中国土壤胶体研究 Ⅵ.西藏高原几种主要土壤的粘土矿物组成和演变

西藏高原突起于我国西南,绝大部分地面的海拔高度在4000米以上,为世界上最高的大高原。它大致在第三纪开始形成,后来曾受第四纪冰川的深刻作用,高山顶部至今仍是冰川的活动场所^[1,2]。高原为昆仑山、唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山和横断山等大山脉所盘踞。     

The nature of smectites and associated interstratified minerals in soils of the Gharb plain of Morocco

The mineralogies of ‘Tirs’ (Typic Pelloxererts), and ‘Debs’ (Typic Haploxerolls and Typic Xerochrepts) soils of the Gharb plain in north-western Morocco are investigated, with special attention given to the determination of the nature of the smectitic phase using the lithium test (Li test) and the alkylammonium method. The sand and silt mineralogy of Tirs soils is dominated by quartz with small amounts of feldspars and kaolinite. The sand and silt fractions of Dehs soils also contain significant amounts of mica, chlorite, and interstratified phyllosilicates. The clay minerals of Tirs soils are predominantly a high-charge smectite. The estimated interlayer charge for this phase is 0.61 mol(c)/O₁₀(OH)₂ and the fraction of tetrahedral charge varies from 38 to 44%. Although the percentage tetrahedral charge is less than 50%, the smectitic phase behaves as beidellite with the Li test. Dehs clays are more heterogeneous, consisting of smectite, vermiculite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and interstratified illite/smectite and illite/vermiculite. The Li test and the alkylammonium method demonstrate that a high-charge smectite or vermiculite is interstratified with illite. A low-charge montmorillonite is also present both in Tirs and in Dehs soils. The high-charge beidellitic phase is believed to be a transformation product of mica, whilst the low charge montmorillonite is thought to be inherited from the parent material.     

不同土壤的还原状况对铁镉形态转化和水稻吸收的影响

采用土壤-蛭石联合培养,以填充蛭石的网袋模拟根际,置于红壤、水稻土、盐土中后淹水栽培水稻13 d.试验结果表明,水稻栽培期问,红壤、水稻土、盐土pH变化范围分别为6.05 ～6.78、6.47 ～7.33、6.42 ～7.44;有机质处理下,除红壤根际pH明显升高外,其余土壤根际和非根际pH均有所下降.各土壤对照根际Eh保持在233 ～ 385 mV;有机质处理使根际Eh下降,同时也导致除盐土外的非根际Eh上升.土壤还原溶解Fe与蛭石吸附Fe的90％以上均米自铁锰氧化物结合态铁(Oxide-Fe)组分,与溶液Eh、pe+ pH均有显著相关性,表明两表面同为Fe的氧化还原反应,但方向相反.水稻根表Fe膜的形成与根际氧化还原状况有关,在对照根际(高Eh)环境下,根表Fe含量随pH升高而降低,在有机质处理根际(低Eh)环境下则随pH升高而升高;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍Fe的吸收,在水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进Fe吸收.根表Cd含量与根内Cd、地上部Cd有显著正相关;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收;水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收.     

Specific Features of Profile Distribution and Crystallochemistry of Phyllosilicates in Soils of the Cisbaikal Forest-Steppe

The mineralogical composition of agrogray, dark gray, and agro-dark gray soils (Luvic Greyzemic Retic Phaeozems); agro-dark gray residual-calcareous soils (Calcaric Cambic Phaeozems); clay-illuvial agrochernozems (Luvic Chernic Phaeozems); and agrochernozems with migrational–mycelial carbonates (Haplic Chernozems) developed in the forest-steppe of Central Siberia within the Irkutsk Depression has been studied. The clay (<1 μm) fraction separated from these soils consists of mixed-layer minerals with alternating layers of hydromica, smectite, vermiculite, and chlorite; the proportions between them change within the soil profiles. The clay fraction also contains hydromicas, kaolinite, chlorite, and some admixture of the fine-dispersed quartz. Each type of the soils is characterized by its own distribution pattern of clay material with specific alternation of layers in the mixed-layer formations. Mixed-layer minerals of the chlorite–vermiculite type predominate in the upper horizons of texture-differentiated soils. Down the soil profile, the content of mixed-layer mica–smectitic minerals increases. In the clay fraction of arable dark gray-humus soils with residual carbonates, the distribution of the clay fraction and major mineral phases in the soil profile is relatively even. An increased content of well-crystallized kaolinite is typical of these soils. The parent material of agrochernozems has a layered character: the upper horizons are generally depleted of clay, and the middle-profile and lower horizons are characterized by the considerable kaolinite content. In general, the clay material of soils of the Tulun–Irkutsk forest-steppe differs considerably from the clay material of foreststeppe soils developed from loesslike and mantle loams in the European part of Russia. In particular, this difference is seen in the proportions between major mineral phases and between biotitic and muscovitic components, as well as in the degree of crystallinity and behavior of kaolinite and chlorite.     

