Phytoremediation Possibilities of Boron-Contaminated Environments by Wild Plants Growing on Boron Reserve Areas in Turkey

Turkey has almost 70% of the total boron (B) in the world, and B-reserve areas form a special habitat in terms of plant–environment relationships. In this study, these relationships were used to investigate phytoremediation possibilities for B-contaminated environments. Field studies were carried out in seven different open B mine sites and their environments in four different provinces of Turkey. At the end of chemical analyses of soil and plant samples, 11 wild and potential phytoremediator plant species were determined; two of them were aquatic whereas nine were terrestrial. Some of the species were halophytes. Puccinella distans subsp. distans (Poaceae) and Gypsophila perfoliata subsp. perfoliata (Caryophyllaceae) showed both the greatest tolerance and greatest B accumulation ratios. The results of the present study could be used as a tool to improve effective and environmentally friendly management strategies for both aquatic and terrestrial environments contaminated with high B concentrations.     

Alternative Opportunities for Small Farms: A Case Study on Technical and Economic Analysis of Peach Growing in Turkey

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the producers' conditions and some technical and economic characteristics of peach growing in Kemalpasa, Izmir. Main data was collected by interviewing peach growers selected by using the random sampling method. In this study, average yield per hectare and average yield per tree were determined to be 16,848 kg and 37.7 kg. Average size of the peach orchard was found to be 1.09 hectares. It was observed that the growers preferred square planting with 4.5 m × 4.5 m spacing, rather than triangle planting. Input use and number of replications of cultural practices during production season were also determined in the study. It was observed that more than 82% of peach growers harvested their crop themselves. Net return obtained per hectare and per tree from peaches was determined to be $839 and $1.88, respectively.     

Characterization of Cement Plant Emissions in Turkey

In cement plants in Turkey CO, NO₂, SO₂ and particulate emissions were measured using standard measurement techniques and equipment. Emission factors are calculated by dividing the emission rates by capacity of production at the time of measurements for each plant. The results of this study show that the dominant emissions from cement production in Turkey is CO followed by NO₂, dust and SO₂ in decreasing order. National averages for the emission factors are calculated and compared to international emission factors. On average the Turkish dust emission factor is higher than the German factor, however NO₂ and SO₂ emission factors are lower in Turkey.     

Emission Factors of Cement Industry in Turkey

The levels of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S,Se and Zn in the terrestrial mosses Scleropodium purumand Hypnum cupressiforme, collected from 75 samplingsites in Galicia (NW Spain), were determined. Using thesedata, four statistical methods of estimating backgroundlevels were then compared: one based on the use ofmultifactorial analysis, another that uses modal analysis, athird based on analysis of cumulative frequency curves, andthe last, which involves identifying groups of data with acovariance close to 60%. The first method was discountedbecause of difficulties in interpretation of the resultingdata. Very different estimates of background levels ofelements were obtained depending on which of the remainingmethods was used, and modal analysis was finally chosen asthe most suitable. Background levels varied depending on themoss species used and the levels of Al, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni,Pb and Se in the two species were significantly different(p < 0.001). It was found that the dominant lithology in thesampling area had no influence on the estimated background levels.     

生物燃料的发展趋势

化石燃料是人类生产、生活的主要能源.石油、煤、天然气等不可再生化石燃料在能源消耗中的比重达到86.8%(http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/weo2006.pdf).按照目前全世界对化石燃料的消耗速度计算,这些能源可供人类使用的时间大约仅有:石油45～50年,天然气50～60年,煤炭200～220年.     

Liming in Growing Mango Cultivar Keitt in Production

The tropical soil acidity is one of the main limiting factors for crop productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of application of limestone dose to soil fertility, nutritional status of the crop, and productivity and quality of the fruits of mango, cultivar Keitt. The study was carried out at Selvíria, state of Mato Grosso Sul, Brazil, in a Typic Haplustox (pH in CaCl₂ = 4.7), cultivated with mango cultivar Keitt grafted on Coquinho pattern in the production phase (13 years old). Treatments were composed of limestone doses (0, 1.55, 3.10, 4.65, and 6.20 t ha^?1), arranged in blocks at random with three repetitions. The limestone was applied and incorporated in the surface layer of 0 to 5 cm deep in the total area. We evaluated the chemical attributes of the soil [pH, hydrogen (H+) aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sum of bases and base saturation] at 16 and 28 months after liming (layer 0 to 20 cm deep), the nutrition of plants at 12 months after liming, and quality of the fruit in two crop years. Liming promoted improvements in soil chemical attributes, reflected in the nutritional status, productivity, and quality of mango fruit. Also, there was a linear effect with the application of lime dose on the productivity of the fruit, but after the second year of evaluation.     

