely in dogs. We describe here our retrospective study of naturally acquired systemic CDV infection in 4 dogs, 4–7 wk old, that had myocarditis, with myocardial necrosis and fibrosis. One of the 4 dogs had intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cardiomyocytes. Other lesions included bronchointerstitial pneumonia (4 of 4), necrotizing hepatitis (2 of 4), splenic lymphoid necrosis (2 of 4), encephalitis (1 of 3; brain was not submitted in 1 case), and necrotizing gastroenteritis (1 of 4). The presence of CDV in the heart was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in all 4 dogs.     

犬瘟热病毒强毒株HBF-1株的培育及致病性研究

为研究从北极狐病料样品中分离的一株强毒的致病性,本实验采用病例复制、RT-PCR检测、间接免疫荧光检测(IFA)和电镜观察等方法证实分离得到犬瘟热病毒(CDV),并命名为HBF-1。对该分离株H基因的核苷酸序列比对显示,HBF-1与疫苗株的同源性为91.0%～91.5%,与国内外分离株的同源性为93.5%～99.9%。病毒传代培育试验结果显示HBF-1已适应在北极狐、貉、水貂和犬体内繁殖,具有较广的感染范围。但各种动物的临床症状和剖检病理变化存在不同程度的差异,表明HBF-1分离株对北极狐、貉、水貂和犬的致病力不同;毒力测定结果显示其半数感染量分别为102.46 ID50/mL、102.95 ID50/mL、102.46 ID50/mL和102.58 ID50/mL,表明HBF-1为一株CDV强毒株,可以在不同的经济动物间进行水平传播。本研究结果为开发新的CDV疫苗提供了实验基础。