不同土地利用条件下土壤质量综合评价方法

针对传统的土壤质量评价方法难以满足现代农业发展的现状,提出了一种土壤质量指数法(SQI)综合评价土壤质量,旨在为农业生产、农产品产地选址、农业环境保护等提供理论支撑和参考依据。将方法在北京市郊区7种土地利用方式（粮田、林地、湿地、荒地、果园、菜地、草地）上进行了应用,并与常规方法进行了对比,结果表明：采用隶属度模型评价土壤肥力,肥力高低顺序为：湿地＞菜地＞粮田＞林地＞果园＞荒地＞草地;采用内梅罗污染指数评价了重金属污染状况,污染程度高低顺序为：湿地＞菜地＞荒地＞果园＞林地＞粮田＞草地;采用SQI指数评价土壤综合质量,其综合质量的高低顺序为：湿地＞粮田＞菜地＞果园＞林地＞荒地＞草地。此外还对评价模型的适用范围、评价结果的划分等一系列关键问题进行了探讨,得出：SQI指数评价方法的应用及结果的划分涵盖了不同的土地利用方式的农用地,体现了各种土壤属性的差异和变异特性,评价结果可实现土壤综合质量定性和定量化,能够反映土壤的关键信息,符合农业生产需要。     

土壤速效氮、磷、钾速测方法的改进Ⅰ.新速测方法的建立

本文对国内现行土壤速效养分速测方法进行了改进 ,包括 :饱和浸提液的制备、浸提剂的筛选、测定方法的改进等 .实验结果表明 :新方法与代表性土壤速效养分速测方法比较 ,提高了精度 ,省时 ,成本低 ,适合于基层土肥站和肥料厂开展测土施肥工作 .     

Dynamic economic management of soil erosion,nutrient depletion,and productivity in the north central USA

Physical scientists have presented a wealth of evidence regarding the effects of cropland soil degradation. Because soil degradation has both on‐site and off‐site effects, public policies have often tried to increase rates of conservation over privately optimal rates. Where private incentives leave off and public incentives start up is somewhat controversial, however. Physical evidence, while necessary, is not sufficient to predict conservation actions by farmers in response to the threat of degradation. This paper provides a partial explanation for why farmers may adopt differing conservation strategies, even though they share similar preferences. A model is constructed that divides soil degradation into reversible and irreversible components. We portray nutrient depletion as a reversible facet of soil degradation and soil profile depth depletion as an irreversible facet of soil degradation. Predictions of optimal management response to soil degradation are accomplished using a closed‐loop model of fertilizer applications and residue management to control future stocks of soil nutrients and soil profile depth. Our model is applied to degradation data from nine soils in the north central United States. Three principal findings result: First, due to differences in initial soil properties, susceptibility to degradation, sensitivity of yield to soil depth, and yield response to alternative management practices, dynamically optimal economic strategies cannot be inferred directly from physical results but are inferred from the associated economic implications. Second, optimal residue management is more variable with respect to soil type than to the erosion phase of the soil, implying that substantial gains to targeting are possible. Third, nutrient depletion is a more compelling motivator for adopting residue management than soil profile depth depletion. This implies that motivating residue management requires programs that pay even greater attention to reversible degradation, and therefore the overall farm management implications, rather than strictly to protect topsoil from irreversible degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparing local vs. global visible and near-infrared (VisNIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) calibrations for the prediction of soil clay, organic C and inorganic C

