4种野生铁线莲种子萌发特性研究

为研究激素处理、浸种温度及贮藏方式对铁线莲属植物种子萌发的影响,以黄花铁线莲、灌木铁线莲、短尾铁线莲和粗齿铁线莲4种野生铁线莲种子为材料,设置不同梯度激素水平和浸种温度水平,及不同贮藏方式对供试种子进行处理,观察萌发情况。结果表明:灌木铁线莲在50 mg/L GA_3中萌发情况最好,发芽率为64.45%,10 mg/L GA_3能显著促进黄花铁线莲、短尾铁线莲和粗齿铁线莲种子萌发,发芽率分别为55.89%、55.56%和22.22%。黄花铁线莲最适浸种温度为25℃、灌木铁线莲最适浸种温度为30℃,短尾铁线莲和粗齿铁线莲分别在20℃和15℃中发芽率最高,发芽率分别为55.55%、45.55%、25.56%和41.11%。黄花铁线莲、短尾铁线莲和粗齿铁线莲的最适贮藏条件为地窖层积沙藏,发芽率分别为51.11%、38.89%和51.11%,灌木铁线莲的最适贮藏条件为冰箱4℃层积沙藏,发芽率分别为78.89%。     

9种野生花卉种子生物学特性研究

该文研究了9种野生花卉的千粒重、含水量、种子形态及种子萌发特性。试验结果表明,在设定的温度范围15～25℃内,种子萌发难易度有明显不同。大花剪秋萝（Lychnis fulgens）和狭苞橐吾（Ligularia intermedia）较易萌发,发芽历程短,萌发的最适温度分别为25℃和20℃,发芽率分别达到97．3％和100％;芹叶铁线莲（Clematis aethusifolia）、短尾铁线莲（Clematis brevicaudata）和棉团铁线莲（Clematis hexapetala）发芽历程长,种子始发芽晚,在20℃条件下发芽率均达到最高,分别为88％,84％和57．3％。野罂粟（Papaver nudicaule）、牛扁（Aeonitum barbatumvar puberlum）、草本威灵仙（Veronicastrum sibiricum）和金莲花（Trollius chinensis）发芽率低,在试验条件下种子最高萌发率分别为29％,20％,17％和4．0％。     

大叶椴种子不同贮藏方式对发芽和出苗率的影响

在大叶椴种子贮藏时期进行打破休眠对发芽率和出苗率影响的试验表明:即先从大叶椴坚硬果实内取出休眠种子在浓硫酸中脱皮10 min后,再在无基质(3℃)条件下层积催芽140～168 d(直到第1粒种子开始发芽为止).结果表明:经过处理后的种子当发芽试验中昼夜温度为3～15℃(16 h+8 h)时,几周后种子的发芽率达90%;...     

化学处理提高大叶千斤拔种子发芽率的试验

大叶千斤拔是一种具有饲用及药用价值的豆科植物,种子育苗发芽率低,不能满足人工栽培需要。通过不同化学处理试验结果:经浓硫酸浸泡10min的处理其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数为最高,依次为92.0%、92.0%,148.38,此方法可用于大叶千金拔育苗种子的处理。     

不同环境因子对落叶女贞种子萌发特性影响的研究

为了给落叶女贞快速繁殖提供理论依据,以落叶女贞种子为试验材料,采用纸上发芽法,研究了不同赤霉素浓度、温度、光照和土壤湿度对落叶女贞种子萌发的影响,结果表明:25℃是落叶女贞种子的最适发芽温度,发芽率达92%,有光时的种子发芽率高于无光时的,但落叶女贞种子在有光和无光时发芽率差异不显著;200mg/L赤霉素处理落叶女贞种子的发芽率最高,达78.56%;在土壤湿度为20%时,落叶女贞种子发芽率最高,达93.52%,萌芽速度最快。     

