土壤水流模式染色剂示踪及优先流程度评估

优先流是结构性土壤水分入渗的主要方式。为了直接利用土壤水流模式分析其优先流程度,该文采用亮蓝染色剂示踪原状与扰动土柱的土壤水运移,定量评估优先流的相对发育程度。研究结果表明原状土柱优先流发育,空间变异性强,受优先流通道的特征控制,其优先流水流模式以蚯蚓大孔隙流和土块裂隙优先流为主。扰动土柱的水流模式为活塞流,无优先流发育。该文提出了随深度变化的染色面积比的变异系数指示原状土柱优先流相对程度的评价准则:变异系数越低,优先流程度越高。变异系数≥0.5%为优先流程度一般发育,0.25%~0.5%之间为发育,≤0.25%为非常发育。并通过原状和扰动土柱灌溉模拟试验验证了评价准则的可靠性。     

柑橘地土壤溶质优先运移研究

通过室内原状土柱与重塑土柱对比实验,应用溶质穿透曲线研究柑橘地土壤优先流及溶质优先运移的特征。结果表明:柑橘地原状土柱土壤穿透曲线表现出了上升阶段的拐点现象,是优先流与基质流共同作用的结果。原状土柱土体穿透曲线下降初期较陡,并表现出了较长的拖尾特征,重塑土柱下降趋势相对稳定。存在优先路径的土体出流速率稳定性较差,变异系数较大,其平均出流速率是重塑土柱出流速率的3.5倍。优先流作用使溶质相对浓度到达峰值的时间缩短了37.7%,此时造成的溶质运移量却是平衡基质流所造成的溶质运移量的2.5倍,因此优先流能够导致土壤溶质的快速大量迁移。     

北京昌平区农地土壤优先流影响硝态氮运移的试验分析

为了探讨在优先流影响下农地土壤水分与溶质的运移规律,以昌平农地土壤为研究对象,通过原状土取样和分层填充制备实验土柱,模拟存在优先流和平衡入渗2种水分下渗过程,分析优先流对农地土壤中硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明:相较于平衡入渗,存在优先流的土壤中硝态氮运移的速率更快、数量更多,且其穿透曲线表现出拖尾现象。优先流的存在会使土壤的水分出流速率达到平衡入渗过程的1.48～2.69倍,且波动程度较大;受其影响,硝态氮运移表现出快速、大量下渗的特征,原状土柱中NO3-的穿透时间为12 h,此时的孔隙体积为0.36,相较于填充土柱分别减少了57%和27%。此外,原状土柱中以NO3-标记的优先流占水流总量的43.83%,引起的NO3-累计淋出量占总量的97.60%,这表明有限的优先流流量能够引起绝大部分的硝态氮运移。土壤优先流还使得其穿透曲线表现出拖尾现象,这可能是由于优先流和基质流之间下渗速率的不平衡造成的。     

鹫峰国家森林公园土壤优先流现象分析

为研究鹫峰地区优先流强度与土壤发育程度之间的关系,采用室内原状土柱穿透曲线与野外染色示踪试验相结合的方法,分析鹫峰地区优先流现象。结果表明:(1)研究区有优先流现象发生,优先流类型主要是指流和大孔隙流。(2)发育程度较高和较低2种不同土壤优先流强度不同,低海拔发育程度较差土壤优先流现象越明显,强度更大;高海拔发育程度较好土壤则相反。(3)土壤表层0-30cm根系主要分布范围内,用Logistic模型进行曲线拟合得出,石砾含量对优先流影响不显著,这是因为在土壤表层0-30cm优先流强度受植物改良土壤作用明显。     

原状土与扰动土导气率、导水率与含水率的关系

为分析土壤导气特性与土壤导水特性间的关系,该文通过研究陕西杨凌小麦试验田士样导水率和导气率随含水率的变化特征,比较原状土与扰动土导气和导水特征,分析相对导水率和相对导气率与饱和度的关系,结果发现导水率随含水率的增加而减小,且无论导水率还是导气率原状土都比扰动土大,证实土壤结构及孔隙特征对水和气的传输有巨大的影响,扰动土和原状土变化趋势虽然基本相同,但曲线不重合,说明扰动土和原状土的孔隙连接性和弯曲程度不尽相同.     

