国内外乳尿素氮参考标准研究进展

乳尿素氮是指乳中尿素的浓度，是评价荷斯坦牛日粮蛋白质利用率的一个重要指标。本文综述了MUN的形成过程、监测的意义和国内外MUN浓度参考标准，并分析了国内外MUN浓度范围差异的原因。     

中国荷斯坦牛乳尿素氮浓度昼夜变化规律研究

随机收集了8头处于泌乳期的中国荷斯坦奶牛24h内乳样,对乳中尿素氮浓度的昼夜变化情况进行研究。结果发现,同一奶牛个体在不同的时间点乳尿素氮浓度差异较大。因此,单个时间点的乳液尿素氮浓度代表性较差,有必要收集全天乳样。     

中国荷斯坦牛尿液中尿素氮浓度的昼夜变化及其与乳中尿素氮浓度相关性的研究

试验随机收集了8头处于泌乳期的中国荷斯坦奶牛24h内的尿样和乳样,对我国奶牛尿液中尿素氮浓度的昼夜变化情况以及与乳中尿素氮浓度的相关性进行研究。结果表明:同一奶牛个体在不同时间点的尿中尿素氮浓度差异较大,尿素氮浓度较高的奶牛这种差异更明显,单个时间点的尿中尿素氮浓度代表性较差,有必要收集全天尿液;全天平均乳尿素氮浓度与平均尿液中尿素氮浓度(R2=0.99)和尿液中尿素氮日排泄量(R2=0.97)密切相关(P<0.001),证明了尿素在体液中的扩散理论以及乳尿素氮估测尿氮观点的科学性。     

乳尿素氮的监测及与乳蛋白水平相关性分析

选取南京某奶牛场中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验对象,应用酶解-水杨酸盐光度法与二乙酰一肟法2种检测方法对奶牛乳中尿素氮含量检测,发现该牛场高产牛乳尿素氮含量高于中产牛和低产牛,乳蛋白水平与乳尿素氮含量存在相关性。综合分析,该奶牛场奶牛乳蛋白水平高于3.0%时乳尿素氮浓度为14～16.5mg/dL,乳蛋白含量低于3.0%时乳尿素氮浓度为不高于14mg/dL。     

影响奶牛乳尿素氮的主要因素研究进展

牛奶中乳尿素氮(MUN)作为反映奶牛蛋白质营养状态和评价蛋白质利用效率的生物学指标已经被国内外研究人员广泛认可。综述了乳尿素氮的定义、检测方法、产生机制,以及影响乳尿素氮的营养和非营养性因素,以期为奶牛养殖生产提供参考。     

中国荷斯坦牛乳尿素氮与乳成分关系的研究

奶牛产乳性能的高低受品种、营养、年龄、胎次、个体、管理水平和环境等多种因素的影响,因此对奶牛开展生产性能测定(DHI)显得尤为重要。而乳尿素氮(MUN)是牛奶中一种微量组分,其正常的浓度一般为10~16 mg/dL,可以依据乳尿素氮的浓度来调控奶牛的日粮营养水平,估测奶牛每日的尿氮排泄量,甚至总氮排泄量,可见其在奶牛的营养中有着重要的作用,加上MUN的测定具有取样方便、对奶牛无     

