淇河鲫IL-8 cDNA克隆及组织表达分析

IL-8是最早发现的趋化因子,属于CXC亚家族,与鱼类非特异性免疫水平关系密切。实验采用同源克隆和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)方法,从淇河鲫总RNA反转录产物中获得了641 bp IL-8cDNA序列,其中包含102 bp的5’非编码区,242 bp的3’非编码区和297 bp的开放阅读框。该基因编码由98个氨基酸残基组成的前体蛋白,前22个氨基酸残基为信号肽。肽链中含有4个保守半胱氨酸,前2个半胱氨酸被1个精氨酸分隔,形成CXC结构。第一个半胱氨酸前缺乏ELR基序,其组成是DPR。由氨基酸同源性分析和进化分析可知,淇河鲫IL-8与鲤、鳙、草鱼、鲢等鲤科鱼类的进化关系较近,与鲤IL-8的同源性最高(94%)。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测,淇河鲫IL-8在被检测的8个组织中都有表达,其中在肌肉中的表达量最高,其次为脾脏、头肾和脑等。研究结果对调控淇河鲫非特异性免疫能力,提高淇河鲫健康养殖水平具有一定参考价值。     

鲢IL-8基因的克隆与表达分析

采用RACE-PCR方法,从鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)头肾SMARTcDNA中获得了679 bp IL-8 cDNA序列。结果显示:该序列包含169 bp的5′非编码区,213 bp 3′端非编码区和297 bp的开放阅读框;鲢IL-8的开放阅读框编码98个氨基酸残基,其中包含构成两对二硫键的4个保守半胱氨酸。RT-PCR结果显示鲢:IL-8 mRNA主要在胰、肝脏和头肾中表达。将鲢IL-8不含信号肽的成熟多肽克隆到原核融合表达载体pQE30上,转入大肠杆菌M15内进行表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳后显示,重组融合蛋白在分子量约11kD处有一明显表达带,与预期计算的分子量大小相一致。     

军曹鱼白细胞介素1β基因的克隆、分析及表达

采用同源克隆和锚定PCR技术，从军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadium Linnaeus)中克隆到白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β)基因cDNA的全序列。军曹鱼IL-1β的cDNA全长1104bp，3′非编码区域(UTR)为255bp，5′UTR为108bp，开放阅读框(ORF)为741bp，编码246个氨基酸，分子量大约为27．68kD，理论等电点为5．71。同源性分析表明，该序列与其他鱼类甚至哺乳动物的IL-1β基因具有很高的相似性，并含有白细胞介素家族的签名序列(signature)。同时，利用RT—PCR技术，对特异性病原刺激下该基因在鱼体内的表达情况进行初步研究，发现IL-1β基因在鱼体的多种组织中都有表达，而经过脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide，LPS)刺激后，目的基因在组织中的表达明显增加，但是在不同组织内的表达存在差异。研究显示，军曹鱼IL-1β基因存在组成型和诱导型2种表达调控机制，在抵御病原感染过程中发挥重要作用。     

斑节对虾细胞周期蛋白Y基因克隆与原核表达

为了研究细胞周期蛋白Y(cyclin Y)在斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)卵巢发育中的作用,从斑节对虾转录组数据中筛选获得cyclin Y基因部分序列,采用SMART-RACE方法克隆得到斑节对虾细胞周期蛋白Y(Pm-cyclin Y)基因c DNA全序列。Pm-cyclin Y基因c DNA全长1576 bp,其中包含108 bp的5′非编码区(5′UTR)和439 bp的3′非编码区(3′UTR)以及1029 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),可编码342个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,其编码的氨基酸序列有1个保守的周期蛋白框(cyclin box)同源结构域(172~257 aa),预测的分子量约为37.6 k D,理论等电点6.64。实时定量PCR显示其m RNA在卵巢的表达量显著高于其他组织(P0.05);并且在卵巢5个不同发育期都有表达,在III期卵巢中的表达量最高。本研究通过原核表达方法对Pm-cyclin Y进行重组表达,为其蛋白质功能方面的研究奠定了基础。     

