猪蛔虫幼虫琼脂胶移行法的建立

本实验首次在国内建立起了线虫的琼脂胶移行法(Agar-gelMigrationAssay,AMA).通过对影响幼虫活力的某些理化因素,如琼脂胶的温度、每孔加入的琼脂胶和幼虫混合液的体积、琼脂胶的浓度及幼虫在琼脂胶内移行的时间等研究发现加胶的温度和加胶的量对幼虫的移行率有较大的影响.幼虫的移行率随加胶温度的升高而降低,当温度达到70℃时,则几乎无虫体从琼脂胶内移出(移行率仅为0.5%);幼虫的移行率随加入琼脂胶量的增多而减小,当每孔加入1000μl时,幼虫的移行率为16.68%,当加入400μl时幼虫的移行率则能达到25.17%.琼脂胶的浓度对幼虫移出的影响并不明显,采用SAS软件(forWindowsV6.12)分析发现1.2%、1.0%、0.8%、0.4%的结果间无显著差异(P＞0.05),但琼脂胶的浓度能影响胶液凝固的时间和凝固后的韧性.实验表明最适宜的加胶量为400μl/孔,最适宜的加胶温度为53℃(Agar-gel,Sigma),在琼脂胶中最佳培养移行时间为24h,琼脂胶液的最适实验浓度为1.5%琼脂胶.     

猪蛔虫幼虫琼脂胶移行法的建立

本实验首次在国内建立起了线虫的琼脂胶移行法 (Agar- gel Migration Assay,AMA)。通过对影响幼虫活力的某些理化因素 ,如 :琼脂胶的温度、每孔加入的琼脂胶和幼虫混合液的体积、琼脂胶的浓度及幼虫在琼脂胶内移行的时间等研究发现 :加胶的温度和加胶的量对幼虫的移出率有较大的影响。幼虫的移出率随加胶温度的升高而降低 ,当温度达到 70℃时 ,则几乎无虫体从琼脂胶内移出 (移出率仅为 0 .5 % ) ;幼虫的移出率随加入琼脂胶量的增多而减小 ,当每孔加入 10 0 0μl时 ,幼虫的移出率为 16 .6 8% ,当加入 4 0 0μl时幼虫的移出率则能达到2 5 .17%。琼脂胶的浓度对幼虫移出的影响并不明显 ,采用 SAS软件 (for Windows V6 .12 )分析发现 1.2 %、1.0 %、0 .8%、0 .4 %的结果间无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,但琼脂胶的浓度能影响胶液凝固的时间和凝固后的韧性。实验表明 :最适宜的加胶量为 4 0 0μl /孔 ,最适宜的加胶温度为 5 3℃ (Agar- gel,sigm a) ,在琼脂胶中最佳培养移行时间为 2 4 h,琼脂胶液的最适实验浓度为 1.5 %琼脂胶     

川楝素驱猪蛔虫体外杀虫试验研究

运用超声波技术从苦楝皮中分离提取川楝素（Toosendanin）,并用其对猪蛔虫成虫、第二期幼虫、虫卵作离体毒理试验,同时与临床上常用驱猪蛔虫药进行比较,筛选出驱虫效果较好的药物,为下一步动物试验和新型驱虫药的研究奠定基础。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌伴胞晶体毒素对小鼠体内猪蛔虫三期幼虫的作用及其免疫组织化学定位

将培养好的感染性猪蛔虫卵以每只5×103个虫卵感染小鼠,于次日以不同方式(灌胃、肌肉注射、静脉注射和腹腔注射)注入苏云金芽胞杆菌伴胞晶体蛋白(insecticidal crystal proteins,Icps),对照组静脉注射BSA(小牛血清白蛋白),每只0.5mL,连续3d。小鼠于第6天剖杀,肝脏分离幼虫,计算减虫率。取肝脏,以4%多聚甲醛固定48h,制作石蜡切片,应用免疫组织化学SABC法定位蛔虫幼虫体内的Icps。研究结果显示,静脉注射晶体蛋白毒素效果最好,减虫率达到72.7%;肌肉注射、灌胃、腹腔注射效果次之,分别为19.1%、14.6%、14.36%。免疫组织化学研究显示,Icps结合到虫体的体表及肠道。     