赤霉素对三种白蜡种子发芽率的影响

在不同温度条件下,利用不同浓度的赤霉素对大叶白蜡、绒毛白蜡和水曲柳的种子进行药剂催芽试验,浸种时间均为48 h,分别以经过层积处理60 d的种子作为对照。结果表明,用适宜浓度的赤霉素处理后,在20℃~30℃的变温条件下,可以显著提高大叶白蜡和绒毛白蜡种子的发芽率。催芽大叶白蜡的最佳处理组合为200 mg/L,平均发芽率为71%,催芽绒毛白蜡最佳处理组合为300 mg/L(20℃~30℃),平均发芽率为73%,发芽率均接近各自的对照,催芽效果十分显著。水曲柳具有相对深的休眠特性,单纯赤霉素处理不能有效打破水曲柳种子的休眠。     

不同光照和土壤水分对3种龙脑香科植物种子发芽的影响

2007和2008连续两年的1月、10月,分别采集云南龙脑香科的东京龙脑香、望天树、狭叶坡垒的种子,将种子在不同光照(20%、40%、60%和80%)和不同土壤水分(土壤含水量20%、40%、60%和80%)条件下进行种子萌发试验,研究不同光照和土壤水分对3种植物种子发芽率和苗木生长的影响。结果表明,龙脑香科植物种子发芽率在光照强度为20%、40%时较高,80%时较低;种子发芽率在土壤含水率60%时较高,80%和20%均较低;在同等条件下,狭叶坡垒种子发芽率最高,最高时可达88%,东京龙脑香种子发芽率最低,最低时仅为9%;在相同条件下,3种云南龙脑香科植物苗木生长最快的为狭叶坡垒,15个月苗龄苗高为86 cm,地径达1.23 cm。     

不同种子预处理、培养温度及基质对两种沙棘种子萌发的影响

为解决沙棘育种中种子萌发率较低的问题,以2个沙棘品种(大果沙棘和中国沙棘),通过不同水温(0、40、50℃)和硫酸浓度(0、1.0%、3.0%、5.0%)浸种处理后,分别置于培养皿和土壤中在培养温度为25℃和35℃的培养箱内进行种子萌发实验并测定其种子萌发率、种子活力指数、发芽势和初始发芽天数,以探明不同种子预处理对其种子萌发指标的影响并筛选沙棘种子萌发的最佳预处理方法和培养条件。结果显示：(1)不同水温浸种后,2个沙棘品种在土壤中的发芽率显著高于在培养皿中,而培养皿中的种子活力指数和发芽势显著高于在土壤中且种子的初始发芽天数减少。在土壤中,除了50℃浸种、35℃培养条件外,其余处理随浸种水温的升高,大果沙棘的发芽率显著提高,而中国沙棘则表现出相反的趋势。升高的培养温度对于提高其发芽率效果不明显。当浸种水温度为50℃、培养温度为25℃时,大果沙棘在土壤中的发芽率最高(45%)。(2)大果沙棘品种经由不同浓度的硫酸处理后,在25℃的培养箱内发芽率显著高于35℃,且在培养皿中的发芽率显著高于在土壤中;中国沙棘则呈现出相反的规律。研究结果表明：经由1%的硫酸处理后,在培养皿中25℃培养下的大...     

不同处理方式对长叶竹柏种子萌发的影响研究

通过对长叶竹柏种子进行不同药剂、不同浸种温度处理的催芽试验表明:用激素处理,能有效促进长叶竹柏种子萌发,提高种子发芽率,其中用GA3处理的种子发芽率最高,达95％;适度的温水处理也可以有效缩短长叶竹柏种子的萌发期,提高种子发芽率,其中用50℃处理的种子发芽率最高,达94％.     

不同浓度GA_3溶液处理对东北铁线莲发芽率影响的研究

以栽培基地采集的东北铁线莲种子为材料,研究不同种子处理方法对种子活性的影响,不同浓度赤霉素(GA3)溶液处理对东北铁线莲种子发芽率的影响。结果表明:室外沙藏越冬是较为适合东北铁线莲种子的处理方法。浓度为10 mg/L的GA3溶液处理种子30 min对打破东北铁线莲种子休眠、提高发芽率的效果最好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.