土耳其能源教育计划概况及述评

土耳其对能源教育有着特殊的兴趣。对土耳其目前的能源教育计划、结构及现状与前景进行了剖析,在此基础上,提出土耳其欲想发展自己的能源教育,就必须及时建立有效的、包括正式与非正式环境教育在内的能源教育计划。     

金沙江流域不同牧草生长特性分析

为了促进金沙江干热河谷区草业开发、畜牧业基地建设和生态农业发展，筛选出再生性强、产量水平高、水分利用效率高的人工牧草，我们于2005年研究了4个不同牧草的再生草产量、再生草生长速度以及再生草水分利用效率。结果表明，所有引进种二茬草的再生速度都比当地轮生狗尾草高。所有引进种再生草的产量都高于当地轮生狗尾草。斯伦春大翼豆、德梅纳罗克非洲狗尾草、贝斯莉斯克伏生臂形草等牧草再生草产量高，水分利用效率高，再生性强，是适于在金沙江干热河谷地区推广种植的节水型牧草。     

刍议土壤肥力与植物生长

土壤肥力与植物生长密不可分，本论述了土壤肥力对植物生长的影响，并提出培植地力，实现可持续发展的建议。     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

Macro element status of Mandarin orchards in Southern Turkey

Abstract

Citrus nutrition and fertility of the orchards are not intensively studied in Turkey compared to the size of orchards and amount of production. A survey study was conducted in Eastern Mediterranean Coast of Turkey to evaluate the macro element status of Mandarin orchards and to define potential correlations between the soil parameters and leaf element contents. Twenty five mandarin orchards were selected for the survey study. Soil and leaf samples were collected from each orchard based on the size and uniformity. The amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were measured in soil and leaf samples. The results indicated that there were not apparent nutrient deficiencies in the soils, however, the macro element deficiencies in the leaves were detected. Only a few number of correlations existed between the soil and leaf parameters. Previous fertilizer applications by growers should be considered in the current fertilizer programs.     

稻草还田下非稻季持续淹水对稻季CH_4和CO_2排放的影响

稻草还田和非稻季持续淹水是我国最重要的稻田管理方式之一,此种管理方式下稻田碳排放并不清楚。本研究以江汉平原中稻-冬闲制度为对象,探讨稻草还田耦合非稻季持续淹水对稻季碳排放的影响,为准确评估稻田温室气体排放提供数据支撑和理论支持。结果表明,在稻草秸秆全量覆盖还田下,非稻季自然排水比持续淹水显著降低稻季CH_4累积排放量,稻季第一次排水晒田之前CH_4排放占总排放量的80%以上;非稻季持续淹水使稻季CO_2累积排放量比自然排水稍有降低,CO_2排放主要集中在第一次排水晒田之后,占总排放量的60%左右。非稻季淹水降低稻季土壤NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和DOC浓度以及10 cm土层土壤Eh值,但使乙酸浓度升高,这可能是稻草还田耦合非稻季淹水导致CH_4排放量增加的主要原因。     

Elemental prospecting and geoarchaeology in Turkey and Mexico

Understanding past human impacts on soils requires many forms of evidence including elemental chemistry. Human activities leave traces of different elements, distinguishing activity sites. Since the 1990s more scholars have used a full range of analytical techniques including inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP/MS). Also since that time the near singular focus on phosphate as a prime indicator of human activity has broadened to include a large suite of elemental indicators, aided by the emergence of many tools and techniques such as ICP. This paper focuses on the elemental chemistry of sediments at two archaeology sites, Chunchucmil, Mexico, and Kinet, Turkey. The purpose of this study is to understand how certain elements correlate with each other and vary by space and time at different archaeology sites, and as an important methodological consideration, how different solvents affect ICP-AES analyses. In other words, does human activity significantly alter the elemental chemistry of a site, and if so, is this in a systematic way or does it vary geographically? And, are these chemical signatures of human activity hidden or highlighted by different ICP methods? We examined soil chemistry by types of geomorphic and archaeological location contexts (e.g., floors, natural deposits, walls, streets) and by age of deposit (e.g., Hellenistic, Iron Age) to detect differences in soil chemistry signatures associated with them, and for regional variations in ICP methods’ effectiveness. Our analyses revealed detectable differences between natural and anthropogenic deposits, site types, eras, and large differences between methods. High amounts of lead were correlated with streets and rooms in the Medieval and Bronze periods in Kinet, Turkey and natural deposits had lower levels of cadmium and mercury. ICP-NP treatments revealed higher detection levels of most elements than did ICP-DT treatments in Chunchucmil, Mexico.     