抗重组猪蛔虫抗原AD41蛋白鼠源性单链抗体库的构建及筛选

为了构建重组猪蛔虫抗原AD41蛋白鼠源性单链抗体库,试验用重组蛋白AD41抗原免疫接种Balb/c小鼠,提取小鼠脾脏总RNA,以总RNA为模板经RT-PCR合成cDNA,再以cDNA为模板,用小鼠免疫球蛋白重链和轻链设计引物,分别扩增重链和轻链可变区基因,利用SOE-PCR法将VH和VL片段随机拼接成单链抗体(ScFv)片段,将其克隆入质粒表达载体pCANTAB5E中,转化于大肠杆菌TG1,通过辅助噬菌体M13K07援救构建噬菌体单链抗体库。结果表明:从30个噬菌体克隆中筛选到25个阳性克隆。说明成功地构建了抗重组猪蛔虫抗原AD41蛋白鼠源性单链抗体库。     

猪蛔虫性别特异基因在第三、四期幼虫的表达谱研究

为研究猪蛔虫性别特异基因在第三期、第四期幼虫的表达情况，本研究采用表达谱基因芯片技术，从所构建的猪蛔虫雌、雄成虫cDNA消减文库中分别挑取克隆，制备成cDNA微阵列芯片、标记有荧光素Cy5-dUTP和Cy3-dUTP的各组探针（L3＋♀；L3＋♂；L4＋♀；L4＋♂）分别与制备好的芯片进行杂交、扫描，原始信号值经均一化处理后，获取每个点的Ratio值（Ratio=Cy5／Cy3）．根据该值筛选出表达差异最明显的841个克隆，进行测序分析，在获得的707个有效序列中有61个是猪蛔虫新的ESTs、将在第三、四期幼虫以及成虫中显著表达的克隆进行排列组合比较，获得各期特有和各期之间共有的表达克隆一在第三期幼虫中，雌、雄性别特异基因分别有21和9个，编码的主要蛋白有卵黄原前导蛋白、睾丸幼胚蛋白等；在第四期幼虫中特异表达的雌、雄性别基因分别有22和6个，其中免疫抑制卵巢信息蛋白、主要精子纤维蛋白（MFP）等表达明显本项研究结果不仅初步阐明了猪蛔虫性别特异基因在第三、四期幼虫的表达情况，而且亦为筛选控制猪蛔虫病的“关键”基因并阐明其功能奠定了基础。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂治疗猪蛔虫及血虱的驱除效果

应用0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂进行了驱除猪血虱和猪蛔虫的试验。结果:给药后第7d对猪血虱的转阴率达100%;第15d对猪蛔虫的驱虫率达到100%,表明0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂对驱除猪蛔虫和血虱是高效安全的。     

苦楝皮乙醇提取物驱除猪蛔虫效果研究及对猪主要免疫指标的影响

进一步考察苦楝皮的驱虫效果和毒副作用。用云南苦楝皮乙醇提取物,对人工感染猪蛔虫的猪只进行不同药物浓度组与空白组的药效对比试验,并在用药前后对猪只进行免疫指标的检测。结果表明,苦楝皮乙醇提取物的高、中浓度对治疗猪蛔虫病的效果较好,驱虫率分别达到87．2％和79．5％,虫卵减少率分别为87．3％和80．2％,与对照组相比差异极显著;对各项指标的检测表明,苦楝皮提取物能提高猪的非特异性免疫机能,在治疗剂量内使用安全。     

猪蛔虫雄虫cDNA文库的构建

采用Tripure Isolation Reagent抽提猪蛔虫雄虫成虫的总RNA,用poly(A)PuristTM纯化试剂盒分离mR-NA。分离mRNA后,用Clontech公司的CreatorTMSMARTTMcDNA文库构建试剂盒构建了猪蛔虫雄虫成虫的cDNA文库。结果获得了7.26×105独立克隆,重组率达96.7%,插入片段的平均长度约为1 kb。猪蛔虫雄虫cDNA文库的成功构建为利用文库筛选雄虫差异表达基因提供了材料来源,为研究猪蛔虫性别发育的分子机制奠定了基础。     

应用RNA干扰技术对猪蛔虫性别相关基因功能的初步研究

针对编码猪蛔虫雌虫卵巢蛋白基因的EST序列设计了1对特异引物及连接T7启动子的引物，经PCR扩增，获得5’端连有T7启动子的双链DNA，在RNA聚合酶的作用下，转录合成dsRNA。通过浸泡的方式将dsRNA导入秀丽新杆线虫中，在浸泡后的5个不同的时间点，采用RT—PCR检测虫体浸泡后靶基因被干扰的效果。试验结果表明，在浸泡后的8～29h能检测到同源靶标的存在；而在浸泡后的43～57h不能检测到靶标RNA。另外，试验组没有观测到虫体明显的表型变化，而对照组在浸泡28h后，发现部分线虫体内有发育成形的虫卵。初步认为导入虫体的dsRNA发生了干扰效应。     

