重金属调控非选择性阳离子通道生理功能的研究进展

非选择性阳离子通道(NSCCs)是生物膜上能同时允许不通价态的阳离子通过的多种通道蛋白的集合体,参与了细胞的营养吸收、膨压控制、信号传导等许多生理过程。NSCCs能够快速转运Ca~(2+)、K~+、Mg~(2+)等细胞代谢必需的营养元素,也能转运有毒重金属离子。了解重金属离子与NSCCs的互作关系,对于调控植物对污染环境中有害重金属的吸收和转运过程具有重要意义。本文综述了重金属离子类型和浓度影响NSCCs门控机制的研究进展,为探索新型离子通道调控剂及其调控机理提供参考。     

不同改良剂对重金属污染土壤中小麦镉吸收的影响

为探讨不同改良剂及用量对重金属污染土壤的修复作用和效果,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究不同改良剂(K2HPO4、鸡粪、Na2S)对小麦生物量、不同组织镉吸收量、土壤pH及土壤有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明:3种改良剂均增加了小麦籽粒和茎秆重,对小麦的生长起到了促进作用,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)处理下,小麦籽粒重和茎秆重最高;不同改良剂均可降低小麦地上部和根系镉含量,0.004 8g/kg Na_2S(C3)处理水平下,地上部和根系镉含量与对照相比分别下降了69.72%,59.42%,下降幅度最大。其中,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)处理水平下转运系数最小,对重金属从根系向地上部迁移的抑制力最强;鸡粪(B)、Na_2S(C)可显著降低小麦籽粒中的镉浓度,K2HPO4(A)对降低小麦籽粒镉浓度无显著影响,但随着用量的增加,小麦籽粒镉浓度呈现降低的趋势,3种改良剂对降低小麦籽粒镉浓度的作用效果为Na_2S鸡粪K_2HPO_4;施加改良剂增加了土壤pH,土壤有效态镉含量随改良剂用量的增加呈下降趋势,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)与对照相比下降幅度最大,达48%。     

植物根系细胞抑制镉转运过程的研究进展

镉是我国重金属污染土壤中最常见的元素,在酸性土壤中,镉能在水稻和蔬菜等作物根系中大量富集,并转运到地上部,其中可食部分的镉含量直接影响食品的质量安全。植物根系的细胞壁、细胞膜和细胞器对镉具有识别能力,能通过沉淀作用、络合作用和区域化作用等,把大量的镉固定在根系内,抑制其向地上部转运,从而保证地上部各种生理活动的正常进行。本文综述了植物根系细胞各组分的控镉原理,为发掘优异的种质资源和基因资源提供参考。     

重金属镉、铜在苹果幼树体内的分布特性及生物有机肥对减少重金属效应的研究

通过土壤追施镉、铜,研究了重金属在红富士苹果幼树体内的分布特性以及生物有机肥影响红富士苹果幼树根系吸收重金属的效应.结果表明,重金属镉、铜在苹果植株不同器官含量分布顺序为根系>二年生枝>一年生枝>叶片;根系富集铜的能力大于镉; 生物有机肥可以减少根系对铜的吸收.在低剂量处理下,施用生物肥处理的根系铜含量比不施用的降低15%,在中、高剂量处理下,根系铜含量降低幅度分别为30%和50%; 生物有机肥可以降低苹果根系对镉元素的吸收.在低、中、高剂量处理下,施用生物有机肥处理的苹果根系中镉含量比不施用生物肥处理分别降低了12%,15%,24%.随着土壤中镉浓度加大,生物肥处理的根系镉含量降低的效果越明显,在高剂量处理下,镉含量降低幅度最大.生物有机肥减少根系吸收铜的效果比镉更明显.     

根系分泌物与重金属的化学行为研究

通过毛细管电泳测定根系分泌物的组成发现,根系在受到重金属铅、镉或铅-镉共同作用下分泌物种类与对照都有不同程度的变化;透析袋平衡透析方法则证实了根系分泌物与重金属之间存在着络合反应,络合能力的大小与重金属本身的性质有关,小麦根系分泌物对铅的络合能力大于镉。溶解试验表明,小麦分泌物对红壤中铅、镉的溶出没有显著的影响。小麦无菌根系分泌物、非无菌分泌物、非无菌过0.45m分泌物均促进红壤对铅、镉的吸附。其中铅吸附量较对照分别增加了12%,16%,21%;镉吸附量较对照分别增加了66%,102%,72%。     