影响牛奶尿素氮含量的因素及其与乳常规成分的关系

本文综合了国内外关于影响牛奶尿素氮含量的研究成果,以分析影响牛奶尿素氮含量的营养因素和非营养因素及其与乳常规成分的关系。     

云南水牛乳成分分析及乳能量预测模型的建立

本试验旨在分析水牛乳成分中乳脂肪、乳蛋白、乳糖和乳尿素氮含量及其与乳能量的相关性,建立产奶净能的预测模型,用于奶水牛泌乳期科学的饲养管理。试验采取云南省主要奶水牛养殖场和养殖小区的2014—2015年9—12月份送达昆明市奶牛生产性能测定中心的304个原料乳样本,水牛乳的乳成分由昆明市奶牛生产性能测定中心用MilkoScan FT+FC乳成分体细胞联用仪和MilkoScan FT 120乳成分分析仪测定,鲜乳经真空干燥箱恒温烘干后用氧弹式热量计测定乳能量。结果表明:乳脂肪、乳蛋白、乳糖、乳尿素氮、乳总固形物含量和乳能量分别为6.45%、4.55%、5.31%、13.60 mg/dL、18.77%和4.02 MJ/kg;乳能量分别与乳脂肪和乳蛋白含量呈现极显著正相关(r=0.896 0、r=0.563 0,P0.01),乳能量受乳脂肪和乳蛋白含量的影响较大。分别以乳脂肪(F),乳脂肪和乳蛋白(F和P),乳脂肪、乳蛋白和乳糖(F、P和La),乳脂肪、乳蛋白、乳糖和乳尿素氮含量(F、P、La和MUN)为预测因子,建立的预测乳能量(E)的一元、二元、三元及四元回归方程的拟合度均在0.90以上,方程分别为:E=0.388F+1.540(R~2=0.933 6,P0.01);E=0.373F+0.221P+0.460(R~2=0.926 7,P0.01);E=0.396F+0.186P+0.105La-0.104(R~2=0.954 0,P0.01);E=0.397F+0.187P+0.106La+0.002MUN-0.146(R~2=0.958 0,P0.01)。由此可见,可通过水牛乳中的乳脂肪、乳蛋白、乳糖及乳尿素氮含量预测水牛乳产奶净能。     

山羊乳中尿素氮与乳成分、体细胞数的相关性分析

为了解山羊乳中尿素氮与乳成分、体细胞数之间的关系,通过对山羊开展4次生产性能测定,收集了647个数据,剔除不合格数据15个,得到622个有效数据。按照尿素氮水平进行区间划分,计算各区间的尿素氮、乳成分、体细胞数平均值,通过曲线拟合,发现尿素氮与乳成分、体细胞数之间呈现良好的二次曲线关系,相关系数在极显著水平。随着尿素氮的上升,蛋白质水平呈上升趋势,而乳糖、脂肪则是先上升后下降,体细胞数先下降后上升。综合考虑日粮粗蛋白利用率和对乳房健康的影响,建议山羊乳中尿素氮控制在15-30mg/dL。     

奶牛乳尿素氮影响因素及遗传参数估计的研究进展

乳尿素氮（Milk Urea Nitrogen,MUN）是奶牛生产性能测定（Dairy Herd Improvement,DHI）工作中常规的测定指标之一,其浓度通常用于监测奶牛营养状况,反映日粮能氮平衡、繁殖性能以及环境中氮的排放量。MUN浓度因个体和日粮构成而异,同时受多种因素影响。准确的MUN遗传参数估计不仅能够提高牛场经济效益,而且能加快奶牛的遗传进展,为选育优质奶牛提供理论依据。本文对国内外关于MUN的影响因素、遗传力以及与乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、产奶量、体细胞评分等性状的遗传相关进行了综述,以期为MUN的深入研究应用提供参考。     

The Diurnal Variation of Urea in Cow’s Milk and how Milk Fat Content,Storage and Preservation Affects Analysis by a Flow Injection Technique

Six Swedish Red and White dairy cows, producing 20-39 kg of 4% fat-corrected milk were given a ration balanced in energy and protein. They had access to feed from 05.15 to 09.00 and from 13.00 to 16.30 and were milked at 06.15 and 15.30. The milk was analysed for urea with a FIA technique.There was a significant diurnal variation in milk urea. The highest values were found 3–5 h after the beginning of the morning feeding and the lowest values (down to 60% of the max. values) during late night. Within 1 h after the start of the morning feeding the urea values had increased significantly, but they had decreased within the same time after the start of the afternoon feeding. Since there was a pronounced diurnal variation in the milk fat content, the urea concentration was also recalculated to concentration in the water phase of the milk. It was higher in that phase, but the pattern of the diurnal variation was not changed significantly. However, analyses on milk with a very high fat content may give misleading results.There were no important differences in the milk urea concentration of different udder quarters. When calculated as concentration in the water phase of the milk, no differences in urea concentration were found between the beginning and the end of milking. The analytical method had a good precision (coefficient of variation max. 3%). The milk urea concentration was not changed significantly after storage during 10 days at 4°C when no preservative was added; but after 17 days the milk had turned sour and the urea value had increased. When a preservative (bronopole) was added the urea concentration remained unchanged during 17 days. Deepfreezing did not influence the urea concentration.     

