三叶鬼针草化感作用的初步研究

运用生物测定法,对三叶鬼针草的化感作用进行研究。比较了用不同部位及其不同浓度水浸提液对不同作物化感作用的差异,并初步探讨了三叶鬼针草对小麦和莴苣幼苗生长的化感机制。结果表明,三叶鬼针草不同部位水浸提液对2种受体植物影响均表现出抑制效应,其强弱为叶>茎>根。其水浸提液对2种受体植物的种子萌发、幼苗生长和光合色素均有显著的抑制作用。Peason相关性分析表明,叶绿素A和叶绿素b含量与水浸提液浓度存在显著的负相关性,类胡萝卜素无明显变化。丙二醛随浓度增加而有上升趋势,但差异不显著,说明三叶鬼针草对受体植物膜的透性影响不大。     

水分和温度对紫茎泽兰幼苗生长的影响

比较2个水分和3个温度梯度条件下,中国和墨西哥两种群紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng）的形态、生物量分配和光合色素的可塑性反应,探讨两种群在幼苗阶段生长特点及入侵潜力。结果表明：（1）各温度水分处理下墨西哥种群株高、叶片数、总叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶根比、总叶绿素较高,中国种群根长、根生物量、根冠比较高。表明墨西哥种群在适宜的环境条件下比中国种群有更高的资源捕获能力,而中国种群对干旱和低温条件有更好的适应能力。（2）两种群紫茎泽兰对水分响应显著,100%水分下总叶面积、平均叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶面积比、叶根比、总叶绿素均高于50%水分条件。对温度响应显著,尤其20℃时,中国种群根长,墨西哥种群总叶面积,100%水分下平均叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶根比5,0%水分下根生物量比,均达最高值。两种群喜湿润的环境,温度20℃时生长较好。     

退化沙质草地恢复过程中植被生物量变化及其与土壤碳的关系

植物生物量分配特征及其向土壤中的物质输入是退化沙质草地生态系统恢复,尤其是土壤碳含量增加的关键环节。本研究以科尔沁沙地不同恢复阶段的流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和封育草地为研究对象,调查分析草本植被生物量分配特征、根系性状和土壤理化性质特征,厘清生物量分配特征和根系性状与土壤碳的相互关系。结果发现：随着沙化草地逐步恢复,植被地上生物量、根系生物量、地表凋落物以及地下残体均呈显著的增加趋势（P<0.01）,相对于沙化严重的流动沙丘,半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和封育草地的植物总干物质（生物量+凋落物）分别增加了11.0%、116.3%和151.2%。与生物量变化趋势相同,土壤碳含量随沙化草地的逐步恢复显著增加（P<0.05）,其中0～10 cm层的增加速率高于10～20 cm层。结构方程模型（SEM）分析显示,0～10 cm层土壤碳含量受地表凋落物、地下残体和根表面积3个因素的影响,10～20 cm层土壤碳含量仅受地下残体和根表面积两个因素的影响,同时,两层土壤碳含量均与地上生物量无显著的关系。研究结果表明,在退化沙质草地恢复过程中,土壤碳含量主要受凋落物输入以及根系性状的影响,而...     