长期施肥对作物铜、铅、铬、镉含量的影响

为了弄清长期施肥对作物重金属含量的影响,利用长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥措施对小麦、水稻铜、铅、铬、镉含量的影响,并对其籽粒中重金属的含量进行了安全性评价,结果表明,长期施肥影响了小麦和水稻中铜、铅、铬、镉的含量,小麦、水稻籽粒中铅、铬、镉含量长期施肥处理均明显增加,其中铅、铬含量都超过了国家食品卫生标准,施磷处理水稻籽粒中镉含量也严重超标.小麦、水稻对土壤铜和铬的富集能力较强,对铅、镉的富集能力较小;小麦对铬和铜的富集能力大于水稻,其富集系数分别是水稻的2.5倍和2.8倍.而水稻对镉的富集能力大于小麦,富集系数是小麦的2.1倍.     

生物炭对复合污染土壤——作物中镉砷累积和转运的影响

针对镉砷复合污染土壤中小麦籽粒重金属积累问题,采用生物模拟方法,以镉砷复合污染区土壤为研究对象,探究杏核生物炭(C1和C2分别表示3%和6%生物炭添加量)对复合污染土壤—小麦/玉米系统中镉砷累积和转运的影响。结果表明：添加生物炭(C1、C2)显著降低了小麦季根际/非根际土壤Cd、As有效性,并且小麦籽粒中Cd、As含量分别比CK平均降低19.25%和50.70%,但前者差异不显著。对玉米而言,生物炭C1、C2处理显著降低穗中Cd和As含量,降幅分别为85.67%,61.28%和98.36%,96.48%;此外,施用生物炭显著降低了小麦—玉米体系中镉砷的转运和累积,但对小麦镉由秸秆向籽粒转运及籽粒中镉累积的影响未达显著水平。总之,添加3%生物炭可降低小麦籽粒和玉米穗中镉、砷含量,且对玉米穗中重金属镉、砷降低效果更明显,综合分析生物炭对镉、砷在复合污染石灰性土壤—小麦/玉米体系中迁移和累积的阻控效应,推荐施用3%生物炭为宜。     

镉胁迫下小麦根系的生理生态变化

本文通过水培和砂培两种方法 ,研究了镉胁迫下小麦 (TriticumaestivmL .)根系的生理生态变化。通过研究镉对小麦根系生长发育状况 ,根系活力 ,根系对矿质元素的吸收 ,探讨镉胁迫下植物根系的生理生态效应。研究结果表明 :镉影响根系的长度、生物量、体积和根系活力。Cd2 + 在低浓度 (处理浓度低于 5mg/L)作用下 ,随处理浓度的升高 ,刺激小麦根系的长度、生物量、体积相应地升高 ;当处理浓度高于相应浓度时 ,根长度、生物量、体积相应随浓度升高而降低。镉胁迫下根系活力受到抑制。水培和砂培中 ,镉对根系的影响趋势一致 ,但是影响幅度有差异。砂培好于水培。镉影响小麦根对矿质元素的吸收 ,Ca、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Zn吸收情况不太一致。Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Na的吸收量随Cd2 + 浓度升高而增加 ,K、Zn的吸收量随Cd2 + 浓度升高而减少     

施肥深度对春小麦根系分布及后期衰老的影响

施肥深度对春小麦根系分布及后期衰老影响的盆栽试验结果表明,施肥深度可以改变小麦根重及根长密度在不同土体中的分布,较深层次(20~30cm)的施肥,有利于下层土壤中根重、根长密度及根系活性的提高,同时增加旗叶叶面积和净光合速率,并使小麦根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性保持较高的水平,抑制过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的产生,延缓根系衰老,最终使小麦产量明显提高。     