柴胡提取物对热应激奶牛生产性能和血液代谢的影响

为了研究日粮中添加不同剂量的柴胡(Radix bupleuri)提取物对热应激奶牛生理指标、生产性能和血液代谢的影响,采用完全随机区组试验设计,根据产奶量、泌乳天数、胎次将48头健康的泌乳后期荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组12头,在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.5、2.5、5.0g·kg~(-1)的柴胡提取物,试验期10周。结果表明,添加柴胡提取物对直肠温度、采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白产量和体细胞评分呈二次方程的影响(P0.05),采食量、产奶量和乳蛋白产量在0.5g·kg~(-1)添加水平时数值最大,直肠温度和体细胞评分在0.5g·kg~(-1)添加水平时数值最小。随着柴胡提取物添加剂量的增加,乳尿素氮、乳脂率、总固形物和血液中白蛋白、尿素氮、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和β-羟丁酸浓度均线性降低(P0.05),甘油三酯浓度线性增加(P0.01)。与对照组相比,2.5和5.0g·kg~(-1)组的血浆尿素氮浓度显著增高(P=0.05),5.0g·kg~(-1)组的总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著高于对照组和0.5g·kg~(-1)组。因此,本研究建议柴胡提取物在热应激奶牛上的适宜用量为0.5g·kg~(-1),低于5.0g·kg~(-1)的剂量为安全用量。     

奶牛乳尿素氮的研究进展

乳尿素氮(milk urea nitrogen,MUN)是指牛奶中尿素氮的浓度,是评定日粮蛋白质利用率的一个重要指标。测定和使用MUN能够判断日粮配方是否合理,管理计划是否恰当。作者综述了MUN的产生机制、监测方法及其影响因素,分析了目前应用该指标存在的问题,并预测了未来发展的趋势。总之,它的应用对动态预测反刍动物营养需要、科学配制日粮具有重要意义。     

Experimental Trials Assessed by Two Different Protein Evaluation Systems

Carlsson, J., and B. Pehrson: The influence of the dietary balance between energy and protein on milk urea concentration. Experimental trials assessed by two different protein evaluation systems. Acta vet. scand. 1994, 35, 193-205.–Twentythree dairy cows were fed rations with different proportions of energy and digestible crude protein (DCP). When the ration was balanced for energy and DCP according to Swedish standard the cows’ milk urea concentration was 4.66-4.92 mmol/1 (95% CI of mean). With increasing intakes of DCP, fed together with standard levels of energy, the mean milk urea concentration increased in proportion to the surplus of DCP. In contrast, the concentration of urea decreased when the cows were overfed with energy at the same time as they were underfed with protein.When the rations were recalculated in accordance with the AAT/PBV system for dietary protein evaluation the 95% CI for the mean milk urea concentration of the cows receiving a balanced ration was 3.76-4.56 mmol/1. The concentration of urea was dependent primarily on the PBV. When the 2 protein evaluation systems were compared there was a strong correlation between PBV and DCP. Ammonia was the only constituent of the rumen whose concentration was strongly correlated with the milk urea concentration.Taken together with earlier data the present results suggest that a milk urea concentration between 4.0 and 5.5 mmol/1 should be regarded as normal at least when cows are fed conventional feedstuffs.     

萨能奶山羊乳体细胞数与乳汁成分变化的研究

本研究采用DHI检测方法对云南高原饲养的萨能奶山羊进行体细胞数统计和相关分析,探讨奶山羊体细胞数对羊奶主要成分及含量的影响。结果表明,萨能奶山羊乳体细胞数与乳脂率呈正相关(P=0.141),与乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与乳糖含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与总固形物含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与尿素氮含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。乳汁体细胞数的增加对羊乳的品质产生很大影响,造成羊乳蛋白、脂肪含量和总固形物含量上升;乳糖和非蛋白氮含量降低。从多种因素考虑,6月份所测得的体细胞数和乳成分含量可作为萨能奶山羊乳品质质量标准的参考。     

牛奶尿素氮含量不同测定方法比较研究

本研究的目的是比较不同测定方法对牛奶尿素氮含量的影响。分别采用红外法(Foss 4000)、二乙酰-肟法及不同去蛋白处理的尿素氮试剂盒法测定奶样中尿素氮含量(n=50)。结果表明,红外法、二乙酰-肟法、尿素氮试剂盒水溶法的测定结果之间差异不显著(P0.05)。试剂盒法中,三氯乙酸水溶液测定的牛奶尿素氮值显著高于乙醚溶解法的测定结果值(P0.01)。因此,实验室中可以采用二乙酰-肟法和尿素氮试剂盒水溶法测定牛奶尿素氮含量。     