白梭梭幼苗生长和生物量分配对不同盐分类型和浓度的响应

采用盆栽实验,设置3种盐分类型（NaCl,Na₂SO₄以及两者等摩尔比例混合盐）和6个浓度梯度〔0（CK）,50,100,200,300,500 mmol/L）〕,探讨了白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss. et Buhse）幼苗生长以及不同生长期地上地下生物量分配,对不同盐分类型及浓度的响应。结果发现：① 不同盐分类型和浓度处理下,白梭梭幼苗同化枝直径和分叉数具有明显差异,幼苗株高、基径和同化枝枝长随盐分浓度增大而减小,适度盐分浓度（300 mmol/L）促进主根生长,高盐分浓度（500 mmol/L）则具有显著抑制作用。② 随处理时间和盐分浓度的增加,白梭梭幼苗生物量积累受到的抑制不断增大,与对照相比,处理后期（第75 d）500 mmol/L浓度的NaCl,Na₂SO₄和混合盐处理下,白梭梭幼苗总生物量分别降低77%,87%和78%,地上生物量分别降低78%,87%和74%,地下生物量分别降低75%,81%和76%。③ 随时间的延长,白梭梭幼苗根冠比在各盐分处理下均呈增大趋势,但随盐浓度增加,根冠比变化趋势随盐分类型和处理时间的不同而有所区别。④ 白梭梭幼苗地上-地下生物量存在明显异速生长关系,且盐分处理未显著改变异速生长指数,均表现为地下生物量累积速率大于地上生物量。研究结果表明,在盐分胁迫下,白梭梭幼苗地上地下生物量分配对Na₂SO₄作出的响应要先于NaCl和混合盐,随处理时间的延长,对3种盐分类型作出的响应趋于一致,即将更多的生物量分配给地下根系,以缓解盐分过多造成的水分短缺等影响,维持植物的存活,符合最优分配理论。     

光照对胡杨幼苗定居初期生长状况和生物量分配的影响

在自然条件下通过全自然光和遮光（20%自然光）处理研究胡杨（Populus euphratica Olivier)小幼苗生物和生物量分配对光因子的响应，实验表明光照对根冠比，叶面积比率和根重比率没有显著影响，光因子不改变胡杨幼苗生物量的分配状况，高光照能明显促进根的伸长，叶面积的增加和生物量的积累，遮荫环境则会阻碍胡杨幼苗的生长。     

干旱、盐胁迫条件下两种盐生植物生物量分配对策的研究

以2种一年生盐生草本植物钠猪毛菜、盐生草为试验对象,研究干旱和盐分胁迫对2种盐生植物生长和生物量分配的影响。结果表明:不同程度干旱和盐分胁迫显著影响了2种盐生植物的生长、生物量积累和生物量的分割。生长分析表明:2种盐生植物在生长率、根冠比、叶面积比方面皆存在明显可塑性,且根冠比、叶面积比的变化均受到个体发育漂变的影响;在整个营养生长期的不同处理组中,根冠比、叶面积比总体上呈逐渐降低趋势。不同干旱胁迫处理下2种盐生植物的根冠比和叶面积比的变化与最优理论和模型的预测相一致;随干旱胁迫的加重,根冠比增大而叶面积比减小。但在盐分胁迫条件下,2种盐生植物并未出现基于最优分配理论来调节生物量分配模式,且2种盐生植物根冠比和叶面积比的响应表现出明显的种间差异。此外,不同处理组间植物生物量分配特征(根冠比、叶面积比)的差异,往往只存在于生活史的某一时期,在整个营养生长期间,并不自始至终保持一致。     

不同生境/萌发类型尖喙牻牛儿苗生物量分配特征

短命植物是荒漠生态系统重要的植物类群，其具有多样化的生境，且很多种类还具有异时萌发特性。植物生物量积累和分配能体现其对环境的响应与适应性特征，因此，研究不同环境条件下短命植物生物量分配格局有助于进一步了解短命植物的生存策略。以裸沙春萌（Bare Sand-Spring Germination,BS）、藻结皮春萌（Algal-Spring Germination,AS）、地衣结皮春萌（Lichen-Spring Germination,LS）3种自然结皮生境中萌发的尖喙牻牛儿苗春萌株及裸沙区夏季萌发（Summer Germination in Bare Sand,SG）的尖喙牻牛儿苗夏萌株为研究对象，采用全株挖掘法获取地上和地下生物量，系统对比分析了4个类型间植株生物量分配及异速生长关系的差异性，以探究其资源分配策略的变异性和保守型。结果表明：（1）尖喙牻牛儿苗单株地上、地下及总生物量总体表现为BS>AS>LS=SG的格局，其根冠比则呈SG=LS=AS>BS的特征。（2）BS和SG类型植株地上与地下生物量间为等速生长关系，而AS和LS生境为异速生长关系，但4个类型具有共...     

