脱毒骏枣幼树叶片叶绿素含量和光合日变化的研究

比较分析了脱毒骏枣幼树与普通骏枣幼树叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等光合生理指标的日变化。结果表明:脱毒骏枣树叶绿素a与普通骏枣树相比,存在显著差异;脱毒骏枣树与普通骏枣树的光合日变化趋势基本一致,脱毒骏枣树的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度总体水平高于普通骏枣树,且在上午光合有效时间内脱毒骏枣树的光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度与普通骏枣树呈极显著差异,蒸腾速率呈显著差异。     

不同枣树品种气体交换特性及水分利用效率影响因子研究

以辽宁省朝阳地区8个枣树品种为试验对象,对净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及其影响因子、气体交换特性进行研究,结果表明:不同枣树品种叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率日变化均呈"双峰型"曲线。光合速率最大值依次为金丝王枣金丝王蜜枣金丝蜜枣冬枣三星枣大平顶枣山西枣树大铃铛枣;蒸腾速率最大值依次为金丝蜜枣金丝王枣金丝王蜜枣大铃铛枣冬枣=山西枣树三星枣大平顶枣;水分利用效率最大值依次为金丝王枣金丝王蜜枣金丝蜜枣三星枣山西枣树冬枣大平顶枣大铃铛枣。金丝王枣、金丝王蜜枣和金丝蜜枣3个品种水分利用效率较高,更适合朝阳等干旱地区的气候特点。胞间CO2浓度和气孔导度是枣树水分利用效率最直接的影响因子。     

不同新疆核桃品种的光合特性

为了探明新疆主栽核桃品种的光合能力,以新疆8个主栽核桃品种为试材,利用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统测定了不同品种各光合参数的日变化。研究结果表明:扎343和609的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著高于其它品种,而新丰和917的各光合参数均显著低于其它品种;各核桃品种的光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈负相关;各品种的叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的日变化曲线呈明显的双峰曲线,胞间CO2浓度的日变化曲线表现为不规则的双谷型;各品种的光合"午休"现象是气孔因素和非气孔因素双重影响的结果。     

不同核桃品种光合特性比较研究

用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,对香玲、鲁光、清香、西林3号、西洛3号5个核桃品种的光合生理特性进行了研究。结果表明,5个品种的净光合速率日平均值大小顺序为香玲>鲁光>清香>西林三号>西洛3号。净光合速率日变化、蒸腾速率日变化和气孔导度日变化曲线均呈单峰型和双峰型;不同品种净光合速率与蒸腾速率、气孔导度,蒸腾速率与气孔导度均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);香玲品种核桃苗叶光补偿点、光饱和点分别为58.997、1 450μmo1·m-2·s-1。     

水分胁迫对3个枣品种光合特性及水分利用率的影响

对朝阳地区常见的3个品种枣苗(大平顶枣、金铃圆枣、三星大枣)2年生嫁接苗进行4个不同的土壤控水处理,测定出3个品种枣苗在不同水分胁迫条件下的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等光合特性指标,并计算水分利用效率,以探讨水分胁迫对3个枣品种光合特性及水分利用率的影响,结果表明:土壤水分的变化与净光合速率和气孔导度的变化呈正比关系;在重度胁迫条件下,随着胁迫时间的增加,3个枣品种胞间CO2浓度值接近直线上升状态;随干旱胁迫强度加大,蒸腾速率呈下降趋势。三个枣品种抗旱性大小顺序为三星大枣金铃圆枣大平顶枣。     

