Higher taxa are effective surrogates for species in the selection of conservation reserves in estuaries

• 1. The lack of information about marine biodiversity is problematic for the selection of conservation reserves that aim to protect representative samples of biodiversity. A number of surrogate measures for biodiversity have been suggested as a potential solution to this problem.
• 2. The present study tested the effectiveness of using higher taxa of macroinvertebrates as a surrogate for species‐level identification to depict spatial variation in species richness and assemblage variation and to select conservation reserves in one estuary in south‐east Australia.
• 3. Spatial patterns of richness and assemblage variation for species were significantly correlated with patterns defined from genera, families, orders, classes, and phyla with a decline in the magnitude of correlation coefficients from finer to coarser resolutions. A network of reserves selected to include representatives of all phyla, classes, orders, families and genera coincidentally included 54%, 61.7%, 75%, 92.6%, 98.8% species in 8.3%, 13.9%, 17.7%, 44.4% and 58.3% of grid cells, respectively. However, only reserves selected for genera, families and orders performed significantly better than random selection.
• 4. Percentage of species represented by orders, families and genera in a realistic level of available grid cells for conservation (i.e. 13.9%) were very close ranging between 70 and 73.5%. A factor diminishing the performance of order as surrogate for species richness was related to the difficulty of identifying many macroinvertebrates to the order level. Therefore, it is concluded that genus‐ and family‐level identification is an effective surrogate for species‐level identification for conservation planning in estuaries.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕西关中地区鱼类寄生虫的初步调查

2004年3~5月在陕西关中地区随机选取了5个取样点,调查鱼类寄生虫种类与感染情况,收集到14种原生动物,8种单殖吸虫、1种线虫、1种绦虫、1种棘头虫,共25种,分别隶属于6门、8纲、12目、13科和13属。     

福建建溪细鳞鲴国家级水产种质资源保护区的鱼类多样性

2011—2013年对福建省建溪细鳞鲴国家级种质资源保护区的4个江段进行了鱼类资源现状调查。共采集到鱼类77种,隶属于4目18科57属。渔获物分析表明,该保护区鱼类以鲤形目鱼类为主,占鱼类总种类比的64.9%;常见种有黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco)、细鳞鲴(Xenocypris microlepis)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus nitidus)、子陵吻虎鱼(Ctenogobius giurinus)、银(Gnathopogon argentatus)等15种,以杂食性、底层、适应缓流生活的鱼类为主。保护区内的鱼类多样性指数、单船捕捞努力量较低,主要经济鱼类个体出现小型化现象。     

珠江水系北江鱼类群落多样性及其演替

摘要：2014-2016年对珠江水系北江5个采样点进行逐月鱼类多样性调查,共采集鱼类86种,隶属于11目25科64属。其中鲤形目49种,鲈形目14种,鲇形目10种,鲱形目4种。其余脂鲤目、颌针鱼目、鳉形目、合鳃鱼目、鲑形目、鲻形目以及鳗鲡目种数均少于5种。北江鱼类群落以定居性、杂食性种类为主。与历史资料相比,鱼类种类减少,洄游性、半洄游性鱼类所占比例下降,定居性、杂食性鱼类所占百分比上升,鱼类群落组成偏向小型化、低龄化。群落多样性分析表明,相同生境类型河段的鱼类物种相似性较高,上游鱼类多样性高于下游。河道水利、过度捕捞和生境退化是北江鱼类群落演替的主要原因。     

安徽大沙河渔业资源的初步研究

2009年6月和11月对安徽大沙河的鱼类进行了采集和调查。结果显示,大沙河有鱼类47种,隶属4目12科40属。其中鲤形目35种、鲈形目6种、鲇形目5种、合鳃鱼目1种,鲤科占总数的66.0%。上游、中游和下游江段分布有鱼类23种、29种和40种,其中上游和下游的初级食肉性鱼类较多,而中游的杂食性种类所占比例最高。优势种为彩副、高体鳑、粗唇、宽鳍、泥鳅、棒花鱼、鲫、麦穗鱼、沙塘鳢和马口鱼等,主要经济种类有鲫、黄鳝、泥鳅、粗唇、似鳊、沙塘鳢、、红鳍鲌、马口鱼、宽鳍和大刺鳅等,不同河段有差异。     