饲粮粗蛋白质水平对中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能、氮利用及血液激素的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平对中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能、氮利用及血液激素的影响。采用重复 ４×４拉丁方设计,８头经产中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为 ４个处理。４个处理的饲粮 ＣＰ水平分别为 １２．５６％、１３．９６％、１５．５３％和 １６．９３％。试验分为 ４个周期,每个周期１８ｄ。在 ４ｄ收集期内,全量收集粪、尿,每天测量产奶量、乳成分和干物质摄入量（ＤＭＩ）,并在收集期最后 １ｄ采集血样。结果表明：４个饲粮处理的 ＤＭＩ基本相同（Ｐ＞０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平１２．５６％的产奶量和能量校正奶（ＥＣＭ）明显低于饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％至 １６．９３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％至 １６．９３％的产奶量和 ＥＣＭ 基本相同,其中饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％和１６．９３％的产奶量分别为２８．１８和２８．７２ｋｇ／ｄ,ＥＣＭ分别为３２．６４和３２．０４ｋｇ／ｄ;乳成分中仅乳蛋白率随着饲粮 ＣＰ水平增加而提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １２．５６％和 １３．９６％的乳氮效率明显高于饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １５．５３％和 １６．９３％（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）;随着饲粮 ＣＰ水平的提高,尿氮排出量不断增加,乳氮排出量也缓慢上涨,体内氮沉积显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）,只有饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １６．９３％的粪氮排出量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １２．５６％的血液瘦素浓度最高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、生长激素（ＧＨ）、胰岛素样生长因子 １（ＩＧＦ １）、血糖、非酯化脂肪酸（ＮＥＦＡ）和 β－羟丁酸（ＢＨＢＡ）浓度较高;而饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １６．９３％的血浆尿素氮（ＰＵＮ）浓度最高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,胰岛素和 ＧＨ浓度较高,ＩＧＦ １浓度较低。由此可见,饲粮 ＣＰ水平１３．９６％适合中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶量２８ｋｇ／ｄ或 ＥＣＭ３２ｋｇ／ｄ的泌乳性能、氮利用和内分泌调节。     

Effect of propylene glycol and undegradable protein source on rumen fermentation, blood metabolism and milk production in lactating dairy cows

Eight lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups ( n  = 4) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each, to evaluate diets containing propylene glycol (PG) and ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) blend on milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolism. The control diet contained 20% chopped Sudangrass hay, 20% cubed alfalfa hay, 12% corn silage, and 48% of the respective concentrate mixtures (dry matter basis). The experimental diet (PG + RUP) partially replaced the concentrate mixture from the control diet with 1.4% PG and 2.1% RUP. Both diets contained about 16% crude protein and 71% total digestible nutrients. Dry matter intake was similar between the two diets. Daily production of milk, milk lactose and milk solids-not-fat increased by 9.0%, 11.3% and 9.3%, respectively ( P  < 0.1), for cows fed diets with PG + RUP; milk composition was unchanged. Although the concentration of ruminal total volatile fatty acids was unchanged, the proportion of propionic acid increased, and the proportion of acetic acid decreased with PG + RUP. The concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen and number of ciliate protozoa was not significantly affected by PG + RUP. The concentration of glucose in blood plasma increased, the concentration of urea nitrogen was unaffected, and the concentration of some essential free amino acids decreased with PG + RUP. It is suggested that these changes might be caused predominantly by PG, and the addition of PG may exert a favorable effect on milk production through increased metabolism.     

影响江苏某牛场荷斯坦牛日产奶量和乳成分因素分析

[目的]探究江苏某牛场荷斯坦牛日产奶量和乳成分的影响因素。[方法]试验采集了该规模化牛场2018—2020年139 703条测定数据,并利用多因素方差模型对其进行系统的分析。[结果]不同胎次、测定季节、产犊季节、泌乳月对荷斯坦牛日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞评分、乳尿素氮均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。产奶量与乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞评分均存在极显著负相关。[结论]综上结果,在生产中,应结合胎次、季节、产犊时间、泌乳等多种因素,灵活调整牛群结构、生产规划和饲养管理,以实现提高产奶量和乳品质的目的。