Local, field-scale, VisNIR-DRS soil calibrations generally yield the most accurate predictions but require a substantial number of local calibration samples at every application site. Global to regional calibrations are more economically efficient, but don't provide sufficient accuracy for many applications. In this study, we quantified the value of augmenting a large global spectral library with relatively few local calibration samples for VisNIR-DRS predictions of soil clay content (clay), organic carbon content (SOC), and inorganic carbon content (IC). VisNIR models were constructed with boosted regression trees employing global, local + global, and local spectral data, using local samples from two low-relief, sedimentary bedrock controlled, semiarid grassland sites, and one granitic, montane, subalpine forest site, in Montana, USA. The local + global calibration yielded the most accurate SOC predictions for all three sites [Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) = 3.8, 6.7, and 26.2 g kg^− 1]. This was similarly true for clay (SEP = 95.3 and 102.5 g kg^− 1) and IC (SEP = 5.5 and 6.0 g kg^− 1) predictions at the two semiarid grassland sites. A purely local calibration produced the best validation results for soil clay content at the subalpine forest site (SEP = 49.2 g kg^− 1), which also had the largest number of local calibration samples (N = 210). Using only samples from calcareous soils in the global spectral library combined with local samples produced the best SOC and IC results at the more arid of the two semiarid sites. Global samples alone never achieved more accurate predictions than the best local + global calibrations. For the temperate soils used in this study, the augmentation of a large global spectral library with relatively few local samples generally improved the prediction of soil clay, SOC, and IC relative to global or local samples alone.     

基于土壤管理评估框架的云南坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价

坡耕地作为云南地区耕地资源的重要组成部分,坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价和参数适宜范围确定是合理耕层构建的基础。基于土壤管理评估框架(soil management assessment framework,SMAF),构建坡耕地耕层土壤质量指数评价模型(cultivated-layer soil quality index,CLSQI),采用最小数据集(minimum data set,MDS)法筛选评价指标,对云南地区坡耕地耕层土壤质量进行评价,提出坡耕地合理耕层土壤参数适宜范围。结果表明:云南坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由pH值、全氮、总孔隙度、抗剪强度、田面坡度5个指标组成,基于MDS的坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价精度较高。在初选指标体系中,土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、抗剪强度、田面坡度5个指标的权重较大,而在MDS指标体系中,田面坡度、全氮含量的权重较大。坡耕地耕层土壤质量指数(CLSQI)分布在0.39～0.84之间,均值为0.59±0.11,变异系数为0.19,坡耕地耕层土壤质量总体处于“中等”偏上水平。不同采样区坡耕地CLSQI差异显著(P0.05),其大小关系为:楚雄双柏宣威宁洱马龙石林。0～20 cm采样深度坡耕地CLSQI(均值0.59)大于20 cm(均值0.56),紫色土坡耕地CLSQI(均值0.61)大于红壤(均值0.54)(P0.05),垄作和等高耕作模式坡耕地CLSQI大于顺坡耕作,旋耕方式下的坡耕地CLSQI大于翻耕,不同农业分区坡耕地CLSQI的大小顺序为:滇东北山原区滇中高原湖盆区滇西南中山宽谷区。坡耕地合理耕层MDS土壤指标适宜范围为:pH值5.58～7.82,全氮≥1.37 g/kg,总孔隙度≥52.28%,抗剪强度≥5.19kPa,田面坡度≤11.79°。研究可为坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价及合理耕层构建提供理论依据和参数支持。     

苹果专用肥对果园土壤理化性质及苹果产量、品质的影响

研究比较了旱地苹果专用肥与化肥、农家肥对果园土壤理化性质、果实产量及品质的影响,在10年生红富士果园设置不覆膜+化肥(CK)、不覆膜+农家肥(T1)、不覆膜+苹果专用肥(T2)、覆膜+化肥(FCK)、覆膜+农家肥(FT1)、覆膜+苹果专用肥(FT2)6个处理。结果表明:在未覆膜条件下,与CK相比,T1和T2处理均降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤贮水量,但两者间差异不显著;T1和T2处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量,在0~20 cm土层较CK处理分别提高36.77%和33.73%;T2处理提高了土壤中速效养分含量,其0~60 cm土层碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别较CK提高7.34%、9.05%、5.90%;各施肥处理苹果年均产量顺序为T2CK≥T1,T2处理的果实硬度(7.19 kg·cm-2)和糖酸比(33.23)均最高。与未覆膜相比,覆膜条件下,各处理(FCK、FT1、FT2)土壤容重均有所降低,土壤贮水量、有机质、速效养分、果实产量和品质均得到提高,以FT2处理整体效果最好。综合分析表明,施用苹果专用肥提高了果实产量和品质,改善了土壤肥力,是果园简便高效的施肥技术。     