磺胺嘧啶在原状土柱中的运移特征及模拟

以磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine,SDZ)为研究对象,通过室内原状土柱(0~15 cm,土柱Ⅰ和15~30 cm,土柱Ⅱ)出流试验探讨了其在不同剖面深度处的迁移特征,运用Hydrus-1D软件对试验结果进行模拟,并对不同流速下磺胺嘧啶在0~200 cm土壤中的迁移行为做了预测。结果表明:SDZ在原状土柱Ⅱ中的穿透曲线相较于原状土柱Ⅰ的发生左移,即较深层土壤中,SDZ的迁移速度更快,这主要是受土壤理化性质,如有机质、阳离子交换量和p H等的影响;两区模型(TRM)模拟的R~20.91,均方根误差RMSE0.061,不动水区域f0.154,其模拟效果优于单点模型(OSM)和两点模型(TSM),表明土壤的不可动区域是吸附SDZ的重要部分。预测结果显示:同一流速时,SDZ浓度峰值随着土壤剖面深度增加而减小,出流时间逐渐增大;同一深度处,当水流速度从0.017 cm min~(-1)增加到0.030 cm min~(-1)再到0.100 cm min~(-1)时,磺胺嘧啶在土壤中的迁移速度不断加快,出流浓度也越来越高,当流速为0.100 cm min~(-1)时,SDZ可快速穿过土层进入地下水,其穿透曲线不再对称,出现拖尾现象。     

不同类型层状土壤持水能力的研究

为了了解不同类型层状土柱持水能力,利用砂土和砂黄土2种土壤,设置3种不同厚度分层土柱(11.25、22.5、45 cm)和2种匀质对照土柱,测定了土柱自初始饱和条件下的排水过程;同时利用匀质土柱测定结果标定2种土壤水力参数,通过Hydrus-1D模型对不同类型层状土柱排水过程进行模拟分析,获得了不同类型层状土柱的田间持水量。结果表明,层状土柱持水能力随着分层厚度的减小而增加,当分层厚度减小到一定程度时土柱持水能力不再随着分层厚度的减小而增加,该临界厚度取决于下层粗质土壤对上层细质土的吸力与上层细质土壤进气吸力之间的相对大小。本试验所用2种土壤分层临界厚度大约在5 cm左右;土柱失水主要来自下层较粗质地土壤,由饱和时的0.385 cm~3/cm~3减小到0.04 cm~3/cm~3。上层细质土壤含水量随着分层厚度的减小而增加。研究结果可为干旱半干旱地区矿区恢复和污染物填埋提供理论指导。     

紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的定量评价

为阐明大孔隙丰富且孔径呈两极分化的紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的运移规律,通过室内土柱试验获取耕作层0~20 cm、非耕作层20~40 cm原状土柱和填装土柱的穿透曲线,分析饱和条件下土壤大孔隙流发生规律,并采用解析法CXTFIT软件拟合了水分优先运移参数,PFSP指标(大孔隙流引起的穿透曲线延展量与水动力弥散作用及两区作用引起的延展量的比值)定量评价土壤大孔隙流的贡献率。研究结果表明:1)以填装土柱水流为平衡基质流计算,耕作层0~20 cm原状土柱中大孔隙流的导水贡献率为66.2%~68.5%,而Br-累积淋出量占总淋出量的62.3%~66.1%。对于非耕作层20~40 cm,土壤大孔隙流导水贡献率为0.2%~1.7%,而Br-随大孔隙流运移的比例却达14.5%~20.5%。说明耕作层土壤中大孔隙流现象远比在非耕作层土壤中更为显著;2)PFSP值结果表明大孔隙流作用对穿透曲线延展量的贡献率最大,两区交换运移作用次之,水动力弥散作用的最小。即PFSP值越大,大孔隙流对总水流通量的贡献率越大。     

土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响简

土壤中优先流的存在会造成肥料利用率降低以及土壤深层甚至地下水污染.为确定土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响,通过室内含大孔隙土柱定水头入渗实验,以长武黑垆土及渭河砂土为研究对象,分析不同土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响.结果表明：1）相同质地,当土壤初始含水率大于其斥水性的峰值含水率时,湿润锋运移深度随着土壤初始含水率的增大而增大,反之湿润锋运移深度随着初始含水率的增加而减少,不同质地土壤湿润锋运移速度随土壤粉粒质量分数升高而减慢;2）累积入渗量受到土壤储水性及斥水性的双重影响,导致与湿润锋的运移趋势并不一致,黑垆土对照CK组及优先流O-C-30组（除7.04％含水率外）累积入渗量随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,渭河砂土CK组及O-C-30组均呈现2阶段特征,累积入渗量先随着土壤初始含水率的增加而减少,之后随土壤初始含水率的增加而增加;3）Kostiakov入渗模型能很好地拟合累积入渗量随时间的变化过程,适用于存在优先流的土壤入渗模拟.该研究结果对土壤优先流水分模拟具有一定的指导意义.     