3种棒果芥属植物生物量分配及异速生长分析

类短命植物是准噶尔荒漠早春草本植物类群的重要而独特的组成部分,研究其生物量分配和异速生长关系,有助于深入了解类短命植物的生存策略与生态功能。以棒果芥（ Sterigmostemum tomentosum ）、福海棒果芥（ S ． fuhaiense ）和黄花棒果芥（ S ． sulfureum ）为研究对象,采用挖掘法获取野外成株全株生物量,对三者的器官生物量、分配比例及异速生长关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,3种植物器官生物量及其分配比例均差异明显。福海棒果芥生物量最大,但根冠比（R／S）和叶冠比（L／S）最小;棒果芥生物量最小,但L／S最大;黄花棒果芥则具有最大的R／S。棒果芥和黄花棒果芥的根冠比（R／S）均随个体的增大而显著下降,表明二者地上（AGB）与地下生物量（BGB）分配受到个体大小的强烈影响。福海棒果芥AGB－BGB间为等速生长关系（幂指数α＝1）,而另外2种均为异速生长关系;棒果芥、福海棒果芥的叶生物量（LB）与AGB间为等速生长关系,而黄花棒果芥符合异速生长关系（α＜1）;3个物种的LB－BGB间具有共同的异速生长指数（0．816）,表现出强烈的功能趋同性。总之,3个物种间的生物量分配及异速生长关系没有一致规律,但体现了类短命植物生物量分配的特点。     

青海湖鸟岛水分梯度下草地生物量分配格局初步研究

研究了青海湖鸟岛地区不同土壤水分梯度下个体与群落水平株高,根长和地上、地下生物量的分配。旨在：(1) 在小尺度上调查不同土壤水分梯度对草地高、根长和地上、地下生物量分配的影响;(2) 在个体和群落水平上检验同速生长理论;(3) 为青海湖周边地区地下生物量估计提供数据支持,并讨论环境因素对地下生物量与地上生物量比值(R/S)的影响。结果表明：个体水平上株高、根长、地上生物量、地下生物量都随土壤含水量的增加而降低;群落水平上地上生物量随土壤含水量的增加而增加,而地下生物量随土壤含水量的增加而降低。青海湖流域鸟岛地区个体水平上根长、株高比值的变化范围为0.3～6.0,均值和中值分别为1.6和1.3;个体水平地下生物量与地上生物量的比值也有较大的变化范围（0.4～11.3）,均值和中值分别为2.5和1.5;群落水平地上生物量变化范围为221.59～352.77 g·m^-2,地下生物量变化范围为741.98～1182.20 g·m^-2,地下、地上生物量比值的变化范围为1.4～7.1,均值和中值分别为3.0和1.9。土壤水分在个体和群落水平上都影响到了植物株高、根长以及生物量的分配。基本表现为：个体水平上株高、根长、地上生物量、地下生物量都随土壤含水量的增加而降低;群落水平上地上生物量随土壤含水量的增加而增加,而地下生物量随土壤含水量的增加而降低。该区域草地生物量分配规律在个体和群落水平上都不支持等速生长假说。     

两种沉水植物在不同水深和生长时期对入侵植物的响应

为研究沉水植物在不同水深和生长时期对不同种类入侵植物的响应,选取2种湿地入侵植物凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、水盾草Cabomba caroliniana和2种常见本地沉水植物黑藻Hydrillaverticillata、菹草Potamogeton crispus为研究对象,通过模拟试验探究在不同水深（0.2、0.4 m）和生长时期（生长初期和生长旺期）的本地沉水植物对2种入侵植物的响应。结果显示,当水深为0.4 m时更有利于黑藻的生长,并可削弱入侵植物对黑藻生长的消极作用,而水深对菹草的生长无显著影响;入侵植物种类对本地沉水植物的生长无显著影响,但影响方式却存在差异,其中水盾草倾向于直接抑制本地沉水植物的生长,而凤眼莲可以通过降低水体透明度以及总磷含量进而间接抑制本地沉水植物的生长。此外,外来植物在本地沉水植物生长初期入侵对本地沉水植物产生的消极影响较生长旺期入侵时更显著。表明凤眼莲及水盾草入侵对本地沉水植物生长的影响机制存在差异,本地沉水植物在适宜水深和生长旺期对2种入侵植物具有更强的抵抗能力。     

