对我省内陆盐碱水域渔业利用的浅见

<正> 内陆盐碱水,即苏打水,是内陆水体蒸发量超过降雨量而形成的含盐量1‰～30‰水环境。我省北部张家口、南部沧洲邢台等较广泛的地区的地表水、浅层地下水都已经是总盐度超过5‰,总碱度在5～20meq/L,不宜于农业,多年试验证明,也不宜于栽种林草。水资源缺乏一直严重限制     

我国内陆水域放养渔业与富营养化的关系

我国作为发展中国家,放养渔业是内陆渔业的主要方式,如何操纵鱼类实现渔业和水环境保护的协调发展,是实现水库、湖泊渔业健康发展的关键问题.总结了放养渔业与富营养化关系的研究成果,分析了上、下行影响之间的关系,认为放养渔业能够抑制水体的富营养化,但其抑制的程度和范围是有限的.为发挥放养渔业在富营养化抑制方面的更大作用,需要结合不同营养状态和水文特征对放养组合、放养规模以及水草的合理存在空间进行更深入的研究.     

内陆水域渔业用益物权浅谈

内陆水域分散，渔业管理相对困难，生产秩序相对混乱。物权法是规范经济秩序的基本法，将“使用水域、滩涂从事养殖、捕捞的权利”定位为用益物权，为内陆水域渔业管理提供了强有力的法律依据，同时也为内陆水域渔业用益研究提出了许多课题。笔者试就运用物权法解决内陆渔业管理问题谈谈粗浅看法。     

我国内陆水域渔政管理存在的问题和建议

随着市场经济的不断发展和国家法制化进程的不断加快,我国内陆水域渔政管理工作必须坚持与时俱进,遵循自然生态平衡和生产效益最大化的管理要求,加大管理力度,探讨渔政管理工作中存在的问题及合理化对策,促进我国内陆渔业生产持续、健康、快速发展。     

世界内陆水域人工增殖鱼类资源概况及我国发展途径的探讨

江河、湖泊和水库是内陆水域的重要组成部分。随着人类生活的进步，工农业的蓬勃发展，水资源的开发利用不同程度地影响了淡水鱼类资源和渔业的发展。工业“三废”的污染，严重地影响水生生物的索饵、繁殖及其生态环境；过度捕捞使鱼类资源得不到恢复和补充；江河修筑闸坝，严重影响洄游性鱼类上溯产卵场进行繁殖。世界各国多年实践经验表明，在内陆水域开展人工放流移殖鱼苗，对保护和增殖鱼类资源，发展渔业生产是行之有效的途径。     

内陆水域渔业生产力问题

水域渔业生产力是渔业科学研究的中心问题之一。近二十多年，随着水生动物营养学和水域中物质循环与能量流研究的深化，这一问题作为生物生产力的一个部分，在理论和应用上都有显著的发展。     

我国内陆水域增殖渔业的发展现状

人工放流、移植驯化、繁殖保护是我国内陆水域增殖渔业资源的主要方法。本文对我国江河、湖泊、水库采取的增殖和利用现状进行了概述,并就存在的问题提出了建议。     

苏联内陆水域渔业概况及发展趋势

苏联内陆水域水面辽阔，全国计有湖泊285万个，面积近6，000万公顷，其中有近2，500万公顷有渔业价值，水库面积600万公顷、河道60万公里，池塘水面近40万公顷及三个内陆海。内陆水域鱼产量1，100万公担，其中湖泊渔业96万公担，河流捕捞161万公担、水库66万公担、池塘养殖146万公担。     

山东省内陆水域渔业经济发展思路探讨

山东省内陆养殖面褪为24万hm＾2（360万亩）左右,养殖产量在100万t左右,内陆捕捞产量13万t。内陆渔业养殖方式主要以池塘养殖、湖泊、水库“三网”养殖、工厂化养殖以及沿黄盐碱涝洼地“上农下渔”生态渔业为主。从经济层面上看,20世纪80年代初到90年代中期,水产养殖处于数量增长时期,90年代中期以后,由数量型向质量效益型转变,现阶段正处于产品质量安全和养殖生产效益并重的新时期。从总体来看,内陆渔业生产的总体效益逐年下降,近几年虽有所回升,但目前各种农产品价格上涨,唯独淡水产品涨幅最小,从而影响群众收入的增长。     

The development of the Finnish inland fisheries system

The efficiency of Finnish inland fisheries administration has improved during the past 15 years because of changes in fisheries legislation. The establishment of regional management units particularly has improved the practice of co-management, which has allowed the participation of many relevant interest groups in the decision-making process. The long-term private market equilibrium supply for recreational fishing with active types of gear accounted for 50% of the Finnish lake surface area. Presently the public sector has become involved in the supply of recreational fishing licences. The improvement in the system owes much to political initiatives. As regards commercial fishing, state-ownership of fishing grounds is a channel for recruitment into the occupation. Private ownership has led to a suboptimal allocation of fisheries resources, particularly in the commercial branch of the industry. However, by giving priority to social instead of economic goals the statutory fishery associations will help to maintain social and community values, which are locally important.     

Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries

Aquaculture is a multifaceted, dynamic food production sector in Europe. The average annual growth rate of aquaculture production in Western Europe was 5.5% between 1988 and 1998, while in Eastern Europe production declined by 56% during the same period. The main growth in aquaculture production has taken place in the marine environment, particularly in the expanding salmon, Salmo salar L., industry of Northern Europe. Inland aquaculture only contributed 19% of the total aquaculture production in 1998. Trout in Western Europe, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in Eastern Europe are the dominant species in inland aquaculture. Inland fisheries production has been stagnant in Western Europe and has declined considerably in Eastern Europe. The importance of recreational fisheries is increasing all over Europe, although no reliable data are available on angler catches. The major interactions between aquaculture and fisheries are pollution by untreated effluents from farms and impacts on indigenous fish stocks. The conflict is decreasing as more advanced systems are used in inland aquaculture, including water recirculation and effluent treatment. The positive benefit of aquaculture is that the sector supports extensive stocking programmes in commercial and recreational fisheries all over Europe.     