Application of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of Ascaris suum DNA in the liver of experimentally infected chickens

This study aimed to evaluate the sampling method for the detection of Ascaris suum larval DNA in chicken livers using real-time PCR. Chickens were inoculated with A. suum eggs of a single dose (Group A) or repeatedly low doses (Group B). White spots (WSs) were continuously observed on liver from day 3 after the last infection in Group B and day 14 in Group A. In Group A, larval DNA was detected in WS lesions (78.6%) at a significantly higher rate than in the remaining tissue samples (31.3%). In conclusion, applying WS lesions to the assay improved the detection rate of A. suum DNA in chicken livers, especially in the case of a single infection.     

A novel technique for identification of Ascaris suum cohorts in pigs

The objective of the present study was to develop a fast, cheap and reliable technique for identifying different cohorts of the swine parasite, Ascaris suum. A polymerase chain reaction linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique on mt-DNA was used to identify unique haplotypes of four gravid A. suum females on agarose gels after eggs were recovered from each of the worms. Each of four pigs was inoculated with 2000 embryonated eggs originating from one of the four identified Ascaris haplotypes, respectively. Ascaris larvae were isolated from the small intestine at day 14 post-infection using an agar technique. Single larvae from each pig were transferred to 96-well PCR plates and a simple DNA extraction using a worm lysis buffer was carried out and followed by the PCR-RFLP analysis. More than 100 larvae from each of the four pigs were analysed and all were found to have the same haplotype as the parental female. We conclude that unique haplotypes of female A. suum and offspring can be identified by means of PCR-RFLP on mt-DNA and suggest that this method can be used in future research on Ascaris population biology using cohorts with distinct mt-DNA profile.     

猪蛔虫感染期幼虫抑制消减cDNA文库的构建

为筛选与线虫感染性相关的基因,本研究以猪蛔虫为对象,构建猪蛔虫感染期幼虫差异表达消减cDNA文库,为研究线虫期特异性发育的分子机制奠定基础。分别提取感染期幼虫和其它各期幼虫及成虫的总RNA,纯化mRNA后,采用Clontech公司PCR-selectTM试剂盒进行反转录合成cDNA并进行抑制消减杂交(SSH),构建猪蛔虫感染期幼虫差异表达的消减cDNA文库,并采用Southern斑点杂交进行消减效率的检测。随机从文库中抽取45个克隆进行测序及在线BLAST分析。试验结果表明,感染期幼虫差异表达的消减cDNA文库具有较强的特异性;在得到的41个表达序列标签(ESTs)中,有40个ESTs与已报道的基因有较高的相似性,主要代表猪蛔虫第三期幼虫基因和成虫头部基因,有1个cDNA片段可能代表新基因。猪蛔虫感染期幼虫差异表达消减cDNA文库的成功构建,为进一步研究幼虫发育差异表达基因的功能奠定了基础。     

重组猪蛔虫抗菌肽cecropin P1在毕赤酵母中的表达及抑菌活性

根据已发表的蛔虫抗菌肽cecropin P1基因编码序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法从猪肠道蛔虫中扩增出cecropin P1基因,并将其插入到酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中α-因子信号肽下游的SnaBⅠ和NotⅠ位点之间,构建成cecropin P1基因的酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K/cecropin P1。载体经SalⅠ酶切线性化,电转化到组氨酸缺陷型的酵母宿主菌GS115中,然后利用以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基（MD）和以甲醇为碳源的培养基（MM）筛选出组氨酸His＋型和甲醇利用正型（Mut＋）酵母重组体,再经G418加压筛选得到高拷贝cecropin P1基因的重组酵母。经PCR检测证明cecropin P1基因已整合到毕赤酵母的染色体中。重组酵母经摇瓶发酵培养和甲醇诱导,通过Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测,重组酵母能够分泌表达重组cecropin P1,同时表达的cecropin P1对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显的抑菌活性。     

使君子提取物对驱除猪蛔虫效果研究及对猪主要生理生化指标的影响

云南使君子提取物作为实验用药,对感染猪蛔虫的动物进行了药效实验研究。结果使君子提取物给药最佳剂量为0．05mg／kg。粪检虫卵数计数表明,每克粪便虫卵数与用药前相比存在差异显著性（P〈0．05）。所检测的血液生化指标在给药前后均没有出现显著性的变化（P〉0．05）。从而可初步推断使君子提取物对猪的肝脏、肾脏、心脏和肌肉等组织器官没有产生明显的影响。使君子提取物对猪蛔虫有较好的驱虫效果,且毒副作用小。     

