Two Calorimetrically Distinct States of Liquid Water Below 150 Kelvin

Vapor-deposited amorphous solid and hyperquenched glassy water were found to irreversibly transform, on compression at 77 kelvin, to a high-density amorphous solid. On heating at atmospheric pressure, this solid became viscous water (water B), with a reversible glass-liquid transition onset at 129 +/- 2 kelvin. A different form of viscous water (water A) was formed by heating the uncompressed vapor-deposited amorphous solid and hyperquenched liquid water. On thermal cycling up to 148 kelvin, water B remained kinetically and thermodynamically distinct from water A. The occurrence of these two states, which do not interconvert, helps explain both the configurational relaxation of water and stress-induced amorphization.     

Amorphous Solid Water: An X-ray Diffraction Study

Water vapor that condenses on a metal surface at 10 degrees K forms a noncrystalline phase of estimated density 1.2 grams per cubic centimeter. X-ray diffraction data of high precision and resolution have been analyzed to yield oxygen atom pair correlation functions. The positional correlation in amorphous solid water extends over only a few molecular radii, and the radial distribution of nearneighbor oxygen atoms in amorphous solid water is qualitatively different from that found in the low-pressure ice modifications. Amorphous solid water is a useful material for liquid water models because it can be studied under conditions such that the effects of static disorder and thermal excitation can be separated.     

Continuous random network model for amorphous solid water

Continuous random network models representing amorphous solid water have been constructed. The x-ray and neutron scattering predictions for one type of model agree quite well with experimental results.     

Organic glasses with exceptional thermodynamic and kinetic stability

Vapor deposition has been used to create glassy materials with extraordinary thermodynamic and kinetic stability and high density. For glasses prepared from indomethacin or 1,3-bis-(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene, stability is optimized when deposition occurs on substrates at a temperature of 50 K below the conventional glass transition temperature. We attribute the substantial improvement in thermodynamic and kinetic properties to enhanced mobility within a few nanometers of the glass surface during deposition. This technique provides an efficient means of producing glassy materials that are low on the energy landscape and could affect technologies such as amorphous pharmaceuticals.     

Sea urchin spine calcite forms via a transient amorphous calcium carbonate phase

The skeletons of adult echinoderms comprise large single crystals of calcite with smooth convoluted fenestrated morphologies, raising many questions about how they form. By using water etching, infrared spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and environmental scanning electron microscopy, we show that sea urchin spine regeneration proceeds via the initial deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate. Because most echinoderms produce the same type of skeletal material, they probably all use this same mechanism. Deposition of transient amorphous phases as a strategy for producing single crystals with complex morphology may have interesting implications for the development of sophisticated materials.     

洋槐蜜和椴树蜜结晶前后的主要物质组成和热力学性质变化研究

为实现对不同类型蜂蜜的特征和质量的科学评价，测定了不同蜜源(洋槐蜜和椴树蜜)和不同结晶状态蜂蜜的主要成分，并利用差示扫描量热技术分析了其热力学性质。结果表明：无论结晶与否，不同蜜源蜂蜜中的葡萄糖和果糖含量均差异显著。相对于椴树蜜样品，洋槐蜜样品的水分活度可能更不利于酵母菌的滋生。玻璃转化温度、放热峰峰温和放热峰焓变等热力学参数，对于区分不同的蜂蜜样品较为灵敏。蜂蜜样品的热力学性质主要受到结晶状态的影响，而与蜜源特征相关性较小。基于以上结果，及时监测蜂蜜的水分活度有助于控制微生物(尤其是酵母菌)的滋生。通过测定蜂蜜的玻璃转化温度、放热峰峰温和放热峰焓变等指标，可以预测蜂蜜的结晶程度。     

Importance of surface morphology in interstellar H2 formation

Detailed laboratory experiments on the formation of HD from atom recombination on amorphous solid water films show that this process is extremely efficient in a temperature range of 8 to 20 kelvin, temperatures relevant for H2 formation on dust grain surfaces in the interstellar medium (ISM). The fate of the 4.5 electron volt recombination energy is highly dependent on film morphology. These results suggest that grain morphology, rather than the detailed chemical nature of the grain surface, is most important in determining the energy content of the H2 as it is released from the grain into the ISM.     

Disordered materials: a survey of amorphous solids

A brief historical perspective and a review of the current research on amorphous or glassy materials are presented. Glass formation by natural processes and by laboratory synthesis techniques is described. Recent efforts to characterize and model the atomic scale structure of amorphous phases are surveyed. The relation between amorphous and liquid states is emphasized in a discussion of thermodynamics and kinetics. The topic of crystal-to-glass transformation in the solid state and the related issue of crystal stability and melting are discussed.     