金沙江干热河谷冲沟区优先流影响下的土壤力学特性

为探究金沙江干热河谷冲沟区优先流与土壤力学的相关机理，揭示优先流影响下土壤抗剪强度特征规律，丰富干热河谷冲沟发育区沟侵蚀机理，为该地区进一步开展沟蚀治理提供理论依据。在典型冲沟发育区选择完整冲沟为研究对象，基于染色示踪、土壤理化、原状土直剪试验，利用RDA等统计方法分析优先流与土壤力学指标间的相关性，明晰优先流和抗剪强度的关系。结果表明：(1)由于冲沟发育使冲沟内由集水区到沟底优先流发育程度逐渐降低。土壤含水率、容重、总孔隙度、有机质含量均呈优先流区大于基质流区，机械组成分形维数整体上基质流区(2.680～2.874)大于优先流区(2.746～2.893)。(2)冲沟区优先流通过影响土壤黏聚力和内摩擦角进而对抗剪强度产生影响，一定程度上会降低土体抗剪强度。集水区、沟头抗剪强度大于沟床和沟底。优先流区黏聚力(1.24～2.65 kPa)小于基质流区黏聚力(1.91～4.27 kPa),优先流区内摩擦角(19.52°～22.47°)略大于基质流区内摩擦角(17.68°～22.35°),优先流区抗剪强度(36.66～43.68 kPa)整体小于基质流区抗剪强度(38.74～47.32 kPa...     

优先流问题研究及其科学意义

 优先流是近年来针对土壤水运动所提出的术语,它是一种较为常见的土壤水分运动形式,与土壤入渗、地表及地下水质密切相关。开展优先流研究,是土壤水运动机制研究由均质走向非均质领域的标志。分析优先流的基本涵义及特征,阐述大孔隙流、环绕流、管流、漏斗流、指流、沟槽流、短路流、部分置换流、地下强径流、非饱和重力流、异质流、摆动流及低洼再蓄满等优先流类型及其表征现象,论述优先流研究的科学意义,并指出了优先流研究存在的问题及未来发展方向。     

三峡库区高砾石含量紫色土优先流形态特征

以三峡库区王家桥小流域林地、耕地和园地为研究对象,结合染色示踪技术,利用图像处理软件技术,通过计算优先流形态特征参数,分析3种土地利用类型下高砾石含量紫色土的优先流形态发育特征。结果表明:砾石平均含量表现为园地林地耕地,土壤大孔隙平均半径随着深度的增加而减小。林地优先流运动深度可达60cm,剖面染色区域呈现明显的不规则性,耕地染色深度集中在0—15cm土层,染色区域分布均匀,但染色面积小,且存在大量的侧向流,园地染色范围广,优先路径连通性好。染色路径数表现为园地林地耕地,说明园地优先流发育较活跃,优先路径分化程度较高,染色路径宽度20mm的染色路径数量分布特征与染色路径总数分布特征相近,是紫色土壤中流染色路径的主要组成部分,壤中流类型主要为低相互作用大孔隙流。砾石和大孔隙特征共同影响土壤水分运动过程。     

柑橘地土壤大孔隙与优先流的关系研究

以重庆市江津区10和20a林龄的柑橘地为研究对象,应用优先流染色法和室内图像提取技术,土壤水分穿透曲线及Poiseulle方程综合分析土壤大孔隙与优先流的关系。结果表明,大孔隙使染色区的水分渗透速率较非染色区提高了1.48倍以上。柑橘地大孔隙孔径范围在0.3～1.7mm,半径大于0.7mm的土壤大孔隙是形成优先流路径的主要孔径范围。     

Heterogeneous solute flow in a sandy soil under a pine forest: evaluation of a modeling concept

This study investigated the heterogeneous water characteristic functions and hydraulic conductivities for a gleyic podzol under a coniferous forest 40 km northeast of Hannover, Germany. The hydraulic properties were parameterized with the van Genuchten model. Reference functions and sets of scaling factors were derived for every horizon. The scaling factors showed correlation lengths of about 0.2 m. Along a 10 m long transect the spatially variable rain throughfall as the upper boundary and the groundwater level as the lower boundary was measured. A tracer experiment was conducted for the period of main groundwater recharge. Using the independent measurements of heterogeneous hydraulic properties, we simulated the solute transport for this period with a conventional model that solves the Richards' equation for water flow and the convective dispersive equation for solute transport. We found qualitative agreement between some features of the measured and modeled solute transport such as its channel‐like structure. However, the partly preferential flow of solutes and the correspondingly large dispersivities could not be modeled.     