Proposal of a testing strategy and assessment criteria for the ecotoxicological assessment of soil or soil materials

Background and Scope  Information on a potential contamination of soils or soil materials are derived by chemical analysis which takes place specifically for a given substance. For a comprehensive assessment, information on the bioavailable and mobile contaminant fraction, including all metabolites, is desirable. During the last years several research projects were initiated in Germany, to supplement the chemical analyses and to elaborate a suitable testing strategy. The main goal of this contribution is to elucidate the results of these research projects and to summarize the test strategy, which is recommended based on these results. Results and Conclusion  Ecotoxicological tests, which are standardized for the assessment of chemicals, were regarded as a suitable starting basis for a cost effective, pragmatic approach. Aquatic tests (testing of aqueous soil extracts) focus on the retention function of soils and terrestrial tests (testing of soil) on the habitat function. Suitable reference systems for the terrestrial tests and assessment criteria for both test types (terrestrial and aquatic) were elaborated. On the basis of a round robin test and a laboratory comparison test, a minimal test battery was established. This minimal test battery can be supplemented by further tests if more or specific information is required. Outlook  The recommendations should encourage the discussion regarding the application of biological methods for the assessment of soil quality. Such an assessment is or at least can be required by soil protection laws which have been adopted in some European countries within the last years.     

Exploring the spatial relations between cereal yield and soil chemical properties and the implications for sampling

Abstract. In general, agricultural management has focused on differences between fields or on the gross differences within them. Recent developments in agricultural technology, yield mapping, Global Positioning Systems and variable rate applications, have made it possible to consider managing the considerable variation in soil and other properties within fields. This system is known as precision agriculture. More precise management of fields depends on a better understanding of the factors that affect crop input decisions. This paper examines the spatial variation in crop yield, soil nutrient status and soil pH within two agricultural fields using geostatistics. The observed properties vary considerably within each field. The relation between yield and the measured soil properties appears to be weak in general. However, the range of spatial correlation for yield, shown by the variogram, is similar to that of the soil chemical properties. In addition the latter changed little over two years. This suggests that information on the scale of variation of soil chemical properties can be derived from yield maps, which can also be used as a guide to a suitable sampling interval for soil properties.     

土壤调理剂对日光温室土壤理化性质和蔬菜产量、品质的影响

试验研究了土壤调理剂对日光温室土壤理化性质和蔬菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明,施用土壤调理剂能够明显改善土壤结构,增强土壤保水能力,与对照相比,施用2次调理剂后土壤容重降低6.36%,土壤总孔隙度增加4.97%,田间持水量增加6.75%,渗透系数提高46.28%;调理剂还能增加土壤养分含量,提高土壤保肥能力;调理剂能够提高蔬菜的产量和品质,对番茄品质的改善效果尤为明显;调理剂与秸秆配合施用效果更佳。     

海南岛土壤质量系统评价与区域特征探析

研究建立了海南岛热带地区土壤质量系统评价模型 ,并对该岛土壤质量进行综合评价 ,结果表明海南岛土壤养分有效性为主要限制因子 ,水分有效性和根系适宜性状较好 ,土壤综合质量中等偏上。与林地相比其他土地利用方式土壤质量均有所下降     

伊朗东北部的农业和牧场土壤孔隙大小分布作为土壤物理质量指标

Assessment of soil quality is important for optimum production and natural resources conservation. Agricultural and pasture soil qualities of Deh-Sorkh region located at south of Mashhad, northeastern Iran were assessed using the integrated quality index (IQI) and Nemero quality index (NQI) models in combination with two datasets, i.e., total data set (TDS) and minimum data set (MDS). In this study 6 soil properties considered as MDS were selected out of 18 properties as TDS using principle component analysis. Soil samples were divided into 3 groups based on optimum ranges of 8 soil physical quality indicators. Soil samples with the most indicators at optimum range were selected as group 1 and the samples having fewer indicators at optimum range were located in groups 2 and 3. Optimum ranges of soil pore size distribution functions were also determined as soil physical quality indices based on 8 soil physical quality indicators. Pore size distribution curves of group 1 were considered as the optimum pore size functions. The results showed that relatively high organic carbon contents could improve pore size distribution. Mean comparisons of soil physical quality indicators demonstrated that mean weight diameter of wet aggregates, structural stability index, the slope of moisture retention curve at inflection point, and plant available water content in agricultural land use decreased significantly in relation to pasture land use. In addition, the results demonstrated that the studied MDS could be a suitable representative of TDS. 78% of pasture soils had the optimum pore size distribution functions, while this parameter for agricultural soils was only 13%. In general, the soils of the studied region showed high limitations for plant growth according to the studied indicators.     

Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment

Our contemporary society is struggling with soil degradation due to overuse and climate change. Pre‐Columbian people left behind sustainably fertile soils rich in organic matter and nutrients well known as terra preta (de Indio) by adding charred residues (biochar) together with organic and inorganic wastes such as excrements and household garbage being a model for sustainable agriculture today. This is the reason why new studies on biochar effects on ecosystem services rapidly emerge. Beneficial effects of biochar amendment on plant growth, soil nutrient content, and C storage were repeatedly observed although a number of negative effects were reported, too. In addition, there is no consensus on benefits of biochar when combined with fertilizers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test whether biochar effects on soil quality and plant growth could be improved by addition of mineral and organic fertilizers. For this purpose, two growth periods of oat (Avena sativa L.) were studied under tropical conditions (26°C and 2600 mm annual rainfall) on an infertile sandy soil in the greenhouse in fivefold replication. Treatments comprised control (only water), mineral fertilizer (111.5 kg N ha^–1, 111.5 kg P ha^–1, and 82.9 kg K ha^–1), compost (5% by weight), biochar (5% by weight), and combinations of biochar (5% by weight) plus mineral fertilizer (111.5 kg N ha^–1, 111.5 kg P ha^–1, and 82.9 kg K ha^–1), and biochar (2.5% by weight) plus compost (2.5% by weight). Pure compost application showed highest yield during the two growth periods, followed by the biochar + compost mixture. biochar addition to mineral fertilizer significantly increased plant growth compared to mineral fertilizer alone. During the second growth period, plant yields were significantly smaller compared to the first growth period. biochar and compost additions significantly increased total organic C content during the two growth periods. Cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) could not be increased upon biochar addition while base saturation (BS) was significantly increased due to ash addition with biochar. On the other hand, compost addition significantly increased CEC. Biochar addition significantly increased soil pH but pH value was generally lower during the second growth period probably due to leaching of base cations. Biochar addition did not reduce ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate leaching during the experiment but it reduced nitrification. The overall plant growth and soil fertility decreased in the order compost > biochar + compost > mineral fertilizer + biochar > mineral fertilizer > control. Further experiments should optimize biochar–organic fertilizer systems.     

县级测土配方施肥指标体系建立研究—以江苏省江都市水稻为例

以江苏省江都市水稻为例,基于地力差减法预测氮肥用量、 养分丰缺指标法预测磷钾肥用量,构建县域测土配方施肥指标体系,研究分析20052011年测土配方施肥田间试验示范。结果表明,当种植水稻预测目标产量为6825~9270 kg/hm2（平均为8145 kg/hm2）,氮肥推荐用量为146.42~57.4 kg/hm2（平均为207.5~ kg/hm2）。磷钾肥施用标准: 当有效磷含量高于21 mg/kg,不推荐施用磷肥;当有效磷含量在17~21 mg/kg时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为40.5 kg/hm2;当有效磷含量在10~17 mg/kg时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为 48 kg/hm2;当有效磷含量低于10 mg/kg 时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为64.5 kg/hm2。当速效钾含量高于140 mg/kg,不推荐施用钾肥;当速效钾含量在115~140 mg/kg时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为 22.5 kg/hm2;当速效钾含量在60~115 mg/kg时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为40.5 kg/hm2;当速效钾含量低于60 mg/kg 时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为 82.5 kg/hm2。同时对施肥指标体系建立进行校验分析,结果表明基于试验建立施肥指标体系是可行的,从而为构建县域测土配方施肥指标体系提供了方法,达到因土施肥的目的。     

白浆土型水稻土施硅肥对水稻产量及品质的影响

采用田间试验,研究了在白浆土型水稻土上不同硅肥施用量对水稻产量和品质的影响.结果表明,白浆土型水稻土上最佳的硅肥施用量为600kg/hm2,增产8.43%.随着施肥量的增加,穗数、穗粒数均表现出增加的趋势,以施用量450一750 kg/hm2效果较明显.施用硅肥后,稻米的糙米率提高的幅度不大,以600 kg/hm2处理为最大,比对照高出0.34%,而精米率和整精米率比对照高0.36%和3.37%;垩白度、垩白率均以150 kg/hm2处理为最小,分别比对照低8.89% 1.91%;胶稠度和蛋白质含量均以450 kg/hm2处理为最高,分别比对照高3.49%和16%.     

Pig manure digestate-derived biochar for soil management and crop cultivation in heavy metals contaminated soil

Management of heavy metal-contaminated soil under drought and other harsh hydrological conditions is critical for protecting soil ecosystem services. In this study, we examined the effect of pig manure digestate-derived biochar as a soil amendment (15 t ha⁻¹) with N fertilizer (180 kg ha⁻¹) on soil and plant heavy metal levels and nutrient availability under various moisture regimes (optimal moisture ~15%, drought condition ≤5%, and flooded condition ≥35% wt.). It was observed that biochar applications significantly decreased heavy metals in the spring wheat plants, lowering Cr by 90%, Ni by 50%, Cd by 9% and Pb by 34% compared to non-biochar (control) treatments. However, the pig digestate-derived biochar increased heavy metals in soil under all moisture regimes, increasing soil Cr by 21%, Ni by 43%, Cu by 55%, Zn by 70%, and Pb by 12%. The availability of macroelements also increased with the biochar applications under the optimum moisture regimes in both soil and plants, increasing Mg²⁺ by 11%, P by 4%, K⁺ by 50%, and Ca²⁺ by 56% in the soil, and Mg²⁺ by 13%, P by 69%, K⁺ by 29, and Ca²⁺ by 39% in plants. Biochar addition also improved chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) levels in the crop for the entire season (12^th to 62^nd day) and the aboveground crop biomass and dry matter contents both increased. Consequently, the use of pig manure digestate-derived biochar with N fertilizer under normal moisture conditions was able to reduce heavy metal availability to plants and thus could be used in contaminated soils to maintain better crop growth and development.     

Maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties as affected by no tillage in the black soils of China

A four-year tillage experiment on maize was conducted in the high latitude region of Northeast of China. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different field tillage practices on maize grain yield, soil physical properties, and soil water and temperature dynamics in Northeast of China. The tillage practices included moldboard plow tillage (MOT), rotary tillage (ROT), reduced tillage (RET), combined tillage (COT), and no tillage (NOT). The surface soil water content at depths of 0–20 cm was higher under NOT compared with other tillage practices, but not different at the deeper soil depths in 2011. The soil temperatures under NOT and RET were lower than those under moldboard plow tillage and ROT at depths of 5 and 15 cm, respectively, measured at 9:00 am in 2005. From the hourly dynamics of soil temperature, the differences among the tillage practices mainly appeared during the daytime (from 8:00 am to 7:00 pm). Among all the practices, the average daily soil temperature under ROT was the highest, while that under NOT was the lowest. MOT, ROT, and RET had higher soil accumulative infiltration compared with NOT and COT. The surface soil bulk density under NOT was higher than or equal to that under the other four tillage practices. The maize yields under NOT were the lowest among all the tillage practices for three years straight. Meanwhile, the yields under MOT were the highest, which were about 47%, 61%, and 38% higher than those under NOT. NOT practice is not recommended for use in spring-planted maize under the high latitude humid cool climate Mollisol region in Northeast of China.     

Indicators of soil quality and crop productivity assessment at a long-term experiment site in the lower Indo-Gangetic plains

Deterioration of soil quality under resource-intensive modern agriculture in the face of global climate change poses a huge risk to food security. Because of the complex nature, estimators of soil quality often rely upon a limited set of soil attributes, along with statistical data reduction techniques, for developing quality indices, whilst overlooking biological aspects and regional climatic variability. This study screened the most suitable soil quality indexing approaches for a rice-oilseed-based cropping system in the lower Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP). For this, surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected from an ongoing long-term fertilizer experiment with a rice-mustard-sesame cropping system in the IGP. The following treatments were assessed for their effect on soil quality: T₁-control, T₂-NPK (recommended NPK doses), T₃-NPKG (NPK + in situ green manuring), T₄-NPKGB (NPK + in situ green manuring + biofertilizer) and T₅-NPKF (NPK + farm yard manure FYM). We found that total organic carbon (TOC), β-glucosidase, CaCl₂ extractable S, alkaline KMnO₄ oxidizable N, activity of urease, amidase enzyme and mean weight diameter (MWD) were sensitive key indicators of soil quality. The NPKF treatment maintained the highest soil quality status (0.80–0.91), both under productivity and environmental protection goals, owing to the availability of decomposable carbon. Regression analysis showed a better agreement of equivalent rice yield with expert opinion (EO; R² = 0.89) than principal component analysis (PCA; R² = 0.76). Finally, we found that the expert opinion approach with the nonlinear scoring function was the best tool for soil quality assessment of the region.     

Influence of intercropping systems on soil health,productivity and quality of guava (Psidium guajava l.) in Eastern India

A guava based intercropping systems comprising of nine intercrops such as mango ginger, turmeric, tomato, cowpea, frenchbean, ragi, niger, upland paddy and control (without intercrop) was conducted to study the influence of various intercropping systems on plant and soil health of guava orchard. The results revealed that guava + cowpea system showed significant improvement in bulk density, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, organic carbon content and pH of orchard soil. The guava + cowpea system also recorded significantly maximum available nitrogen and potassium content in the soil, whereas the maximum available phosphorus content were obtained in guava + mango ginger system. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N, P and K) content of guava leaf were found to be maximum under the guava + cowpea system. The fruit yield of guava was recorded highest in guava +cowpea intercropping system. However, the total soluble solids (TSS) and acidity of fruits were not affected by the intercropping systems.     

配方施肥对滨海盐土啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响

江苏有大片滨海盐土,是重要的农业资源,在滨海盐土上开发种植啤酒大麦是沿海资源开发的重要内容。啤酒大麦施用氮、磷、钾肥,其丰缺指标分别为48.1%、87.0%、93.0%,影响粒重的变异系数为6.20%、0.95%和3.16%,影响蛋白质含量的变异系数为14.18%、7.67%和1.49%。肥料效应方程拟合显示,江苏滨海盐土中等肥力地块种植啤酒大麦,氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为N 229.5 kg/hm2、P2O562.5 kg/hm2和K2O 36.2kg/hm2,三者施用比例为1∶0.27∶0.16,将70%的氮肥和全部磷、钾肥作基肥时,选择25∶10∶6或相近的配方时,产量和品质最佳。