缺磷对不同作物根系形态及体内养分含量浓度的影响

采用营养液培养方法,以水稻、 小麦、 玉米和大豆为试验材料,研究了短期缺磷（2周）诱导根表沉积铁氧化物是否为水稻特有的性质,以及缺磷对不同作物根系形态及其吸收钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜、 锌营养元素的影响。结果表明,供磷和缺磷处理并没有影响小麦、 玉米和大豆3种作物根系的颜色,而缺磷处理水稻根表沉积了铁氧化物而呈红（黄）棕色,且铁氧化物不均匀地富集在根细胞壁的孔隙中; 缺磷促进了水稻,小麦,玉米和大豆根系的生长,分别比供磷处理伸长了11%、 11%、 20%和11%（P0.05）。此外,缺磷胁迫下水稻根表铁氧化物增强了钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌在根表的富集而成为其进入根系的缓冲层。缺磷处理水稻根中铁浓度明显高于供磷处理（P0.05）,而地上部铁的浓度仅为磷营养正常水稻植株的18%,这说明缺磷诱导的铁氧化物促进了根系对铁的吸收但抑制了铁由根系向地上部的转运。短期缺磷对其他养分在水稻根中和地上部的浓度没有明显影响。对于其他 3 种作物,短期缺磷没有明显影响钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌在其根表富集及在植物体内的浓度。因此,在供试的4 种作物中,由于磷胁迫诱导根表形成铁氧化物是水稻特有的性质,铁氧化物的沉积可促进铁的吸收但抑制了铁向地上部的转运,而短期缺磷并没有影响其他3种作物对钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌养分的吸收和转运。     

Heavy Metal and Nutrient Ion Accumulation by Two Black Gram Cultivars Treated with Copper and Lead

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the uptake of nutrients (K⁺ (potassium) and Ca²⁺ (calsium)) and heavy metal (Cu²⁺ (copper) and Pb²⁺ (lead)) ions by leaves, seeds, and roots of two black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] cultivars, ‘Mash-95018’(V₁) and ‘Mash-97’(V₂) treated with copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) at 25mg L^?1 and 50mg L^?1. This study was conducted in a greenhouse in the Botanical Garden, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, during the spring of 2003. Heavy-metal treatments were applied 30 d after germination, and nutrient and heavy-metal ion uptake data were collected 10 d after treatment application. Both heavy metals in both cultivars substantially reduced nutrient ion accumulation and its translocation to seeds. Leaves had proportionately more K⁺ and Ca²⁺ than that recorded for roots and seeds after heavy-metal treatments. Nevertheless, both heavy metal (Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺) ions ware predominantly sequestered in the roots, rather than in leaves and seeds, under their respective treatments. As the external concentrations of heavy metals increased, their uptake by the respective treated plants also increased, but nutrient ion (K⁺ and Ca²⁺) uptake was gradually reduced. This result suggests a concentration-dependent phenomenon. Overall, lead (Pb²⁺) showed more toxic effects on the uptake of essential nutrients compared with Ca²⁺, while ‘Mash-97’proved more sensitive to heavy metals than ‘Mash-95018.'     

Potassium–sodium interactions in soil and plant under saline‐sodic conditions

About 7% of the total land around the globe is salt‐affected causing a great loss to agriculture. Salt stress refers to the excessive amount of soluble salts in the root zone which induce osmotic stress and ion toxicity in the growing plant. Among toxic ions, sodium (Na⁺) has the most adverse effects on plant growth by its detrimental influence on plant metabolism in inhibiting enzyme activities. An optimal potassium (K⁺) : Na⁺ ratio is vital to activate enzymatic reactions in the cytoplasm necessary for maintenance of plant growth and yield development. Although most soils have adequate amounts of K⁺, in many soils available K⁺ has become insufficient because of large amounts of K⁺ removal by high‐yielding crops. This problem is exacerbated under sodic or saline‐sodic soil conditions as a consequence of K⁺‐Na⁺ antagonism. Here K⁺ uptake by plants is severely affected by the presence of Na⁺ in the nutrient medium. Due to its similar physicochemical properties, Na⁺ competes with K⁺ in plant uptake specifically through high‐affinity potassium transporters (HKTs) and nonselective cation channels (NSCCs). Membrane depolarization caused by Na⁺ makes it difficult for K⁺ to be taken up by K⁺ inward‐rectifying channels (KIRs) and increases K⁺ leakage from the cell by activating potassium outward‐rectifying channels (KORs). Minimizing Na⁺ uptake and preventing K⁺ losses from the cell may help to maintain a K⁺ : Na⁺ ratio optimum for plant metabolism in the cytoplasm under salt‐stress conditions. It would seem a reasonable assumption therefore that an increase in the concentration of K⁺ in salt‐affected soils may support enhanced K⁺ uptake and reduce Na⁺ influx via HKTs and NCCSs. Although very useful information is available regarding K⁺‐Na⁺ homeostasis indicating their antagonistic effect in plants, current knowledge in applied research is still inadequate to recommend application of potassium fertilizers to alleviate Na⁺ stress in plants under sodic and saline‐sodic conditions. Nevertheless some encouraging results regarding alleviation of Na⁺ stress by potassium fertilization provide the motivation for conducting further studies to improve our understanding and perspectives for potassium fertilization in sodic and saline‐sodic environments.     