甘肃沿黄灌区30个枣树品种光合及水分利用特性

为给甘肃沿黄灌区枣树良种筛选提供一定的理论依据,以30个4年生引进枣树品种为研究对象,测定并比较了叶片光合生理和植物水分利用效率等指标。结果表明,制干及干鲜兼用枣的骏枣、金谷大枣、金昌1号、灰枣和新郑灰枣的净光合速率和水分利用效率均高;不落酥、马铃枣、尜尜枣和冷白玉等鲜食枣的净光合速率分别为13.89、15.03、12.94和12.67μmol/(m2·s),水分利用效率均高达2.28以上;与净光合速率的相关系数由高到低依次为蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度;与气孔导度的相关系数由高到低依次为:胞间CO2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率。单从光合生理和水分利用效率角度考虑,该地区制干及干鲜兼用枣推荐栽种骏枣、金谷大枣、金昌1号、灰枣和新郑灰枣;鲜食枣推荐不落酥、马铃枣、尜尜枣和冷白玉;葫芦枣、磨盘枣和胎里红3种观赏枣均可栽种。     

光合作用对广西5种珍贵乡土树种幼林生长的影响研究

测量及分析红椎等5种广西珍贵乡土树种4年生幼树光合参数和生长特性指标,结果表明:不同树种光合参数差异显著或极显著,各树种净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率范围分别为4.81~12.13 umol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、0.02~0.08 mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、348.55~498.48 umol·mol~(-1)、0.89~1.96 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),净光合速率与气孔导度差异规律相同,胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率差异规律与净光合速率、气孔导度差异规律相近似,表现为红椎各参数值最高,火力楠、红花荷次之,降香黄檀和格木各参数值均较低;除水分利用率外,树高与净光合速率等光合参数均呈极显著正相关,胸径与净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO_2浓度呈显著正相关,冠幅与净光合速率和蒸腾速率呈显著正相关;认为各珍贵乡土树种间光合能力差异明显,红椎光合能力强,火力楠、红花荷光合能力次于红椎,格木、降香黄檀光合能力相对最弱。光合能力的强弱直接影响5种珍贵乡土树种生长,光合能力强的树种生长表现好。     

辽宁核桃品种光合特性研究

以辽宁1号核桃等8种核桃为试材,使用Yaxin-1102便携式光合蒸腾仪,在田间条件下,对核桃光合作用进行了初步研究。结果表明:辽宁1号核桃净光合速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象。不同品种间净光合速率有差异;光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶温均呈单峰型曲线,细胞间隙CO2浓度呈双谷型曲线;核桃净光合速率日变化与叶温极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度极显著负相关。     

太空诱变油茶M1代光合特性的研究

为了探明太空诱变油茶M1代的光合生理特性,笔者对油茶苗苗高、地径等生长发育指标及净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、水分利用率等光合日变化参数进行测定和对比分析。结果表明太空诱变油茶M1代的苗高和地径都得到提高,且地径增长达到显著水平;太空诱变油茶M1代的净光合速率日变化为双峰型,在上午11：00时达到首峰,为10.83 mol/m2·s,下午13：00时出现次峰,为6.40 mol/m2·s;胞间CO2浓度变化趋势与净光合速率变化趋势刚好完全相反;蒸腾速率日变化与气孔导度日变化均为单峰型,且趋势完全一致;水分利用率变化趋势与蒸腾速率变化趋势相反。     

高温对20个鸡爪槭品种叶片形态和光合特性的影响

利用自然高温胁迫,研究了高温对20个鸡爪槭品种叶片形态、净光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和气孔限制值等参数的影响及各参数间的相关性,并以耐热性指标隶属度进行评价。结果表明,20个鸡爪槭品种的耐热性存在明显的差异,d1118和c1116是耐热性最强的2个品种,经过自然高温处理没有出现热害症状,y1106、y1107和x1119耐热性最差,其余品种介于2者之间;多数品种经热处理后净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率下降显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01),水分利用效率提高显著(P0.05),表现出明显的气孔抑制;品种d1118高温处理与对照相比净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著增加,表现出极强的高温适应性;品种j1123高温条件下净光合速率下降,但仍保持较高的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,属于典型的非气孔抑制;高温引起的叶片热害症状与光合参数间不存在显著的相关性,但与蒸腾速率的相对变化值有显著(P0.05)的负相关。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.