水分含量对玉米淀粉颗粒结晶度的影响

 应用X-射线衍射方法对不同水分含量的玉米淀粉颗粒的结晶度进行了研究。只有在玻璃态情况下,淀粉的无定型区域才产生X-射线衍射图样,衍射峰的强度、面积在某种程度上依赖于淀粉的含水量。玉米淀粉颗粒的X-射线衍射图形是由两部分组成的:微晶区域和无定型区域。随着水分含量的增加,样品的结晶度从小到大,并达到一个平衡值(约45%)。室温下,当水分含量处于低水平时(小于11.25%),玉米淀粉颗粒中的无定型区域处于玻璃态,衍射图形显示的是微晶区域和无定型区域两部分的衍射图形的综合。当水分含量处于较高水平时(大于18.55%),淀粉颗粒中的无定型区域处于橡胶态,其X-射线衍射图形仅由微晶区域形成。在较低水分含量时(小于18.55%),由于塑化作用的影响,增大含水量会导致更多的微晶的形成。当水分含量超过18.55%之后,再增大水分,就会导致微晶片层和剩余的无定型片层的同时分解。     

固体水对苗木作用效应的研究

固体水为干旱、半干旱地区的抗旱造林提供了一种新的途径 .为了有效地指导其在野外造林的应用 ,在温室可控条件下 ,从植物水分状况、土壤含水量变化及微生物数量等方面 ,研究了固体水对北方主要造林树种油松和侧柏苗木生长的影响 .结果表明 ,使用固体水可提高土壤含水量 ,明显改善苗木的水分状况 ,减轻水分胁迫 ,其中效果最佳的是接触面积为 5 0cm2 的纯固体水和 38cm2 的加剂固体水 .根据固体水释水速率和供试苗木的水分状况及生长表现 ,在没有其它水源补充的条件下 ,艾德迈尔固体水至少可以维持油松和侧柏苗木生长 2个月     

固体水对苗木作用效应的研究

固体水为干旱、半干旱地区的抗旱造林提供了一种新的途径.为了有效地指导其在野外造林的应用,在温室可控条件下,从植物水分状况、土壤含水量变化及微生物数量等方面,研究了固体水对北方主要造林树种油松和侧柏苗木生长的影响.结果表明,使用固体水可提高土壤含水量,明显改善苗木的水分状况,减轻水分胁迫,其中效果最佳的是接触面积为50?cm2的纯固体水和38?cm2的加剂固体水.根据固体水释水速率和供试苗木的水分状况及生长表现,在没有其它水源补充的条件下,艾德迈尔固体水至少可以维持油松和侧柏苗木生长2个月.     

Amorphous solid water: a neutron diffraction study

The structure factor of amorphous solid D(2)O deposited from the vapor at 10 degrees K has been obtained by measuring the neutron diffraction spectrum in the wave vector transfer from 0.8 to 12.3 reciprocal angstroms. The results indicate that the phase investigated is amorphous and has a liquiid-like structure factor. The Fourier-transformed structure e factor yields a real space pair distribution function consistent with local tetrahedral coordination and hydrogen bonding, as in other condensed phases of water. The intramolecular OD separation is 1.00 angstrom; the lack of data for very large wave vector transfer and the expected near equality of the intramolecular DD separation and intermolecular O . . . D separation make it impossible to determine the intramolecular DOD angle with precision. The neutron scattering data presented are complementary to the x-ray diffraction studies of Venkatesh, Rice, antd Narten.     

生鲜食品导热系数影响因素的试验与分析

采用同步测量法测定了不同品种果蔬的导热系数与其可溶性固形物含量、自由水含量、含水量、密度、硬度等因素的变化规律.结果表明,对于不同种类的果蔬,与其导热系数存在显著线性相关的因素从大到小依次是含水量、可溶性固形物含量、自由水含量和密度,而和果蔬的硬度不存在显著线性相关关系.     

The dust grains from 9P/Tempel 1 before and after the encounter with Deep Impact

Gemini-N observed the properties of dust ejected from the nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel 1 before and after its encounter with Deep Impact. Marked changes were seen in the 7.8- to 13-micrometer spectral energy distribution and derived grain properties of the inner coma. A strong, broad silicate feature dominated by emission from amorphous pyroxene, amorphous olivine, and magnesium-rich crystalline olivine had developed by 1 hour after impact. The ejected dust mass is congruent with 10(4) to 10(6) kilograms on the basis of our models. Twenty-six hours later the silicate feature had faded, leaving a smooth featureless spectrum, similar to that observed before the impact, suggesting that the impact did not produce a new active region releasing small particles on the nucleus.     