Comparison of various methods for the determination of inorganic species in airborne atmospheric particulates

The performance of various filters used for determining inorganic species (heavy metals, light metals, anions and ammonium ion) in airborne particulates was comparatively assessed. Filters used in the determination of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cr³⁺, Ni²⁺, V (V), Mn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were attacked by acid extraction (glass microfibre filters, GF/A), acid extraction and microwave oven digestion (quartz filters, QM-A), and muffle furnace calcination and microwave oven digestion (Whatman-41 cellulose filters, W-41). The behaviour of the different filters tested towards aqueous extraction for the determination of anions (Cl^?, NO ₃ ^? , SO ₄ ^? , ammonium ion and light metals (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺) was also studied and the results obtained for the light metals were compared with those provided by acid attack. All metals except vanadium were determined by ICP-AES; cadmium, lead and vanadium were analysed for by GFAAS; anions were quantified by ion chromatography (SO ₄ ^? was also measured by ICP-AES); and ammonium ion was determined by the Indophenol Blue method.     

Die Wirkung der Schwermetalle Chrom,Nickel, Kupfer,Zink, Cadmium,Quecksilber und Blei auf die Aufnahme und Verlagerung von Kalium und Phosphat bei jungen Gerstenpflanzen

Effect of the heavy metals chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, mercury and lead on uptake and translocation of K and P by young barley plants The uptake of potassium and phosphate into the roots and shoots of 7 days old barley plants from double-labelled (⁴²K, ³²P) nutrient solutions containing chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, mercury or lead (10^?6 - 10^?4 moles/1) was measured in a constant environment after 5 hours, in order to compare early stages of toxicity. K and P uptake and translocation were inhibited by the 7 heavy metals to a different extent; K was more affected than P, and translocation of both nutrients into the shoots was more inhibited than uptake into the roots. Plants showed no visible injuries. Mercury had by far the greatest effect, zinc was almost ineffective: K uptake e.g. was reduced to 21% of the control by 10^?4 moles Hg/l, but only to 97% by the same amount of Zn, and P translocation was reduced to 8% by Hg, but was not affected by Zn. The least significant effect of Hg was detectable at a concentration of 4.10^?7 moles Hg/l ( = 0,08 ppm) in the nutrient solution, the effect of Zn only above 10^?4 moles Zn/l ( = 6,5 ppm). Arranging the tested heavy metals according to their effects leads to the sequence Hg > Pb > Cu > Cd > Cr > Ni > Zn which corresponds – apart from two deviations – to the electrochemical series of the elements.     

铜、镉毒害对番茄生长和膜功能蛋白酶活性的影响及外源NO的缓解效应

为探讨外源NO（SNP为供体）对50 mol/L铜、镉毒害的缓解效应,采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同程度的铜、镉毒害（5 mol/L和50 mol/L）对番茄幼苗生物量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶、光合特性及生物膜ATPase、H+-PPase等功能蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜、镉胁迫显著抑制番茄生长。随处理浓度增加,番茄根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性显著降低,番茄长势越差; 铜、镉胁迫对根系离子吸收的影响远远大于叶片,尤其是铜胁迫,50 mol/L铜胁迫使番茄根系铜含量增加了12倍。铜浓度的增加对镉含量无影响,镉浓度的增加降低了铜的吸收。铜、镉胁迫使番茄净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）显著降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著增加,表现为非气孔限制。50 mol/L 铜、镉处理显著降低叶片、根系质膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和根系液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性; 提高了5和50 mol/L部分处理叶片液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase的活性。表明生物膜功能蛋白对不同程度铜、镉胁迫的响应时间和部位存在差异。铜毒害对细胞质膜ATPase的影响较大,而镉毒害对液泡膜伤害的程度较大。100 mol/L SNP可以显著缓解铜、镉胁迫导致的番茄生长受抑,铜、镉总吸收量显著高于胁迫处理。     

Effects of salt stress on distribution of Na+ and some other cations in two soybean varieties differing in salt tolerance