Growth and photosynthetic responses of invasive Bidens frondosa to light and water availability: A comparison with invasive and native congeners

Bidens frondosa is a new invasive species in China. However, the mechanisms underlying its invasiveness are still not understood. This study compared the new invader with its invasive congener, Bidens pilosa, and two native congeners, Bidens biternata and Bidens tripartita, in terms of their morphology, growth, biomass allocation and photosynthetic parameters across variant light and water conditions, aiming to explore the traits that are associated with the invasiveness of the invasive species. All these species are annual herbs. The results showed that the four congeners had a similar tendency of plasticity in their morphological and growth traits to varying light and water, but their response was quantitatively different. Most of the morphological and growing variables, as well as the photosynthetic parameters, were affected more strongly by manipulated light levels. Although B. frondosa had a lower total biomass and relative growth rate than the invasive congener, B. pilosa, the trait values related to growth (e.g. plant height, total biomass, relative growth rate and specific leaf area) and the mean value of the plasticity index were higher for the invasive B. frondosa than for the native B. tripartita. These could contribute to the invasiveness of the invasive species. In addition, the native species, B. biternata, is a vigorous weed with a strong adaptive capacity across various light and water gradients, suggesting that it has the potential to be invasive if introduced into areas with suitable conditions for growth.     

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) dry matter allocation and partitioning under different nitrogen and density levels

Dry matter partitioning and allocation is a major determinant of plant growth and its competitiveness. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is a troublesome agronomic weed species and it is also a major health concern in Europe and many other countries because of its rapid spreading and production of allergenic pollen. A field experiment was conducted in 2009 to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 100, and 200 kg ha^?1) and plant density levels (1.3, 6.6, and 13.2 plants per m²) on the leaf, stem dry matter partitioning, and dry matter allocation of ragweed. With an increasing density, the stem partitioning coefficient increased, whereas the leaf partitioning coefficient decreased. The addition of nitrogen had a limited effect on the leaf and stem dry matter partitioning. The root dry matter production decreased with an increasing density and was not influenced by the addition of nitrogen. Under intraspecific competition, ragweed exhibited a stronger above‐ground competition intensity than below the ground, which resulted in a greater root : shoot ratio, compared to the low‐density stands. The level of nitrogen influenced the vertical leaf, stem, and total dry matter distribution, with a greater allocation to the top stratum of the plants, thus increasing their competition for light. The biomass allocation of ragweed to the roots in response to the nitrogen supply exhibited a low plasticity, compared to the shoots, which displayed a high plasticity. The results of this study suggested that, under intraspecific conditions and with an increasing nitrogen supply, ragweed would be more competitive in above‐ground resource acquisition.     

Allometric response of perennial Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel to nutrient and water limitation in the Horqin Sand Land of China

Optimal partitioning theory(OPT)suggests that plants should allocate relatively more biomass to the organs that acquire the most limited resources.The assumption of this theory is that plants trade off the biomass allocation between leaves,stems and roots.However,variations in biomass allocation among plant parts can also occur as a plant grows in size.As an alternative approach,allometric biomass partitioning theory(APT)asserts that plants should trade off their biomass between roots,stems and leaves.This approach can minimize bias when comparing biomass allocation patterns by accounting for plant size in the analysis.We analyzed the biomass allocation strategy of perennial Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel in the Horqin Sand Land of northern China by treating samples with different availabilities of soil nutrients and water,adding snow in winter and water in summer.We hypothesized that P.centrasiaticum alters its pattern of biomass allocation strategy in response to different levels of soil water content and soil nitrogen content.We used standardized major axis(SMA)to analyze the allometric relationship(slope)and intercept between biomass traits(root,stem,leaf and total biomass)of nitrogen/water treatments.Taking plant size into consideration,no allometric relationships between different organs were significantly affected by differing soil water and soil nitrogen levels,while the biomass allocation strategy of P.centrasiaticum was affected by soil water levels,but not by soil nitrogen levels.The plasticity of roots,leaves and root/shoot ratios was‘true’in response to fluctuations in soil water content,but the plasticity of stems was consistent for trade-offs between the effects of water and plant size.Plants allocated relatively more biomass to roots and less to leaves when snow was added in winter.A similar trend was observed when water was added in summer.The plasticity of roots,stems and leaves was a function of plant size,and remained unchanged in response to different soil nitrogen levels.     