猪蛔虫微管蛋白α-链基因(13E09)在不同发育期的mRNA表达研究

猪蛔虫病严重危害我国养猪业的发展,通过研究在感染期的表达基因来研究其发育繁殖机制,以达到预防和控制该病的目的已成为猪蛔虫研究的发展趋势。本研究以β-actin为内参,采用半定量RT-PCR方法鉴定分析猪蛔虫微管蛋白α-链基因(13E09)丰度随不同阶段虫体在虫体不同发育阶段的mRNA表达水平的变化,结果显示,该在感染期幼虫呈高丰度表达外,肠四期即(L4)幼虫也有多量表达,在雄虫、虫卵期也有少量表达,但在雌虫和肺三期幼虫均未检测出该基因的表达,该基因是在感染期幼虫呈高丰度表达的基因,可能在感染宿主过程中起重要作用。这为进一步研究该基因的功能提供了科学依据。     

In vitro evaluation of the ovistatic and ovicidal effect of the cosmopolitan filamentous fungi isolated from soil on Ascaris suum eggs

The ovicidal activity of seven fungal strains: Acremonium alabamense, Alternaria chlamydospora, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium solani, Paecilomyces variotii, Paecilomyces viridis and Penicillium verruculosum isolated from urban soil samples from Poland was determined in vitro. The fungal mycelium was co-cultured with Ascaris suum eggs on plates with 2% water–agar for 28 days. Eggs exposed and unexposed (control) to fungal mycelium were observed weekly by light microscopy and the percentage of malformed eggs were determined. The eggs were classified according to following parameters: type 1 – biochemical and physiological effect without morphological damage to the eggshell; type 2 – lytic effect with morphological alteration of the eggshell and embryo; type 3 – lytic effect with morphological alteration of eggshell and embryo with hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. All examined species of fungi extended embryogenesis, but the retardation of embryonic development was varied and depended on the species. A. alabamense, A. chlamydospora and P. verruculosum exhibited very high inhibitory activity on A. suum egg development. The fungus-exposed eggs revealed morphological alternations in all stages of embryogenesis. Isolates of F. solani, P. variotii and P. viridis showed hyphal penetration and internal colonization of A. suum eggs (type 3 effect). No appressoria were produced and simple hyphal penetrations were most commonly observed. A. alabamense and P. verruculosum demonstrated morphological destruction, with eggshell destruction. The remaining fungi showed type 1 effect. The results demonstrated that examined strains of F. solani, P. variotii and P. viridis may be considered to be potential limiting factors of parasitic geohelminth populations.     

西北部分地区猪蛔虫rDNAITS基因序列测定及遗传变异分析

为了摸清西北部分地区猪蛔虫内转录间隔区(ITS)的遗传变异特点,扩增了猪蛔虫ITS基因,进行测序,依据GenBank公布的ITS序列将测序结果截为ITS1、5.8S及ITS2三段,分析比对各段序列的差异性。结果显示,所有样品ITS序列长约1 000bp,其中ITS1、5.8S和ITS2的长度分别为450bp~453bp、159bp、272bp,种内差异分别为0~0.2%、0、0。基于ITS1的种系发育分析表明,23个猪蛔虫样品均位于同一分支,而与贝蛔属蛔虫分属两个不同分支。ITS1序列不能作为区分西北不同地区猪蛔虫的种内分子标记,但可以作为区分蛔属蛔虫与贝蛔属蛔虫的种间分子标记,研究结果为猪蛔虫的鉴定和分子流行病学调查提供了基础资料。     

Embryonation and infectivity of Ascaris suum eggs. A comparison of eggs collected from worm uteri with eggs isolated from pig faeces

Ascaris suum eggs were collected from pig faeces or dissected from worms obtained from the same pigs. Eggs from the two sources were allowed to embryonate in 0.1 N H2SO4, in 1% buffered formalin or in tap water. The embryonation of the sulphuric acid and water cultures occurred at the same speed, while the formalin cultures developed slightly more slowly. By experimental inoculation of helminth-free pigs and subsequent counting of white spots in the livers and larvae in the lungs day 7 p.i., the infectivity of eggs dissected from worm uteri and embryonated in sulphuric acid (a normal laboratory procedure) was compared with that of eggs collected from faeces and embryonated in water (i.e. more naturally developed eggs). The results suggest that the two types of eggs were equally infective. For this reason the common practice of using Ascaris eggs dissected from worms for experimental infections might be acceptable.