广西水耕人为土黏粒矿物组成及其空间分布特征

黏粒矿物影响着土壤理化性质，可指示成土因素特征和土壤发生发育过程/强度，也是中国土壤系统分类的基层单元土族矿物学类型划分的重要依据。本研究选择了广西不同纬度和成土母质的18个代表性水耕人为土的剖面，应用X射线衍射（XRD）方法分析了其典型水耕氧化还原层（Br层）的黏粒矿物组成及其空间分布特征，并确定了其中“黏质”剖面的土族控制层段矿物学类型。结果表明：（1）供试土壤的黏粒矿物主要包括高岭石、伊利石、三水铝石、1.42 nm过渡矿物、蒙脱石和蛭石等，依次分别出现在100%、88.9%、72.2%、61.1%、44.4%和38.9%的剖面中。（2）黏粒矿物组成在纬度空间分布上具有明显规律性特征。随着纬度降低，土壤黏粒中的高岭石增加，伊利石、蒙脱石、1.42nm过渡矿物逐渐减少；纬度＞23°N区域内，成土母质对黏粒矿物组成影响明显。（3）纬度23°N是黏粒矿物组成和土族矿物学类型分界线，＜23°N区域，黏粒矿物均以高岭石为主，是“黏质”剖面的土族控制层段的主要矿物学类型；＞23°N区域，黏粒矿物组成以高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石或1.42 nm过渡矿物为主，因成土母质不同而异，“黏质”剖面的土族控制层段矿物学类型包括高岭石混合型、混合型和伊利石型。     

Mineralogies of silt and clay fractions of twelve soil profiles in the Bolivian Andes (Callavaya Region)

Mineralogies of a soil catena in the Pampa of Ulla Ulla (4,300–4,600 m) and the soils of the steep slopes of the Cordillera de las Muñecas (“steep area”) were investigated. The latter area includes three altitudinal zones: herbaceous zone (3,900–4,800 m), shrub zone (2,700–3,900 m), and mountain forest zone (up to 2,700/2,800 m). The soils were classified according to Soil Taxonomy as Entisols, Mollisols, and Inceptisols. They were mainly derived from quartzitic schists and slope debris. Each horizon of each profile was representatively sampled for analyses.Muscovites and illites were the dominant minerals in the fine silt and clay fraction, respectively. Besides kaolinite, pyrophyllite and vermiculite, regular illite/vermiculite mixed layers, chlorite, feldspar and quartz were detected in both fractions. In a Typic Cryaquent from the Pampa of Ulla Ulla, smectites had been formed. Pyrophyllite, illite/vermiculite mixed layers and chlorite seemed to be unstable under acid conditions in most of these soils.     

太白山北坡土壤的粘土矿物

太白山位于陕西省西部,绝顶海拔近4000米,是秦岭山脉的主峰,属于我国西北中部地区最高名山之一。地理位置约为北纬33.9-34.15度,东经107.4-108.0度。由于秦岭的屏障使潮湿的海洋气团不易深入西北,同时也阻挡了北方的寒潮不致长驱南下,所以秦岭已成为自然地理上划分我国东部南北的重要界线。太白山的气候具有南温带的温和气候和北亚热带的温暖气候特点,属于温带和亚热带过渡性地带。     

Mineralogy of parent rock and peaty-podzolic soil of Iremel Ridge,Southern Urals

The mineralogy of soils and parent rocks of the Iremel Ridge has been studied by the methods of micromorphology, laser diffraction, computed X-ray microtomography, and X-ray fluorescence analysis. In hard rock and soil, the major minerals have been identified: quartz, illite, and a chlorite-group mineral (Fe analogue of sudoite), as well as accessory minerals: monazite, xenotime, rutile, zircon, and florencite. It has been found that chlorite, illite, and quartz are present in all horizons of the studied peaty-podzolic soil. Insignificant amounts of mixed-layered mineral and kaolinite could be suggested in the T and EL horizons of peaty-podzolic soil. The mixed-layered mineral is most probably of soil origin, which is related to the transformation of illites inherited from the parent rock under acidic conditions.     

旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用

本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

Studies of some soils in the NW Himalayas and the highlands of India

A reconnaissance soil survey of the NW Himalayan mountains and highlands in the Lahul valley (Himachal Pradesh) was undertaken and five soil profiles from different regions and supporting different vegetation, representing both virgin and cultivated lands, were studied, described and classified in two major soil series, viz. Krozing and Shainsha. The clay fraction of these soils consists of illite and chlorite with minor amounts of kaolinite and traces of swelling chlorite and/or montmorillonite. The removal of amorphous material by a dithionite citrate buffer has been found to be imperative.According to the current definitions, these frigid like high mountain soils having an epipedon on limit with mollic qualify for Dystric Eutrochrepts, which does not depict the reality. Therefore, they have been logically classified, by defining new subgroups of Cryic, Mollic and Cryollic within Eutrochrepts, as Dystric Cryic Eutrochrepts (Shainsha series) and Dystric Cryollic Eutrochrepts (Krozing series). The proposed classification is supported by their geographic situation between Eutrochrepts and/or Hapludolls (in lower valleys) and Cryochrepts and/or Haploborolls (on higher hills).     

A MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME VERTISOLS IN THE GEZIRA AND THE KENANA CLAY PLAINS OF THE SUDAN

Examination of the clay fraction of the Gezira and Kenana soils of the Sudan revealed montmorillonite as the dominant clay mineral, accompanied by kaolinite. The presence of illite and vermiculite is questionable. Quartz was found as an accessory mineral. Most of the kaolinite is concentrated in the ‘coarse clay’ (2–0.2 μm), whereas more than 90 per cent of the ‘fine clay’ consists of montmorillonite.     

Clay minerals in a soil chronosequence derived from basalt on Hainan Island, China and its implication for pedogenesis

A soil chronosequence consisting of six profiles formed on quartz tholeiite basalt ranging in age from 10,000 years to 1. 8 Million years (My) was studied here. Soil clays were identified using XRD diffractogram decomposition methods for samples obtained from the A and C horizons of profiles. The results showed that kaolinite minerals dominated in all the clay fractions. Gibbsite was prominent in the C horizons in the soils from older rocks. Clays in the A horizon of relatively young soils showed an initial stage of illite formation, followed by smectite mixed layer minerals (illite-smectites and then vermiculite-illite) and finally by vermiculite. The initial presence of illite is interesting as there is no magmatic micaceous or phyllosilicate phase in these basalts and the formation of illite we attribute to a secondary process, probably created by alkali transport by plant materials. The change in 2:1 clay mineralogy reflects the overall change in Si/Al ratios in the soils over longer periods of weathering. In all cases gibbsite is more abundant in the C horizons than the A horizons. The difference in gibbsite content between the A and C horizons we attribute to plant transport of siliceous phytolite material to the surface. Continued high rainfall over long periods of time removed the alkali faster than the plants could bring it to the surface, which led to continuous lowering of 2:1 minerals from younger to older in the soil chronosequence. Nevertheless a 2:1, silica-rich mineral persists in the clay assemblages although in very minor amounts.     

Biotite weathering in peaty-podzolic gleyic soil under conditions of a model field experiment

Changes in biotite (fraction 1–5 μm) after exposure in the T2, H, Eih, and E horizons of peatypodzolic gleyic soil under conditions of a model field experiment were studied by X-ray diffraction. It was found that the main transformations of the biotite in all horizons included the degradation of its crystal lattice into regularly interstratified biotite-vermiculite and randomly interstratified biotite-smectite structures and vermiculite. The transformation intensity decreased down the profile simultaneously with a reduction in the content of organic matter, roots, and microbiota population and activity. Chloritized structures were also present among the biotite weathering products in the E horizon. The main identified products of biotite weathering formed in horizons Eih and E over a five-year period of the model experiment were detected in the clay and fine silt fractions of these horizons and in native peaty-podzolic gleyic soils. This suggests that vermiculite and soil chlorite in the soils studied are products of soil functioning. It follows from the results, with consideration for literature data, that the weathering of biotite results in the formation of a potassium-buffering system.     