Economic evaluation of inland fisheries in England and Wales

Recreational inland fisheries are recognized to have considerable socio-economic benefits, not only for individuals participating directly but also for others in both local and wider communities. In England and Wales the Environment Agency (EA) has a duty to maintain, improve and develop inland fisheries. At present, there are no recent economic evaluations of the whole range of UK inland fisheries for the EA to refer to when confronted with resource issues. There is a particular need to explore the benefits of fisheries to the wider community, in order to secure more resources for management and protection of fisheries. Preliminary results from a multi-modular project to study the economic values associated with recreational fisheries in England and Wales are presented. Topics examined included recreational anglers' consumer surplus, general public non-use values of fisheries, social benefits of recreational fishing and impacts of fisheries on local communities.     

Strategies for the rehabilitation of the inland fisheries sector in Central Asia

Abstract The dismantling of the Soviet Union and the corresponding independence of the Central Asian states in the early 1990s had severe economic consequences for the Central Asian Region. The transition from command to free‐market economies was (and sometimes still is) accompanied by dramatic contractions in production in virtually all primary resource sectors. However, arguably the most catastrophic and ongoing declines in output were to be found in the fisheries sector. This study shows how a combination of ecological (most notably the introduction of alien invasive species and pollution), economic (increasing abstraction of water for irrigation and power generating purposes), social (increased impoverishment following the removal of employment guarantees) and governance (collapse of local management structures, decrease of support to the sector and deterioration of trade relationships with neighbouring countries) affected fisheries production and consumption in the Central Asian transition economies. In the light of these findings, some general observations as how this decline might be arrested or reversed are provided.     

Reconciling traditional inland fisheries management and sustainability in industrialized countries, with emphasis on Europe

In northern industrialized countries, the inland fisheries sector has long been dominated by recreational fisheries, which normally exploit fish for leisure or subsistence and provide many (poorly investigated) benefits to society. Various factors constrain the development and existence of inland fisheries, such as local user conflicts, low social priority and inadequate research and funding. In many cases, however, degradation of the environment and loss of aquatic habitat are the predominant concerns for the sustainability of inland fisheries. The need for concerted effort to prevent and reduce environmental degradation, as well as conservation of freshwater fish and fisheries as renewable common pool resources or entities in their own right is the greatest challenge facing sustainable development of inland waters. In inland fisheries management, the declining quality of the aquatic environment coupled with long‐term inadequate and often inappropriate fisheries management has led to an emphasis on enhancement practices, such as stocking, to mitigate anthropogenic stress. However, this is not always the most appropriate management approach. Therefore, there is an urgent need to alter many traditional inland fisheries management practices and systems to focus on sustainable development. This paper reviews the literature regarding the inputs needed for sustainability of inland fisheries in industrialized countries. To understand better the problems facing sustainable inland fisheries management, the inland fisheries environment, its benefits, negative impacts and constraints, as well as historical management, paradigms, trends and current practices are described. Major philosophical shifts, challenges and promising integrated management approaches are envisaged in a holistic framework. The following are considered key elements for sustainable development of inland fisheries: communication, information dissemination, education, institutional restructuring, marketing outreach, management plans, decision analysis, socioeconomic evaluation and research into the human dimension, in addition to traditional biological and ecological sciences. If these inputs are integrated with traditional fisheries management practices, the prospects for sustainability in the inland fisheries will be enhanced.     

中国与东盟渔业合作的新进展及建议

渔业合作是我国与东盟合作的重要内容之一。在南海较为复杂的国际形势和背景下,探讨中国与东盟的渔业合作符合双方的长远利益。南海问题的顺利解决有利于中国与东盟渔业合作的开展,而双方渔业合作的进一步开展又可以促进双方南海问题的早日解决。近年来,随着中国与东盟在2001年把农业确定为面向21世纪合作的重点领域之一,中国与东盟的渔业合作又取得了一些新进展。     

The effect of LED lights on trap catches in Finnish inland fisheries

Trap fisheries can provide catches of high quality, and unwanted bycatch can be released with high survival. Light attraction could be an effective way of increasing trap catches, but research results are largely lacking. Experiments to test the effect of LED lights in trap-net fishing were conducted in two Finnish lakes where fishing targeted Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis L. and roach Rutilus rutilus (L.). LED lights (white, green, red, blue and combinations) were attached inside the traps. The use of LED lights did not increase fish CPUE. Contrary to expectation, Eurasian perch catches were higher in traps without LED lights. Significant variation in CPUEs was observed, but without interaction with light treatments. The LED lights tested in this study do not increase the effectiveness of trap fishery targeting Eurasian perch and roach in Finnish lakes in the ice-free season.     

中亚五国内陆渔业产业衰退析因及其重振策略探讨

中亚包括哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦五国,是"丝绸之路经济带"的核心区域,内陆渔业资源禀赋雄厚,世界第一大湖里海以及第四大湖咸海均分布在域内。在前苏联时期中亚各国捕捞渔业和水产养殖发展态势良好,随着东欧巨变及前苏联政局陷入动荡直至解体,渔业生产急剧萎缩,至今虽有复苏但尚未能恢复到苏联时期的发展水平。本文主要基于我们前期研究基础以及FAO和世界银行等统计数据,提出对苏联解体后中亚各国渔业崩溃的原因解读,并探讨在"一带一路"框架下,中国和中亚各国可行的渔业合作方式以及重振中亚渔业的策略方法。