Dynamic atomic-level rearrangements in small gold particles

Small metal particles (<5 nanometers), which are widely used in catalysis, have physical and chemical properties that are markedly different from those of the bulk metal. The differences are related to crystal structure, and it is therefore significant that structral rearrangements in small particles have been observed in real time by using high-resolution electron microscopy. A detailed investigation at the atomic level has been made of the factors affecting the dynamic activity of small gold crystals that are supported on thin films of amorphous carbon, silicon, and germanium. The rate of activity depends mainly on the current density of the incident electron beam and the degree of contact of the particle with the substrate, but this rate decreases rapidly as the particle size is increased. The activity of the particles is very similar on either carbon or silicon, but it is generally less marked on germanium because of increased contact between the particle and the substrate. The electron beam effectively heats the particles, and it appears that their dynamic behavior depends on their thermal contact with the substrate.     

Tabashir: an opal of plant origin

A specimen of tabashir, a variety of opal found in bamboo, contained more water but smaller amounts of alkalis and alkaline earths than most opals. It consisted of particles of about 100 angstroms in diameter, linked together in clumps, which appeared in fractured surfaces as irregularities. The tabashir was amorphous, but its microstructure differed from that of silicagel and amorphous opal of inorganic origin.     

固体水释放规律及其对植物水分生理的影响

以4种南方园林绿化树种为实验材料,研究了固体水的释放规律及其对树木水分生理的影响.结果表明,固体水的释放速率主要取决于其截面积的大小,同时,在一定程度上也受植物需水状况的调节.在干旱条件下使用固体水可明显改善植物的水分状况,提高叶含水量,维持叶绿素含量的相对稳定,是一种与植物吸水过程同步供水的方式和用极少量的水使植物长期存活和生长的方法.可以认为施用固体水是干旱环境中植树的最佳供水途径.     

气流粉碎对高直链玉米淀粉颗粒形态及性质的影响

为探讨气流粉碎对玉米淀粉颗粒形态及理化性质影响,以高直链玉米淀粉为原料,利用流化床气流粉碎设备在不同分级频率条件下粉碎处理,使用扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜、激光粒度分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、快速粘度分析仪研究粉碎处理前后高直链玉米淀粉颗粒形态、双折射现象、颗粒尺寸及分布、晶体结构、粉体密度、压缩度、水合性质及脂肪结合能力、淀粉糊粘度等结构及性质变化。结果表明,淀粉粉体经气流粉碎微细化后,粉体颗粒形状及尺寸不均,颗粒表面粗糙,粒径变小,在分级频率3 000 r·min-1时颗粒平均粒径由14.01μm减至5.8μm,偏光十字减少;淀粉相对结晶度由28.63%降至19.19%,破坏淀粉颗粒结晶结构,由多晶态向无定形态转变;微细化后粉体松装密度和振实密度降低,压缩度增大,粉体水溶性、膨胀性、持水及脂肪结合能力增强;淀粉糊衰减度和回生值分别为原淀粉1/4.4和1/1.9,淀粉热糊及冷糊稳定性较好。研究结果为淀粉干法物理改性技术研究和高直链玉米淀粉深加工与高值化应用提供理论依据。     

The structure of confined oxygen in silica xerogels

The microscopic structure of oxygen confined in silica xerogels has been studied as a function of temperature. In large pores, a crystalline solid forms with a structure consistent with that of the bulk. The size of the crystallites is much larger than the pore size, indicating that cooperative effects among pores are important in freezing. As the pore size is decreased, a crossover occurs where solidification results in an amorphous phase in the pores. The resulting amorphous phase is solid but is less ordered than the liquid phase.     

水分和有机物料对土壤锌-镉形态及化学性质的影响

为探求镉-锌复合污染土壤的有效治理途径,通过室内模拟培养试验,在不同水分条件下,运用连续提取法研究草炭和猪粪对土壤锌、镉形态及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,草炭和猪粪的施用明显降低了土壤中可交换态锌、镉的含量,增加了铁、锰氧化物结合态锌、镉的含量,随培养时间的增加,影响更显著。其中淹水的效果优于65%相对含水量,猪粪的效果优于草炭。有机结合态锌、镉的含量亦增加,但猪粪处理的增幅小于草炭。不同水分条件下,施用草炭和猪粪对土壤pH值的影响不同,与镉、锌各形态无显著相关性。施用草炭和猪粪增加了土壤无定形氧化铁的含量,其含量与铁锰氧化物结合态锌、镉的含量呈显著正相关关系。