瓯江口海域夏秋季鱼类初步调查

2007年6月和9月对瓯江口海域通过拖网和张网捕获的鱼类进行初步调查。结果表明:渔获物中出现2纲12目33科55属72种鱼类,其中软骨鱼纲2目2科2属4种,占调查鱼类总种数的5.6%;硬骨鱼纲10目31科53属68种,占调查鱼类总种数的94.4%。根据其适温性类型可分为暖水性种、暖温性种和冷温性种,其中,暖水性鱼类有27种,占总种数的37.5%;暖温性鱼类有41种,占总种数的56.9%;冷温性鱼类有4种,占总种数的5.6%。渔获物中底层和近底层鱼类占多数,其中,底层鱼类共有27种,占总种数的37.5%;近底层鱼类共有30种,占总种数的41.7%;中上层鱼类共有15种,占总种数的20.8%。渔获物中海洋性鱼类占绝大多数,共有59种,占总种数的81.9%;河口性鱼类11种,占总种数的15.3%;洄游性鱼类2种,占总种数的2.8%。与相邻海区鱼类区系特征比较,瓯江口海域具有我国亚热带北部河口海湾的鱼类区系特征。     

赤水河流域鱼类物种、功能和分类多样性研究

赤水河是长江上游的一条一级支流,同时也是长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区的重要组成部分,在鱼类生物多样性保护方面具有重要价值。本文基于2019年和2020年对赤水河流域30个样区的鱼类调查数据,对鱼类物种丰富度(Richness)、Shannon-Weiner指数(H)、功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)、功能离散度(FDiv)、平均分类差异指数(Δ⁺)和分类差异变异指数(Λ⁺)等多样性指数的空间分布格局及其相关性进行了分析。调查期间共采集到鱼类125种(亚种),隶属于7目20科80属。其中,土著鱼类112种(亚种),隶属于6目17科71属;外来鱼类13种(亚种),隶属于5目6科11属。7个多样性指数均呈显著的纵向梯度格局,上游到下游也呈增加趋势,但FEve、FDiv和Δ⁺这三个指数在河段间的增量相对较小。不同生物多样性指数之间的相关性差异较大,从不显著到显著正相关,综合使用不同层面的多样性指数能够有助于更好地理解淡水鱼类分布格局,为鱼类资源保护提供科学依据。     

新疆渭干河流域鱼类资源现状

2019年5月、8月和11月,在上、中、下游共设5个采样点,采用单层刺网(网目1、2、3 cm,网长20、30、40 m)和地笼网(开口40 cm×40 cm,长8 m)调查新疆天山南麓中段塔里木河流域九大水系之一的渭干河(N 41°06′～42°42′,E 80°40′～84°10′)的鱼类资源状况.调查共采集鱼类1...     

徐闻珊瑚礁保护区鱼类种类组成初步研究

对徐闻珊瑚礁保护区栖息的鱼类进行4个季节的调查分析.结果表明,徐闻珊瑚礁保护区有鱼类2纲13目55科91属135种,其中软骨鱼纲有1目3科3属6种,硬骨鱼纲有12目52科88属129种.在硬骨鱼纲中鲈形目种类最多,有26科45属73种,约占总渔获物种类数的54.1%.在渔获的鱼类中底层鱼类有69种,中下层鱼类有34种,中上层鱼类有32种,分别占鱼类总种数的51.1%、25.2%和23.7%.在春季渔获的鱼类种数最多,有74种,夏季、秋季和冬季渔获鱼类种数变化较小,分别有38种、46种和52种,而在4个季节均有出现的鱼类仅有8种.     

李仙江鱼类资源的现状与保护对策

2003年5月～2008年4月,对李仙江的鱼类资源进行了调查。共采集鱼类标本7195号。结合历史记录,李仙江共记录鱼类64种(亚种),分属于6目14科43属,其中6种为外来种。李仙江鱼类区系中种类最多的是鲤形目的鲤科,共24属31种;其次为鲤形目爬鳅科和鲇形目鮡科,各为4属7种。近年考察数据显示,李仙江土著鱼类资源呈下降趋势。为保护李仙江土著鱼类资源,应建立鱼类自然保护区和鱼类人工增殖放流站,加强李仙江流域环境保护、生物多样性监测和渔业管理。     

Spatial and temporal variation in prey selection of brown trout in a cold Arkansas tailwater

