脱落酸和2,4-表油菜素内酯对葡萄成熟过程中果实内源激素含量的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"和"烟73"为试材,研究了脱落酸(ABA)、2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)和BR生物合成抑制剂油菜素唑(Brz)处理对葡萄果实乙烯生成量、内源生长素(IAA)和赤酶素(GA3)含量的影响。结果表明:外源ABA和EBR处理促进了果实乙烯的释放,同时促进了果实着色,ABA和EBR处理后果实内源IAA和GA3含量略低于对照,但总体无显著差异。在不同浓度EBR处理中,以0.4mg/LEBR处理效果最显著。Brz处理抑制了乙烯的释放,推迟了果实着色,但对果实内源IAA和GA3含量没有显著影响。     

海棠果实中脱落酸的高效液相色谱测定

以‘草莓果冻’海棠为试材,采用高效液相色谱结合固相萃取法建立了一种用于海棠果实中脱落酸(ABA)含量检测的方法。通过优化前处理及色谱条件,最终确定取样量为3g,用80%预冷甲醇浸提12h,经不溶性PVPP吸附酚类等杂质,石油醚脱色,乙酸乙酯萃取,C18固相萃取小柱进一步纯化,再经甲醇∶1.0%乙酸溶液(45∶55,v/v),流速为1.0mL·min~(-1)进行洗脱,C18色谱柱分离,进样体积20μL,检测波长为254nm,柱温45℃。结果表明:该方法在0.01~0.50μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,R~2=0.999 8,3个浓度水平下平均回收率均大于70%。采用该方法对‘草莓果冻’海棠半同胞子代中14个单株落果初期果实进行了测定,发现果实中脱落酸含量最低为0.026 9μg·g~(-1),最高含量为0.357 9μg·g~(-1),差别较大,该浓度与已有报道中的测定结果处于同一数量级水平。该方法的建立对于海棠的选育和生长发育进一步研究具有重要意义。     

葡萄卷叶病对‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质的影响

【目的】探讨葡萄卷叶病对酿酒葡萄果实品质指标的影响。【方法】以未表现卷叶病症状的‘赤霞珠’葡萄为对照,在成熟期测定了感染卷叶病‘赤霞珠’葡萄果粒的大小、可溶性固形物含量,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定葡萄可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量和花色苷含量。【结果】卷叶病使葡萄果实的大小和质量、可溶性固形物含量显著降低;可溶性糖含量显著降低,葡萄糖和果糖的总量仅为对照组葡萄的69.29%;有机酸总量略微升高,但未达到显著水平,染病葡萄果皮和果肉中的草酸含量显著降低,苹果酸含量显著升高;5种基本花色苷单体的含量显著降低,总量仅为对照组‘赤霞珠’葡萄果皮单体总量的26.12%。其中,矢车菊素类花色苷所占比例降低,甲基化类花色苷所占的比例升高。【结论】葡萄卷叶病导致‘赤霞珠’葡萄着色不良,品质严重下降。     

刺葡萄果实及酿酒过程中白藜芦醇含量变化研究

以湖南省内不同类型刺葡萄为试材,以酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’为对照,采用高效液相色谱法检测刺葡萄果实不同部位白藜芦醇含量,同时选用干红葡萄酒酿酒工艺进行酿造,研究刺葡萄果实及果实在酿造过程中白藜芦醇含量的动态变化规律。结果表明:大部分类型刺葡萄果皮中均检测到白藜芦醇,澧县-1刺葡萄和中方-2刺葡萄果皮含量最高,均为34.08μg/g,是‘赤霞珠’的1.70倍;长沙-2刺葡萄籽中白藜芦醇含量为28.36μg/g,是‘赤霞珠’籽的3.83倍,其他类型刺葡萄籽和所有类型刺葡萄果肉中均未检测到白藜芦醇。酿酒过程中添加F15酵母的葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量始终高于添加VL1酵母的葡萄酒,陈酿结束后,芷江-1刺葡萄酒白藜芦醇含量最高,为0.17μg/mL,比‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒高21.4%。     

养多乐对酿酒葡萄“赤霞珠”果实品质的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"为试材,研究了养多乐(Sugar mover)不同喷施次数与喷施浓度对酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明:随着养多乐喷施次数的增加,其果实还原糖含量增加。喷施1 200倍液养多乐"赤霞珠"果实还原糖最高。随着养多乐喷施次数的增加,"赤霞珠"果实总花色素含量增加,连续喷施4次600倍养多乐效果最佳。喷施养多乐对"赤霞珠"果实总酚含量影响不大。     