淇河鲫甘露糖受体基因克隆及嗜水气单胞菌感染对其基因表达的影响

为了解淇河鲫甘露糖受体(mannose receptor,MR)的结构特点及其在抗感染免疫反应中的作用,实验通过同源克隆和RACE技术,获得了淇河鲫甘露糖受体(CaMR)全长c DNA,并采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术研究了嗜水气单胞菌感染对CaMR组织表达的影响。结果显示,CaMR c DNA全长4473 bp,5′非编码区81 bp,3′非编码区90 bp,编码一个由1433 aa组成的前体蛋白,其中前20 aa为信号肽。CaMR的氨基酸序列和分子结构与其他物种高度相似:胞外一个富含半胱氨酸的结构域(CRD)、一个纤连蛋白II型结构域(FNIID)及8个串连的C型凝集素样结构域(CTLDs),一个跨膜区和一个很短的胞内区。氨基酸同源性和进化分析显示,CaMR与草鱼、团头鲂、斑马鱼等鲤科鱼类的进化关系较近,与草鱼MR的同源性最高(82.4%)。通过qPCR检测到头肾、脾、心脏、肌肉等10种组织中均有表达,其中头肾表达量最高;嗜水气单胞菌感染后,头肾、脾和心脏MR基因的相对表达量均呈先升后降的趋势,而肠道则呈下降趋势,肌肉的表达量变化不显著。本研究为进一步揭示CaMR在免疫反应中的作用机制及其在淇河鲫疾病防治中的应用奠定了基础。     

橘色双冠丽鱼体色相关基因mitf的结构及表达调控特性

为了解小眼畸形相关转录因子mitf基因在鱼类早期体色褪黑过程中的调控作用,本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得橘色双冠丽鱼(Amphilophus citrinellus) mitf基因cDNA序列全长,利用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)技术检测其在橘色双冠丽鱼胚胎不同发育时期、体色褪黑不同时期和各个组织中的表达规律。获得mitf基因2个亚型,其中,mitf1的cDNA全长为1816 bp,包括5′非编码区(UTR) 158 bp、3′UTR 428 bp、开放阅读框(ORF) 1230 bp,共编码409个氨基酸;mitf2的cDNA全长为1638 bp,包括5´UTR 160 bp、3´UTR 428 bp和ORF 1050 bp,共编码349个氨基酸。同源性和系统进化分析显示,mitf1和mitf2聚在一小支,与慈鲷科(Cichlidae)鱼类同源性最高,与哺乳类动物同源性较低。qRT-PCR结果显示,在成鱼各个组织中,mitf1和mitf2均有不同程度表达,其中,眼部表达量最高且显著高于其他组织(P<0.05),肌肉、脑和肾脏也有较高表达;mitf1和mitf2在胚胎各个发育时期均有表达,在受精卵时期表达量最高,显著高于其他胚胎期;随着橘色双冠丽鱼体色由黑色过渡到橘黄色,mitf1和mitf2在鱼皮肤、鳞片、尾鳍中的表达均呈逐渐下降的趋势,表明mitf基因表达与鱼体色由黑到黄转变的表型间存在关联性,推测与鱼体色发育阶段色素细胞的分化和分布比例的动态变化相关。本研究通过了解鱼类体色发育和变异的分子基础,可为鱼类色素细胞发育和体色人工改良积累资料。     

奥利亚罗非鱼雌激素β受体两种亚型cDNA的克隆、组织分布及雌激素对其表达的影响

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆了奥利亚罗非鱼β雌激素受体基因(estrogen receptorβ,ERβ)两种亚型的cDNA全序列(ERβ1和ERβ2)。荧光定量PCR分析雌雄奥利亚罗非鱼两种亚型的组织分布,并观察注射外源雌激素对雄性奥利亚罗非鱼下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴雌激素受体ERα和β(β1/β2)基因表达的影响。序列分析表明,ERβ1cDNA全长为4262bp,其中包含239bp5′非编码区,2349bp3′非编码区和1674bp的开放阅读框,共编码557个氨基酸。ERβ2 cDNA全长为2506bp,包含5′非编码区393bp,3′非编码区109bp,阅读框为2004bp,共编码667个氨基酸。氨基酸序列同源性分析显示奥利亚罗非鱼ERβ1与尼罗罗非鱼的相似性高达99.1%,而与鲈形目其它鱼类的相似性为82.6%～94.2%。ERβ2氨基酸序列与尼罗罗非鱼的相似性为98.7%,与大口黑鲈、虹鳟、底鳉及斑马鱼的相似性分别为81.8%、76.3%、64.7%和55.0%。在系统进化树上奥利亚罗非鱼的ERβ1和ERβ2分别与尼罗罗非鱼的相应受体聚类。奥利亚罗非鱼ERβ1/β2基因在所检测的10种组织中均有...     