Weed suppression ability of three winter wheat varieties at different row spacing under organic farming conditions

For three seasons, six field trials were conducted in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) at different sites in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The aim was to evaluate the performance of three varieties, which differ in their shading behaviour, in suppressing weeds under organic farming (Ökologischer Landbau) conditions and grown at three row spacings. The experimental factors were cultivar, row width and row orientation. Key parameters of crop and weed development, including ground cover and biomass, were assessed at different growth stages and analysed with anova . Growth of the site-specific weed vegetation was significantly affected in five of six trials. Weed growth was reduced by cvs Astron and Pegassos compared with cv. Greif, and was lower at 12 cm compared with 24 cm row spacing. No effect of row orientation (East-West, North-South) on weed growth was observed. The more competitive cultivars Astron and Pegassos were taller than the less competitive cv. Greif and had higher ground cover and light interception, presumably induced by planophile leaf inclination and partly, in the case of cv. Astron, because of higher leaf area index (LAI). Narrow row spacing (12 cm), resulting in a more even spatial plant distribution, increased crop ground cover, LAI, dry matter and light interception. In two trials, the variety with planophile leaf inclination performed better at wider row spacing, suggesting that planophile wheat cultivars may be advantageous in wider row stands.     

Effect of initial herbicide treatment and planting material on woody weed development and the growth of Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus regnans

A research study of establishment techniques in plantations of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden and Eucalyptus regnans F Mueller was assessed for growth at age 12 years. Biomass of trees and woody weeds was determined in the 13th year to evaluate the long-term effect of herbicide treatment on plots established with optimum seedling tree and site preparation. Eucalyptus regnans produced only 60% of the biomass of E. nitens. Under-storey woody weed biomass under E. regnans comprised 18–30% of the total biomass compared with 6% for E. nitens plots. There was less total under-storey weed biomass under the herbicide-treated plots, but a similar weed leaf biomass. Under-storey weed leaf biomass contributed 14–40% of the total leaf biomass on the plots. Despite under-storey weed biomass being substantially greater on the no-herbicide plots sampled, this competition had not generally reduced growth of the trees compared with the herbicide-treated plots. Suitable site preparation, providing weed-free conditions at the time of planting, resulted in woody weed control adequate to establish seedlings and allow full growth without the use of herbicides, given suitable seedling material. Although pre-planting herbicide treatment was not necessary for optimum growth of E. nitens grown from bare-root transplants, it did improve growth of slower-growing planting stock.     

The influence of nitrogen supply on the ability of wheat and potato to suppress Stellaria media growth and reproduction

Summary This paper tests the hypothesis that increased soil nitrogen supply reduces the growth of late-emerging weeds in wheat and potato by enhancing canopy leaf area development and thereby reducing the availability of light for weed growth. Two series of experiments were conducted: one in spring wheat (1997, 1999) with sown Stellaria media and one in potato (1998, 1999) with naturally emerged weeds, including S. media . For each crop, two cultivars were grown at three levels of nitrogen supply. In wheat, as in a monoculture of S. media , total dry weight and seed number of the weed increased with soil nitrogen supply, whereas in potato the opposite was found. Increased soil nitrogen supply increased the nitrogen uptake of S. media in wheat, despite the reduced light availability, indicating that S. media in wheat was limited by nitrogen. In potato, on the other hand, growth of S. media was limited by light availability, which decreased with increased soil nitrogen supply . We conclude that the differences in response of S. media in wheat and potato to additional nitrogen supply are attributable to the dual influence of soil nitrogen supply on light and nitrogen availability, which are mediated by the crops.     