渭北旱原(泾阳)酿酒葡萄病害研究

2009年在渭北旱原的泾阳县研究了不同立地条件下酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)、蛇龙珠(Cabernet Gernischet)和桑娇维赛(Sangiovese)葡萄叶片霜霉病和果实白腐病。结果表明:赤霞珠葡萄叶片霜霉病在位于海拔较高、土壤含钙量较高的蒋路乡葡萄园发病最轻,而在海拔较低、土壤含钙量较少的白王镇发病严重;果实白腐病也表现出了相似的变化,在蒋路乡和龙泉乡较轻,发病严重度差异不大,而在白王镇发病严重。在蒋路乡,蛇龙珠叶片霜霉病明显轻于赤霞珠,但赤霞珠果实白腐病严重度明显轻于蛇龙珠。在龙泉乡,桑娇维赛和赤霞珠葡萄叶片霜霉病在发病初期差异不大,而在发病后期桑娇维赛明显的轻于赤霞珠,果实白腐病在发病初期无明显差异,而在发病后期赤霞珠明显的轻于桑娇维赛。"V"形架栽培在抗病性方面优于篱架栽培。泾阳县葡萄霜霉病始发于8月初,一般从发现病叶2周左右进入发病盛期(8月下旬),约在9月中旬进入发病末期。     

一年两收栽培‘赤霞珠’葡萄冬果与夏果花色苷组分差异解析

【目的】探究一年两收栽培模式下酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’两季葡萄花色苷的组分差异。【方法】以成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果和夏果为试验材料,利用高效液相色谱质谱(HPLC-MS)联用技术检测其果皮中花色苷的组成和含量,并监控不同发育期浆果的理化指标变化。【结果】‘赤霞珠’冬果果粒质量小于夏果,但果皮鲜质量和可溶性固形物含量高于夏果;成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果果皮中共检测到17种花色苷,而夏果中检测到16种;成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果果皮中的花色苷总量及大多数花色苷含量显著高于夏果;‘赤霞珠’冬果葡萄果皮中3’,5’-羟基取代花色苷、酰化修饰及甲基化花色苷的含量显著高于夏果。【结论】通过对气候条件的分析,与夏季相比,一年两收栽培区南宁下半年较长的光照时间、较少的极端高温(≥35℃)及更为干燥的气候是酿酒葡萄冬果成熟度高、花色苷总量及稳定花色苷含量都显著高于夏果的主要原因。因此,南宁地区下半年的气候条件更有利于酿酒葡萄生产。     

HPLC法测定长柄侧耳中的洛伐他汀含量

对长柄侧耳进行洛伐他汀含量测定,建立其质量控制标准。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定洛伐他汀含量,色谱柱为Diamonsil ODS(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇—0.1%甲酸(90∶10),流速为0.5 mL.min-1,检测波长为237 nm,柱温为42℃。经过方法学考察,洛伐他汀含量测定方法具有一定的专属性、准确性、重现性和可行性,样品在2μg～10μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为100.16%,RSD为1.14%。洛伐他汀的含量为120.7μg.g-1。本方法简便、准确、线性范围宽、灵敏度高,可用于本品的质量控制。     

摘叶处理对“赤霞珠”葡萄3-异丁基-2-甲氧基吡嗪积累的影响

以5年生"赤霞珠"葡萄为试材,通过果穗周围叶片全部摘除的方式,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气质联用(GC-MS)技术,利用稳定同位素做内标来检测葡萄果实中3-异丁基-2-甲氧基吡嗪(IBMP)的含量,确定最佳摘叶处理的时间以有效降低烟台"赤霞珠"葡萄中IBMP的含量。结果表明:花前摘叶处理可以明显降低葡萄果实中IBMP的含量,而转色期摘叶不会影响葡萄果实中IBMP的含量;HS-SPME结合GC-MS,利用稳定同位素做内标的方法具有较低的检测限和定量限。花前摘叶处理能有效降低"赤霞珠"葡萄IBMP的含量,进而可以改善胶东"赤霞珠"葡萄酒香气。     

一年两收栽培‘赤霞珠’葡萄冬果与夏果花色苷组分差异解析北大核心CSCD

【目的】探究一年两收栽培模式下酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’两季葡萄花色苷的组分差异。【方法】以成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果和夏果为试验材料,利用高效液相色谱质谱(HPLC-MS)联用技术检测其果皮中花色苷的组成和含量,并监控不同发育期浆果的理化指标变化。【结果】‘赤霞珠’冬果果粒质量小于夏果,但果皮鲜质量和可溶性固形物含量高于夏果;成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果果皮中共检测到17种花色苷,而夏果中检测到16种;成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果果皮中的花色苷总量及大多数花色苷含量显著高于夏果;‘赤霞珠’冬果葡萄果皮中3’,5’-羟基取代花色苷、酰化修饰及甲基化花色苷的含量显著高于夏果。【结论】通过对气候条件的分析,与夏季相比,一年两收栽培区南宁下半年较长的光照时间、较少的极端高温(≥35℃)及更为干燥的气候是酿酒葡萄冬果成熟度高、花色苷总量及稳定花色苷含量都显著高于夏果的主要原因。因此,南宁地区下半年的气候条件更有利于酿酒葡萄生产。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.