利用染色示踪法研究四面山两种林地优先路径分布特征

[目的]研究不同林种土壤的优先路径分布特征,为土壤水的高效利用以及植物生长环境改善等方面的研究提供理论参考。[方法]以重庆四面山张家山的针阔混交林和楠竹林为研究对象,在林地土壤存在优先路径的情况下,运用染色示踪法研究了水分及溶质的运移,并对采集的垂直剖面染色图像进行处理分析。[结果]两种林地对水分入渗的响应不同,染色路径宽度和染色路径数量在同一剖面不同深度处及不同剖面同一深度处均呈现明显的异质性:(1)针阔混交林染色路径宽度曲线呈"倒阶梯型";(2)楠竹林染色路径宽度曲线呈S形。两种林地的土壤优先流宽度和数量在一定范围内均随着深度增加而逐渐下降。[结论]两种林地均存在优先流现象,随着深度增加优先流路径不均匀递减,在0—20cm深度内,植物根系对土壤优先流影响较大。     

A semi‐analytical model for solute transport in layered dual‐porosity media

The vulnerability of groundwater from chemical leaching through soil is a concern at some locations. Because measurements are laborious, time‐consuming, and expensive, simulation models are frequently used to assess leaching risks. But the significance of simulated solute movement through a layered soil is questionable if vertical homogeneity of physical soil properties has been assumed. In the present study, a semi‐analytical model for solute leaching in soils is presented. The model is relatively simple, but it does account for soil layers having different physical properties. The model includes the mobile‐immobile model (MIM) to describe one‐dimensional (1‐D) nonequilibrium, transient solute transport under steady‐state flow conditions. The MIM is rewritten as a second‐order differential equation and solved by a numerical scheme. Differing from fully analytical or fully numerical solutions, the new approach solves the differential equation numerically with respect to time and analytically with respect to distance. Numerical experiments for a single layered soil profile show that the semi‐analytical solution (SA‐MIM) is numerically stable for a wide range of parameter values. The accuracy of SA‐MIM predictions is comparable to that of analytical solutions. Numerical experiments for a multilayered profile indicate that the model correctly predicts effluent curves from finite layered soil profiles under steady‐state flow conditions. The SA‐MIM simulations with typical parameter values suggest that neglecting vertical heterogeneity of flow paths in a layered soil can lead to inaccurate prediction of soil‐solute leaching. The quality of predictions is generally improved if parameter estimates for the different soil layers are considered. However, the mobile‐immobile‐parameter estimates obtained in a number of previous studies may not be transferable to a field situation that is characterized by a slow and steady flow of water. Further field experiments to determine mobile‐immobile parameters under such conditions are desirable.     

土壤污染物优势流的数学模拟

A simple modeling approach was suggested to simulate preferential transport of water and contaminants in soil.After saturated hydraulic conductivity was interpolated by means of Krige interpolation method or scaling method,and then zoned,the locations where saturated hydraulic conductivity was larger represented regions where preferential flow occurred ,because heterogeneity of soil,one of the mechanisms resulting in prefeential flow,could be reflected through the difference in saturated hydraulic conductivity,The modeling approach was validatd through numerical simulation of contaminant tansport in a two-dimensional hypothetical soil profle.The results of the numerical simulation showed that the approach suggested in this study was feasible.     

Water and Bromide Recovery in Wick and Pan Lysimeters under Conventional and Zero Tillage

Abstract

Quantifying in situ solute transport through soils and the landscape has been widely acknowledged as important and yet challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate water and bromide movement in no‐tilled (NT) and conventionally tilled (CT) corn using two different types of in situ lysimeters—pan and capillary wick—for single rainfall events. Four zero‐tension pan and four capillary‐wick lysimeters were installed 1.2 m deep on opposite sides of four soil pits. Two were under NT corn, and two were under CT corn. Bromide (Br) was either surface applied or applied with an initial 25 to 27 mm of irrigation (33 to 34 g Br m²). A total of 120 to 147 mm of irrigation was applied continuously at 8.8 mm h^?1. Leachate was collected on 15 min intervals for 24 h and on greater intervals for up to 350 h. Lysimeter discharge and Br concentration were determined for each interval. After drainage began and until rainfall was discontinued, the water drainage rate was, on average, greater in NT (7.2 mm h^?1) than in CT (5.6 mm h^?1) based on results from the pan lysimeters. By contrast, the water drainage rate for the wick lysimeters was, on average, greater in CT (7.3 mm h^?1) than in NT (3.0 mm h^?1). The wick lysimeter appears to have behaved as a sink under the CT conditions, likely representing water flow in smaller channels. Under NT conditions, greater discharge observed with the pan lysimeter implicates the response from larger channels as the conduit for water flow. Flow‐weighted mean Br concentration was less when Br was applied on the soil surface (17.9 mg L^?1) than when Br was applied with the irrigation water (50.6 mg L^?1). Implications from preferential flow studies are often determined based on a single method of evaluation for solute transport, which are likely subject to the limitation of the method used. This study illustrates that contrary to the conventional understanding about preferential flow in NT, water flow and Br transport to the 1.2-m depth was as great as or greater with CT than with NT based on the results from the wick lysimeters for single rainfall events.