冬小麦北移种植的研究进展

就“冬麦北移”问题的提出和研究进展，以及“冬麦北移”中应注意的问题进行综述，旨为“冬麦北移”的进一步研究开展和我国北方冬麦区的规划提供参考依据。     

气候变暖对信阳地区水稻生育期的影响

利用1961-2008年信阳气象站气象资料和1981-2007年信阳农业气象试验站水稻生育期观测资料,分析了气候变暖对信阳地区水稻生育期的影响。结果表明:信阳地区近48a年平均气温整体呈上升趋势,但具有明显的阶段特征,1981年之前温度总体呈降低趋势,而1981年之后(含1981年)温度呈显著上升趋势;水稻生长季内4-5月变暖趋势最为显著,平均温度、最高温度和最低温度均显著上升,其它时段变暖趋势不明显。4-5月温度的显著升高使水稻播种和移栽日期呈显著提前的变化趋势;另一方面,由于生长季中后期温度变化不明显,水稻抽穗和成熟日期无显著变化,造成水稻移栽-抽穗期显著延长。播种期和移栽期提前,有利于水稻早生快发,培育适龄壮秧,移栽-抽穗期延长可相应延长水稻穗分化时间,有利于大穗的形成和产量的提高。     

Impact of Pollutant Elements on Vegetables Growing in Sewage-Sludge-Treated Soils

Samples from potato (Solanum tubersosum), cauliflower (Bropica Oleracu var. Botryhs), and cabbage (Brassica Olerace var. Capitela) and soil samples were collected from fields receiving sewage sludge loads for a long periods and were analyzed for their total concentration of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) in different plant parts and in soil samples. Estimation of these pollutant elements was also made in the extract of the rooting zone (soil) of these plants. The accumulation of pollutant elements was higher in roots than in leaves and shoots, whereas the soil nearer to the discharge point had the maximum DTPA-CaCl₂ extractable pollutant elements and their concentrations diminished with distance. In soil samples, accumulation of the pollutant elements occurred in the order Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd > Co. In vegetables, the rate of accumulation was in the order potato > cauliflower > cabbage. The growth of the vegetable plants on contaminated soil was depressed, young leaves showed marked chlorosis, and brown necrotic spots later developed on almost the entire foliage of plants. With increase in age, the affected leaves had a wilted look. The vegetables growing near the discharge point contained the maximum amounts of heavy metals, which were above toxic limits. Of these elements, the accumulation of Cr by potato was highest.     

茹河流域沙棘种植技术及效益

茹河流域水土流失严重,生态环境恶劣,社会经济发展缓慢,农民群众生活尚处在低层次的温饱线上,因此水土流失治理是该流域建设与发展的重点。在长期的治理实践中,发现沙棘是治理水土流失、发展经济的先锋树种。运用科学的种植技术在茹河流域发展了大片沙棘林,既治理了水土流失、改善了生态环境,又增加了当地群众的收入,调动了群众的积极性,取得了明显的经济、生态和社会效益。介绍了沙棘种植的关键技术。     

Trends on Soil Science in Brazil

Journal of Soils and Sediments -     

太湖地区麦季氮素淋失特征

通过排水采集器模拟试验,研究了太湖地区不同施肥水平下,麦作期间农田氮素淋洗特点。结果表明,麦季氮素渗漏损失以NO3--N为主,占总氮量的36.2%～99.1%,平均高达82.9%,NO3--N淋洗量随施肥量的增加而增加。不同施肥水平及肥料种类,对于NO3--N淋洗有着不同的影响,在试验的施肥水平下,麦作期间氮素淋失对地下水存在潜在污染。