中国东南部某些水稻土的矿物学

Limited information is available concerning the mineralogy of paddy soils in the southeastern China. Using chemical methods in conjunction with X-ray diffractometry, we studied the mineral composition of three paddy soils: Jinghua (paddy soil on Quaternary red clay), Fuyang (Hapl-percogenic loamy paddy soil), and Shaoxing (gleyic clayey paddy soil). All the soils contained quartz, mica, vermiculite, chlorite and kaolinite, and the distribution of these minerals varied with soil particle size fractions. The clay fraction of the Fuyang and Shaoxing soils also contained smectite. Although X-ray data did not show the presence of smectite in the Jinghua soil, this mineral was identified by the chemical method, suggesting a transitional property of the mineral in the soil. Hydroxy-Al interlayered minerals were also present in the clay fraction. The amount of smectite in the soils was 31.6 (Shaoxing), 16.5 (Fuyang), and 21.4 (Jinghua) g kg^-1; for vermiculite it was 33.3 (Shaoxing), 16.5 (Fuyang), and 8.5 (Jinghua) g kg^-1. Smectite was only found in the clay fraction. In contrast, amounts of vermiculite in soil particle size fractions were 3.0~11.4 (sand), 2.1~6.0 (coarse silt), 4.6~18.9 (medium silt), 0.9~40.0 (fine silt), and 17.0~108 (clay) g kg^-1. The amount of noncrystalline aluminosilicates in the soils in g kg^-1 decreased in the order: Shaoxing (2.4) > Jinghua (1.9) > Fuyang (1.7). This study has provided useful mineralogical information that is fundamental in future development of management strategies of the soils.     

中国土壤胶体研究—Ⅶ.内蒙暗栗钙土的粘土矿物

内蒙栗钙土区属半干旱而温和的大陆性气候,年平均温度-2.4-6.5℃,冬夏温差很大,约差30-49℃,夏季平均温度为20-25℃,比黑钙土地区高,年降水量200-350毫米,多集中夏季。由于气候干旱,相对湿度很低,蒸发量大于降水量数倍,大陆性气候十分明显。植被以禾本科草及篙属的短草为主。地形主要为高平原,包括一部分丘陵岗地。     

浙江慈溪不同利用年限水稻土肥力特征的比较

温室盆栽条件下比较了浙江慈溪不同利用年限水稻土（50至2000年）水稻生长与谷物产量的差异,以及无施肥条件下种植水稻对水稻土微生物生物量与转化酶、脲酶活性的影响。结果发现,利用年限较长水稻土上种植的水稻植株相对较高（p 0.10）,水稻秸秆、根系及谷粒的生物量均随水稻土利用年限延长而显著增加（p 0.05）;N、P、K等营养元素在植株不同部位的分异状况不同,其中秸秆的全P和全K含量均随水稻土利用年限延长而显著升高（p 0.05）,而米粒的全N含量也趋于升高（p 0.10）。温室盆栽试验之后,水稻土的微生物生物量及酶活性与利用年限之间的关系规律和种植水稻之前基本一致,且整体上又趋于下降,即无施肥条件下种植水稻转化利用了土壤部分微生物生物量,并减弱了与碳氮转化相关酶的活性,对保持水稻土的营养水平造成不利影响。结果表明,水稻土的肥力质量历经两千年的长期稻作长盛不衰、粮食生产能力不减反增,而且是在作物有效养分可循环利用（如秸秆还田或外施肥料）的前提下实现持续利用的。     

酸性和中性水田土壤施用硅肥的效应研究 Ⅰ.对土壤pH、Eh及硅动态的影响

分别选取酸性和中性水田土壤进行盆栽试验,研究施用硅肥对水稻各生育期土壤溶液pH、Eh及硅浓度的影响。结果表明,淹水种稻后酸性土壤pH迅速升高,而中性土壤pH降低,然后均趋于中性;Eh的变化基本均呈近似＂W＂形;土壤溶液硅浓度则经历了一个先升高后下降并趋于稳定的变化过程。与对照相比,单施高炉渣或高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理在提高土壤溶液pH和Eh、增加硅浓度方面的效果较为明显,尤其在酸性水田土壤上表现得更为突出;偏硅酸钠的施用效果只是在水稻生长的某一时期在中性水田土壤上表现得相对明显;单施葡萄糖会降低土壤Eh,提高生育前期土壤溶液中的硅浓度。在水稻全生育期内,高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理的土壤溶液中硅浓度升高的幅度最大,在酸性水田土壤和中性水田土壤上分别是对照处理的1.40（最小倍数）~4.93（最大倍数）倍和1.19（最小倍数）~2.72倍（最大倍数）,说明施用高炉渣硅肥,可明显提高土壤硅素供应水平,对促进水稻生长、提高水稻产量有重要意义。     