大弹涂鱼白细胞介素-8基因分子进化及不同病原体刺激对其表达的影响

实验从大弹涂鱼皮肤组织转录组中筛选出大弹涂鱼IL-8基因,并分析了其序列特征,构建了系统发生树,评估了IL-8基因在健康个体不同组织中的表达差异,以及在不同病原体刺激下IL-8基因在机体主要免疫器官肝脏和脾脏中的表达情况。结果显示,该基因的开放阅读框由306个碱基组成,编码101个氨基酸残基,包含典型的由18个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,和1个由62个氨基酸残基组成的SCY结构域,该结构域还包含了4个保守的半胱氨酸残基,分别为Cys-30、Cys-32、Cys-57和Cys-73。大弹涂鱼IL-8氨基酸序列中的受体结合位点基序ELR (Glu-Leu-Arg)被Asn-Ser-His (NSH)取代,系统进化分析表明,纯化选择影响了鱼类该基序的多样性,且IL-8基因在大弹涂鱼乃至硬骨鱼中不可取代。荧光定量实验结果显示,IL-8基因在大弹涂鱼的健康组织中广泛表达,在鳃和脑中表达量最高。细菌和poly(I∶C)注射实验表明,在受到感染后,肝、脾和脑组织中IL-8的表达量均上调,说明IL-8基因在大弹涂鱼肝、脾和脑组织的炎性反应和免疫应答中起到了重要作用,为大弹涂鱼免疫基因的后续研究提供了参考。     

鳜胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA全长的克隆与序列分析

利用RT–PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA全长序列,并对该基因的结构特征和系统进化关系进行了分析。鳜胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA序列全长1367 bp,5′端非翻译区43 bp,3′端非翻译区187 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1137 bp,共编码378个氨基酸。鳜胃蛋白酶原氨基末端存在信号肽和激活肽序列,序列中含有催化活性必需的2个天冬氨酸残基和构成二硫键的6个半胱氨酸残基。鳜胃蛋白酶原氨基酸序列与其他脊椎动物胃蛋白酶原氨基酸序列的同源性为59.9%～91.2%,表明胃蛋白酶原基因在脊椎动物的长期进化中比较保守。鳜胃蛋白酶原基因的成功克隆不仅为进一步研究该基因的时空表达奠定基础,而且为鱼类胃蛋白酶原的分子特征和进化提供了新的资料。     

日本鳗鲡谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 1 和 4 的克隆、分析和组织表达分布

采用RACE技术,克隆了日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1和4(GPx1、GPx4)基因的完整编码序列(Complete coding sequence,CDS)。GPx1基因全长993bp,5′非编码区(UTR)29bp,CDS573bp,3′UTR372bp,PolyA19bp;第803-898位碱基(位于3′UTR)形成1个硒半胱氨酸插入序列(Selenocysteine insertion sequence,SECIS),协助144-146位密码子TGA编码Sec。GPX4基因全长1048bp,5′UTR115bp,CDS561bp,3′UTR346bp,polyA26bp,第766-863位碱基(位于3′UTR)形成1个SECIS,协助299-301位密码子TGA编码Sec。GPx1包含190个氨基酸,分子量21.4kD,等电点8.04,第21位氨基酸具有1个潜在的N-糖基化位点。GPx4包含186个氨基酸,分子量21.4kD,等电点8.85,第68位和153位氨基酸具有2个潜在的N-糖基化位点。GPx1、GPx4均具有Sec、Trp、Gln和Asn构成的催化四联体。日本鳗鲡与其他脊椎动物相比,GPx1的核苷酸序列一致性为42.7%～60.2%,氨基酸序列一致性为56.4%～80.4%;GPx4的核苷酸序列一致性为46.5%～60.2%,氨基酸序列一致性为59.9%～81.2%。进化分析显示,脊椎动物的GPx1、GPx4分别占据进化树的不同分支。利用Swiss-Model预测了日本鳗鲡GPx1、GPx4单体的3D模型,序列分析显示,GPx1可以形成1个同源四聚体。本研究在克隆日本鳗鲡β-actin基因部分CDS序列的基础上,采用Real-timeRT-PCR方法,检测了日本鳗鲡GPx1、GPx4基因表达,比较了GPx1、GPx4在鳃、皮肤、肌肉、肝、脾、肾、肠组织中的表达变化,发现在鳗鲡的肠、肌肉、肝脏等组织中GPx1、GPx4明显表达,并且GPx1的表达量高于GPx4。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.