In the course of investigations on the impact of salinity on mineral ion transport in differentially salt susceptible soybeans (“Lee” and “Jackson”) short-term experiments were conducted to elucidate the distribution pattern of Na⁺ and some other cations. The results showed that low salinity (7.5 mM NaCl) did not induce varietal differences in Na⁺ content during a 30 hrs uptake period. At 66.5 mM NaCl, however, the Na⁺ contents increased more in the leaves of the salt sensitive variety “Jackson” than in “Lee”. Both soybean varieties retained Na⁺ in the proximal root and stem. Furthermore, they extruded considerable amounts of Na⁺ from the roots to the medium. Increasing the level of salinity in the solution substantially reduced the Ca²⁺ uptake of both soybean varieties. In an experiment with the salt sensitive variety under constant salinity but increasing Ca²⁺ concentration in the medium, the plants showed a reduction in Na⁺ uptake and translocation to stem and leaves and an enhanced Ca²⁺ uptake and translocation to the shoots. It is suggested that the injury observed in “Jackson” after salt treatment is not only related to the insufficient control of Cl^? transport. At higher salinity levels the increasing accumulation of Na⁺ in the leaves and the varietally independant depression of Ca²⁺ uptake and translocation may enhance the development of leaf necrosis.     

Extraktion von Schwermetallen aus Böden mit Ionenaustauscherharz

Extraction of Heavy Metals from Soils by Ion Exchangers The aim of this investigation was to optimize an extraction method for the analysis of available heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) in soils. LEWATIT was used as an ion exchanger (IEX) which absorbs heavy metals specificly. A special extraction vessel with two chambers was developed to recover the IEX from the soil solution. Nitric acid was used for the desorption of heavy metals from the ion exchanger. The described method measures water soluble and exchangeable ions as well as acid soluble heavy metals. The amount of acid soluble heavy metals can be regulated by conditioning the IEX with K⁺. Using an IEX conditioned with 30% K⁺, the maximum change of pH in the soil solution was 2 units. This is the same range of acidity changes occuring in the rhizosphere of plants by nutrient uptake. The extract contains no organic compounds. Thus the co-determination of stabil organic complexes is excluded. Accordingly, this method is also feasible for the investigation of forest soils with humic layers.     

Biofiltration of Toxic Elements by Azolla Biomass

The aquatic fern Azolla binds heavy metals in a widerange of concentrations with high effectiveness, and it can therefore be used for the decontamination of polluted solutions.We have tested the application of its biomass as a practicalbiofilter for industrial waste treatment. In this report, we describe the properties of Azolla biomass which has been dried, rewetted and packed in columns, for use as an ion-exchange matrix. We used scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with an elemental analysis of the Azolla biomass to investigate its structure and to localize exchangeablecations. Azolla elemental content and model solutions containing Sr²⁺ eluted through the biofilter were analyzed.The Azolla biofilter bound Sr²⁺ ions efficientlyby ion exchange with K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. K⁺ and Na⁺ ions were eluted during the initial phaseof Sr²⁺ binding, due to their lower affinity to the cation-binding groups in the Azolla cell wall. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, bound with a higher affinity to theAzolla cation-binding groups, were exchanged during the secondary phaseof Sr²⁺ binding. Pre-loading of the metal-binding groups with K⁺ increased the removal of heavy metals from solutionby the Azolla biofilter. Our observations explain the mechanism of heavy-metal adsorption to the Azolla matrix.     

Efficient Purification of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Water by Microalgae-Activated Pine Bark

Batch experiments were performed to study metal sorption by pine bark and algae-treated bark. The biosorption of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) in synthetic multimetal aqueous solutions was studied as a function of metal content in solution, and amount and size of bark particles used for sorption. Influence of water hardness (Ca²⁺ only was tested) on the metal sorption process was also evaluated. Metal uptake from solutions with high heavy metal content (i.e. 10× the limit for leachate from landfills) was found to be independent of Ca²⁺ concentration. At low metal content in solution (i.e. 1× the limit for leachate from landfills), uptake of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd decreased with increasing Ca²⁺ content in water. Microalgae-treated bark was found to increase the metal sorption efficiency. Air-drying of bark-entrapped algae was shown to be the best method for sorbent drying. In general, the green algae, Chlorella sp. and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata showed the best results in metal uptake. Sorption of Co, Zn, Ni, and Cd from solution with high levels of both heavy metals and calcium increased by almost 50% with algae treatment of bark was applied. At low levels of metals and calcium content, 100% uptake of Cu and Pb in water was observed. Uptake of other metals from solution with low metal and Ca content was relatively high (50–60%). Low pH (pH 3.0) had no influence on metal sorption from solutions with high metal content. For solutions with low metal content a decrease of metal uptake by 10–15% was observed for all the metals but Pb. Thus, the treatment of bark with microalgae was successful and influenced positively the uptake capacity of the bark.