Abstract –  We examined prey utilisation patterns of brown trout ( Salmo trutta Linnaeus) as related to available benthos in a cold tailwater (Little Red River, Arkansas) having low biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and low availability of fish as prey. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled monthly in upstream and downstream sites over a 1-year period. Stomach content analysis was also performed on 30 brown trout (10 each of three size classes) collected monthly from each site. Benthic and diet diversities were low at both sites, as isopods ( Lirceus ) accounted for 67% and 51% of the numerical abundance upstream and downstream, respectively, and 80% and 70% of all prey consumed by upstream and downstream brown trout. Physid snails (upstream) and chironomid larvae (downstream) accounted for most of the remaining prey taxa consumed. Piscivory and consumption of terrestrial invertebrates were rare. There was no clear relation between diet diversity and trout size. Densities of benthic macroinvertebrates and prey consumption were significantly greater upstream than downstream. Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and prey consumption were seasonally constant at both sites. Generally, prey consumption was consistent with availability of each prey in the benthos; the lack of benthic diversity and overwhelming abundance of one taxon ( Lirceus) most likely contributed to food selection patterns. Although isopods are abundant within this tailwater to serve as a forage base, the displacement of native fish fauna because of the thermal regime of hypolimnetic release from Greers Ferry Reservoir probably serves as a major limitation to brown trout growth.     

南水北调中线工程对丹江口库区生物多样性的影响分析

丹江口库区生态环境问题是南水北调工程建设和运营中关注的热点,生物多样性是生态环境的重要组成部分以及主要评价指标.本文通过资料收集和对库区野外调查,对丹江口库区野生植物、陆生动物和水生生物三个方面进行了生物多样性资源统计,重点从大坝加高蓄水淹没、移民安置破坏两方面分析了南水北调中线工程可能对库区生物多样性造成的影响,并根据目前库区生物多样性的现状以及面临的威胁,提出了生物多样性保护措施.     

钱塘江水系兰溪段鱼类资源现状

2016年3月—2017年11月,对钱塘江水系兰溪段的鱼类资源进行逐季度采样调查,对该水域鱼类种类组成、生态类型、优势种、多样性指数、群落结构、ABC曲线和捕获情况进行了分析。试验结果显示,共采集鱼类59种,隶属5目13科44属,其中,鲤科鱼类种类最多(67.8%);优势种为鲤鱼和似鳊;生态类型以中小型、杂食性、底层性鱼类为主;Margalef丰富度指数呈先增后减的趋势,2016年的Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均呈逐渐减小的趋势,而2017年这3个指数除9月份最小外,其他月份变化差异不显著;鱼类群落结构季节变化差异显著,但处于稳定状态;鱼类资源严重小型化。     

鄱阳湖湖口鱼类资源现状调查

2014年5月-12月对鄱阳湖湖口县水域鱼类资源进行逐月调查,对该水域鱼类种类组成、渔获物结构、优势种、群落多样性指数和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)进行分析。结果显示,在鄱阳湖湖口水域共采集鱼类52种,隶属于7目12科40属;优势种分别为鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鳙(Aristichys nobilis)和光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus),占样本个体总数的61.34%;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(Hi)为2.59,Margalef种类丰富度指数(D)为6.09,Pielou均匀度指数(J')为0.65,Simpson优势度指数(λ)为0.87,相对稀有种数(R)为97.87%;该水域定置网CPUE为1.10~6.21 kg/d,与湖口水位呈显著正相关(P0.05)。鄱阳湖湖口水域渔业捕捞个体以小型鱼类居多,洄游型鱼类的幼鱼补充群体数量极少,鱼类群落多样性指数有上升趋势。     

Consequence of habitat segregation to growth rate of two sparsely rakered whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) forms in a subarctic lake

Abstract  – The aim of this study was to explain the growth differences of the two sympatric sparsely rakered whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) forms in the subarctic Lake Muddusjärvi by comparing their habitat and food selection to available benthic food resources. The average number of gillrakers was 22.9 for large sparsely rakered whitefish (LSR) and 16.8 for small sparsely rakered whitefish (SSR). LSR dwelled primarily in the littoral zone at depths < 10 m, whereas SSR used mostly profundal habitats in depths > 10 m. LSR and SSR consumed mainly benthic macroinvertebrates, their abundance, biomass and diversity was highest in the littoral, decreasing towards the profundal. As the individual size of fish increased, LSR was able to shift to larger food items, which were available in the littoral. Possibility of SSR to ontogenetic food shift was scarce in the profundal, where availability of larger benthic macroinvertebrates was low. Because of abundant food resources in the littoral, growth rate of LSR was faster than that of SSR.     

南溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及其季节变化

2020年8月和11月对云南南溪河水系进行了两次大型底栖无脊椎动物调查,共采样到9000余头标本,鉴定出208个物种,隶属4门7纲73科。该区域大型底栖无脊椎动物以水生昆虫为主,软体动物次之。水生昆虫中蜉蝣目、双翅目、毛翅目和蜻蜓目为优势类群。南溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物整体生物多样性较高,表现为大多数样点的生物多样性指数值处于较高水平。无论丰水期还是枯水期,大型底栖无脊椎动物在物种组成和个体数量上均以水生昆虫为主,丰水期的物种数、个体数量和密度均显著低于枯水期,但丰水期的生物量显著高于枯水期。优势物种为四节蜉科一种（Baetidae sp.1）、纹石蛾属一种（Hydropsyche sp.1）、蚋科一种（Simuliidae sp.1）、亚非蜉属一种Afromurus sp. 、扁蜉属Heptagenia sp.1,其中前四种在丰水期和枯水期均为优势种。南溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性受到海拔、河道底质和干扰强度的影响,在海拔1000-1500m的地区多样性最高,淤泥质底质和重度干扰使大型底栖无脊椎动物的物种数和密度显著降低。     

分水江水库鱼类群落结构多样性研究

2008年11月至2009年10月对分水江水库鱼类资源进行了调查,共调查8船次,统计渔获物142.48kg,测量鱼类标本1304尾,经鉴定共发现鱼类36种,隶属5目、8科、31属;其中,鲤形目26种,占总数的72.2%;鲈形目和鲶形目各4种,分别占总数的11.1%;鳗鲡目和合鳃目各1种,分别占总数的2.8%。群落优势度分析发现,优势种有5种,优势度变化范围0.38～0.61。多样性指数分析表明,鱼类种群丰富度指数（D）值为1.14～5.42,Shannon-Wiener多样度指数（H＇）为0.69～2.60,种类均匀度指数（J＇）为0.31～1.21。鱼类群落的季节差异性较高,种类变化波动以夏季最大。     

福建省沙溪鱼类群落结构研究

根据2007-2008年沙溪鱼类资源调查资料,分析了沙溪鱼类种类组成,优势种、常见种及其季节变化,生态类型等群落结构。本次调查共捕获鱼类59种,隶属于6目15科30属。采用Pinkas的IRI指数分析沙溪鱼类群落季节变化,结果表明:沙溪优势种季节变化不大,以鲤鱼、鲴类、黄颡鱼为主,常见种略有季节变化。沙溪鱼类生态类型多样,以底层、杂食性、适应静水生活鱼类为主。与30年前相比,沙溪河肉食性鱼类、底层鱼类、适应流水鱼类种类数都有较为明显的下降,杂食性鱼类、耐氧性鱼类、适应缓流或静水生活的鱼类则有上升趋势。     

Feeding strategy of the non‐native rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,in low‐order Patagonian streams

The dietary composition and feeding strategy of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in two low‐order Patagonian streams were studied. Benthic macroinvertebrate availability was estimated in both riffles and pools. Fish stomach contents were examined to determine prey richness and diversity, prey electivity, food‐niche width, and the feeding strategy employed by trout throughout the year. Availability of benthos varied seasonally with Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Diptera species dominating. Rainbow trout diet was composed mainly of benthic macroinvertebrates, followed by terrestrial insects, fish, algae and plants. Different trout size classes segregated the use of food resources to reduce predation pressure. Elected prey included organisms displaying no to high mobility. A high feeding plasticity allows trout to buffer changes in food availability by switching from a specialised to a generalised feeding behaviour. Consequently, trout may exploit abundant but temporary food resources opportunistically, which would explain their marked expansion in Patagonian environments.     

西藏色林错-普若岗日国家公园潜在建设区夏季浮游植物群落生态特征

为了探究色林错-普若岗日国家公园潜在建设区夏季浮游植物群落及优势种生态特征,于2015年和2016年8月对浮游植物群落进行了调查分析,并运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠及生态响应速率等方法测定优势种的生态位量度。结果表明：（1）色林错-普若岗日国家公园潜在建设区共鉴定出浮游植物127种,隶属于3门5纲11目18科35属,其中优势种5种,隶属2门5属,优势种丰度和优势度在不同区域均有差异;（2）泉生菱形藻（Nitzschia fonticola）生态位宽度最大,嗜盐舟形藻（Navicula halophila）生态位宽度最小;（3）浮游植物优势种生态位重叠程度不高,种间竞争弱,群落结构较为稳定;（4）浮游植物优势种呈发展或衰退趋势是不同浮游植物优势种间竞争的必然结果。本研究结果为色-普国家公园潜在建设区浮游植物多样性积累基础数据,为探讨生态位分化理论下的种间关系、资源利用及生态适应机制提供参考。