Herbicidal and fungicidal activities and identification of potential phytotoxins from Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Scherff

This study was carried out to examine the possibility of utilizing Bidens pilosa , a weed widely distributed in the subtropics and the tropics, for weed and plant fungus control. The extract of B. pilosa shows strong phytotoxic action against the growth of Raphanus sativus and Echinochloa crus-galli and antifungal activity against phytopathogens in bioassays. The extract of the roots exhibited plant growth inhibitory activity more than those of the leaves and stems. Fifteen phenolic compounds, including pyrocatechin, salicylic acid, p -vinylguaiacol, dimethoxyphenol, eugenol, 4-ethyl-1,2-benzenediol, iso- vanillin, 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde, vanillin, vanillic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, p -coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Caffeic acid was in the highest amount among the detected substances. Dimethoxyphenol and vanillic acid were found only in the roots of B. pilosa . Ferulic acid and p -hydroxybenzoic acid were higher in the roots than in the leaves and stems. These identified constituents might be responsible for the phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of B. pilosa.     

Weed vegetation response to chemical and manual selective ground cover management in a shaded coffee plantation

Summary Total weed control with machete and herbicides was compared in a field experiment from 1994 to 1999, with four selective ground cover management tactics (± herbicides and ± planted ground cover legume) in the inter-rows of coffee plants. The aim of the selective management was to control weeds in patches, leaving uncontrolled species considered suitable to protect the soil from erosion and compaction, and to suppress more aggressive weed growth. Fresh biomass was sampled early and late in the rainy seasons. Weed data from the different years, treatments and blocks were analysed with a multivariate technique, partial redundancy analysis (pRDA), using different combinations of independent variables and covariables and resulting in a multivariate anova . Weed biomass and number of species drastically decreased over time as coffee and shade trees aged. The five treatments also significantly affected the composition of the weed vegetation. The combination of partial slashing and application of herbicides in patches was more effective in reducing unwanted weed biomass and also enhanced the spread of the ground cover legume, whereas the use of only partial slashing enhanced the spread of the 'weed' Oplismenus burmannii . This species was considered a suitable ground cover species to protect the soil, as it emerges at the onset of the rainy season, is more persistent late in the rainy season and sustains growth under the shade of coffee in production.     

Validation of a weed:crop competition model

A model of crop:weed competition, based on parameters from the logistic biomass growth of both crop and weeds in monocultures, was validated under several sets of conditions. Model inputs were (i) dry matter per unit area at 50% of seedling emergence ( B_i ) for each species; (ii) maximum total biomass of each species in monocultures ( K ); (iii) intrinsic growth rate of each species in monocultures ( r ); (iv) the accumulated thermal time required for each species to reach 50% emergence; and (v) the total accumulated thermal time during the growing season considered in the simulation. The model adequately described the dynamics of the competition between species when the relative yield total of the mixture was close to one, i.e. the slope and intercept of the regression between observed and simulated values was not significantly different from one and zero respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that final crop biomass was particularly affected by changes in the relative growth rate of the species. The occurrence of a critical period for weed control was explored using the model. The simplicity of the model validated here would allow its use as a tool to predict the outcome of competition and species relative importance, particularly when parameters needed to run more complex models are not available.     

Ecophysiological characteristics of four maize hybrids and Abutilon theophrasti

Combining empirical research with simulation modelling may improve our understanding of the dynamics of crop:weed competition and for testing hypotheses on the importance of specific traits for enhancing crop performance in mixtures. Two field experiments were conducted to quantify and compare estimates of traits important for radiation interception and utilization in four maize hybrids and Abutilon theophrasti grown in monoculture. Early leaf area growth rate did not vary among maize hybrids within a year, but varied among years. The response of CO₂ assimilation rate to absorbed radiation and leaf nitrogen content did not differ among hybrids. Abutilon theophrasti and two old maize hybrids partitioned more new biomass to stem relative to reproductive organs than newer hybrids. Old hybrids had greater specific leaf area during the period of most rapid growth, grew taller, and leaf area was distributed higher in their canopy. Extinction coefficients for diffuse radiation did not differ among hybrids or between years. Results suggest that these four maize hybrids may differ in their ability to intercept incident radiation, which may influence their ability to compete for light.