Short‐time clay‐mineral evolution in a soil chronosequence in Oléron Island (France)

Major weathering sequences in soils are well established; however, knowledge on rates of mineral transformations remains unknown, because it is often difficult to date precisely soil processes. This work was carried out on soils developed on recent (< 188 y) sand dunes on the W coast of Oléron Island (France). The coast has been protected against marine and wind erosion by constructing five consecutives barriers close to the coastline since 1820 (1820, 1864, 1876, 1889, 1948) defining the maximum age of the soil parent material, as before the areas between the barriers were under water. Soils on the older dunes have low clay content (> 94% of sand) and exhibit a bleached E horizon that overlies a yellowish brown B horizon. The process responsible for their formation is podzolization promoted by the high permeability of the material and complexing organic matter produced by coniferous vegetation. Initial mineralogy of C horizons is homogenous and constituted of chlorite, illite, illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and kaolinite, quartz, calcite (≈ 8% related to shell fragments), and feldspars. The initial clay‐mineral assemblage of the E horizons is dominated by illite (well‐crystallized WCI and poorly crystallized PCI) and chlorite. With progressive podzolization, poorly crystallized illite is first transformed to illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals and in a further step into smectite. In addition, transformation of well‐crystallized illite leads to formation of ordered illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals in the E horizons, which is not commonly described in soils. In the B horizons, illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals are present with traces of smectite, as well as Al and Fe oxi‐hydroxides as revealed by DCB and oxalate chemical extractions. This chronosequence illustrates that over short distances and short time (< 188 y) intense mineral weathering and soil development occur. Major clay‐mineral changes occur between 132 and 188 y in agreement with development of the pine forest producing acidic litter.     

不同熟化度红壤及红壤性水稻土的腐殖质组成及其特性

土壤腐殖质是评价红壤肥力的重要因素^[2],根据前人研究^[8,3,1]:一般土壤腐殖质的含量及组成受土壤地带性的影响。胡敏酸与富啡酸的比值自南向北逐渐递增,红壤胡敏酸与富啡酸的比值小于1。本文着重研究同一地区自然成土因素类同的情况下,红壤通过水旱耕作和培肥,土壤腐殖质的组成及特性的变化。     

Composition of clay minerals and their pedogenetic and taxonomic implications for Stagnic Anthrosols derived from different parent materials in Hunan Province,China

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the composition of clay minerals in soils derived from different parent materials and to elucidate how parent materials and pedogenic environment affect the distribution of clay minerals and reveal the implications for pedogenetics and taxonomy in Stagnic Anthrosols.

Materials and methods

Clay mineralogy and physicochemical properties of the Hydragric horizon of Stagnic Anthrosols derived from granite (GR), plate shale (PS), quaternary red clays (QRC), limestone (LS), purple sandy shale (PSS) and fluvial-lacustrine deposit (FLD) located in Hunan Province of China were analysed to explore the relationships between the conditions influencing the formation of the soil and the composition of clay minerals.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that the composition of clay minerals is closely related to both parent material and type of Stagnic Anthrosols: the soils derived from GR, PS and QRC, which are mostly classified as Fe-accumulic-Stagnic Anthrosols, are dominantly 1:1 type kaolinite and vermiculite and illite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals of widespread distribution. However, soils derived from LS, PSS and FLD were mainly classified as Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and are mainly composed of 2:1 type illite/smectite mixed layer minerals, where chlorite is commonly found. Illite is widely distributed and its content varies the least among different parent materials. An extremely significant relationship between pH and kaolinite, chlorite and mixed layer minerals was noted, and the two kinds of mixed layer minerals showed highly significant negative correlation.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the types and quantities of clay minerals in the soil are closely related to the types of parent material. This reflected better direction and degree of development in Stagnic Anthrosols, which is related to the physicochemical properties of parent material and can be used as one of the bases for the classification of soil groups and subgroups within the soil family for Stagnic Anthrosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy.