生物炭与硝化抑制剂联合施用对热带菜地土壤硝化过程及N2O排放的影响

本研究以热带菜地土壤为对象,通过室内培养试验探讨生物炭与硝化抑制剂联合施用下土壤无机氮含量和强度及N₂O排放的变化规律,旨在明确施用生物炭和硝化抑制剂对热区土壤硝化过程的调控作用及对N₂O的减排效应。本试验设置4个处理：单施氮肥（N）,氮肥配施生物炭（N+Bc）,氮肥配施硝化抑制剂（N+Ni）以及氮肥同时配施生物炭和硝化抑制剂（N+Bc+Ni）。结果表明：培养期间,生物炭施用下土壤NO₃^--N强度显著提高15.8%,表明添加生物炭能够显著促进土壤硝化过程;硝化抑制剂添加下土壤NH₄⁺-N强度显著提高33.4%,表明硝化抑制剂的施用显著减缓硝化过程;此外,硝化抑制剂能够削弱由生物炭添加引起的激发硝化过程的效应,表明生物炭和硝化抑制剂对硝化过程影响存在交互效应。施用生物炭或硝化抑制剂都能降低NO₂^--N强度,其中硝化抑制剂作用更加显著;此外,生物炭或硝化抑制剂单独施用能够降低菜地土壤15.1%~68.3%的N₂O排放量,二者联合施用在一定程度上能够发挥更强的减排作用。综合来看,生物炭与硝化抑制剂联合施用有望在热带菜地土壤中发挥固碳和减排的双重功效。     

Effects of incorporating cowpea in a subtropical grass pasture on forage production and quality and the performance of cows and calves

The increasing cost of N fertilizer has stimulated an interest in sourcing protein from warm‐season legumes among beef cattle producers in the tropical/subtropical areas of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of two strategies of incorporating cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] into bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pastures on the herbage characteristics and performance of grazing cow–calf pairs. The study was conducted in Ona, Florida, USA, from May to August in 2007 and 2008. Experimental units were 1·0 ha. Treatments were bahiagrass pasture alone (control), 50:50 bahiagrass–cowpea pasture (cowpea), bahiagrass pasture with a cowpea creep grazing area (0·1 ha, creep grazing) and bahiagrass pasture with a creep‐fed concentrate [(creep feeding; 10 g kg^?1 body weight (BW)]. The cowpea pastures had lower herbage mass [HM, 1·8 vs. 3·7 t ha^?1] and herbage allowance [HA, 0·8 vs. 1·4 kg DM kg^?1 live weight (LW)] compared with the other treatments. Cowpea had greater CP (CP, 160 g kg^?1) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), (600 g kg^?1) than bahiagrass (110 and 490 g kg^?1 respectively); however, cowpea HM was only 0·9 t ha^?1 in May and 0·7 t ha^?1 in June, but it did not persist in July and August. Calves receiving the creep feeding treatments had greater average daily gain (0·8 vs. 0·7 kg d^?1) than calves in other treatments. Further research is necessary to exploit the superior nutritive value of cowpea in grazing systems in the south‐eastern USA.     

Identifying suitable temperate grass species and cultural practices for herbage production in the mountain regions of North Vietnam

In North Vietnam, during winter, shortage of herbage constrains the profitability of dairy farming. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of alternative temperate (C₃) forage species, namely common oat ( Avena sativa L.), lop-sided oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb.), Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum L.) and a commercial forage mixture (Avex), to address the shortage of herbage during winter in the mountain regions of North Vietnam. The second objective was to measure the effects of cultural practices (sowing rate, harvest interval and irrigation level) on yield of dry matter (DM), chemical composition, digestibility of DM and metabolizable energy (ME) concentration of herbage from the best adapted C₃ species previously tested (lop-sided oat). Four experiments were conducted. Oat species proved to be the best adapted species and produced the highest annual yield of herbage (7600 kg DM ha⁻¹) with a high nutritive value. Yields of DM of lop-sided oat were not affected by sowing rate of seed but increased as the length of harvest intervals increased from 30 to 45 and 60 d ( P  <   0·001). Crude protein concentration, digestibility of DM and ME concentration decreased as the harvest interval increased ( P  <   0·01). Irrigation increased the yields of DM of lop-sided oats by 1·3 ( P  <   0·05) but had no effect on the nutritive value of herbage. It is concluded that both common oat and lop-sided oat are suitable species to provide herbage in the winter for the mountain regions of North Vietnam.     

土壤背景氮供应对水稻营养元素吸收和籽粒中营养元素含量的影响

 通过对前茬作物小麦设置施用氮肥与不施用氮肥处理研究它对土壤肥力及后茬作物水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明, 麦季氮肥的施用明显提高了稻季土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮的含量，造成土壤背景氮偏高。与低土壤背景氮相比，在高土壤背景氮下水稻产量对氮肥的反应明显降低，氮肥利用率的各个指标均有不同程度下降。这些结果表明土壤背景氮过高是水稻氮肥利用率低的重要原因之一。在高土壤背景氮下，施用氮肥有使稻米品质变劣的趋势。     

Annual forage legumes in dryland agricultural systems of the West Asia and North Africa Regions: research achievements and future perspective

Forage legumes are vitally important to animal production in the dryland farming systems of the Mediterranean region. Of the diverse forage‐legume species adapted to the Mediterranean climate, vetches, (Vicia spp.), chicklings (Lathyrus spp.), annual medics (Medicago spp), clovers (Trifolium spp.) and species of the Lupinus, Lotus, Onobrychis, Hedysarum and Ornithopus genera are considered to be the most agronomically important and economically valuable species for the region. Adoption of perennial self‐regenerating medic (Medicago spp.) has been limited because of technical difficulties, but annual vetch (Vicia spp.) has the greatest potential as a viable animal‐feed source and a rotation crop with cereals. Some forage legumes survive harsh conditions by their unique underground growth habit, for example, V. amphicarpa and Lathyrus ciliolatus. Efforts to improve forage legumes have been based on both management/cultural factors and breeding. Research based on several long‐term barley‐ and wheat‐based rotation trials has demonstrated the viability of forage legumes, especially vetch, in the region's improved farming system. An additional benefit to such legumes is the enhancement of soil quality, that is, soil fertility, soil organic matter and soil physical properties. Thus, the development of forage legumes is essential to agricultural sustainability in the Mediterranean region and in other dryland cereal‐growing areas of the world where grazing livestock is a dominant enterprise. To build upon the considerable research conducted on forages, intensified efforts are needed to develop locally adapted forage cultivars, to provide economic assessment of forages in cropping systems and to promote technology transfer at the farm and community level.     

华南杂交晚籼高产,优质,高效组合选育实践及效果

提出华南杂交晚籼选育的８项意见，即优质性、高产性、抗病性、后期耐寒性、熟期适中性、早制晚用性、恢复系苗期耐寒性以及制种父母本播种差期短等。按此育成了博优２１０等组合，达到了预期的选盲目标。     

Organic matter and seed survival of Striga hermonthica – Mechanisms for seed depletion in the soil

Seed survival of Striga hermonthica is influenced by amendments of organic matter; however, the role of organic matter quality (C:N ratio) and mechanisms for enhanced seed decay are inadequately understood. In a field experiment, plots received a single dose of 6 t organic matter per hectare but with large differences in quality in terms of C:N ratio. Soil moisture, soil temperature and soil ethylene concentrations were measured, while buried nylon seed bags were periodically withdrawn from the soil and assayed for seed viability and germination. Organic matter amendments incorporated in the soil significantly depressed S. hermonthica seed survival. The effect was strongest with organic matter of high quality. Organic matter of low-quality enhanced soil water content during the first five days after a rainfall event and resulted in a 0.5 °C lower soil temperature. The highest observed ethylene concentrations in the soil were between 2 and 3 ppm, high enough to stimulate S. hermonthica seed germination. Maximal seed germination in vitro was obtained after 48 h of exposure to 1 ppm ethylene. However, observed changes in seed germination and viability of retrieved seed batches (seed survival) did not correlate with soil ethylene concentrations. The latter in turn did not differ between qualities of the applied organic matter. Seed survival decreased with increasing time of burial, especially after 4–8 weeks. As S. hermonthica attachment mainly occurs during the first four weeks of the cropping season the observed effect of seed decay may hardly be beneficial for the on-going cropping season. Nutrient release through decomposition of organic matter, enhancing decay of S. hermonthica seeds, is proposed as the probable cause of seed depletion in the soil.     

Immunomodulatory activities of non-prolamin proteins in wheat germ and gluten

Albumin (Alb), globulin (Glo), glutelin (Gll) and glutenin (Gln) were separately extracted from wheat germ and wheat gluten. Amino acisd composition, molecular weight distribution, solubility, in vitro digestibility, and immunomodulatory activities were all analyzed. Gll and Gln have similar molecular weight distributions, which differed from those of Alb and Glo. Alb showed the highest solubility at various pH values (except pH 4.0), whereas Glo showed the highest in vitro digestibility. Glo and Gll have the highest proportion of essential to total amino acids, while Alb and Gll have the highest protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores. Gll had the strongest immunomodulatory effects in terms of stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells to produce IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, and good stimulatory effects on splenocyte proliferation, production of IL-2, phagocytosis, and secretion of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells. Gll can be considered a good protein source for use in health foods.