绵羊输卵管上皮细胞的分离与培养

通过建立输卵管上皮细胞的体外培养和传代的方法，进行形态学观察及冻存。取雌性绵羊输卵管上皮细胞，用胶原酶消化和不锈钢网过筛法分离输卵管内膜基质细胞和上皮细胞，进行单细胞原代及传代培养。在输卵管上皮细胞的培养可持续培养4-6周，传3-4代。原代培养细胞7d长成单层，传代细胞4d长成单层。该研究旨在建立一套输卵管上皮细胞体外培养和传代的方法，为进一步研究β-防御素在雌性生殖道的作用方面提供很好的研究模型。     

Interaction of Intact Porcine Spermatozoa with Epithelial Cells and Neutrophilic Granulocytes during Uterine Passage

New insemination techniques allow a tremendous sperm reduction for successful artificial insemination (AI) if highly diluted semen is deposited in the tip of the uterine horn and close to the utero‐tubal junction. High sperm losses are known to occur during uterine passage and it was the general question whether specific binding mechanisms are involved. Upon arrival in the uterus, spermatozoa are confronted with mainly two different cell types: uterine epithelial cells (UEC) and neutrophilic granulocytes (polymorphonuclear neutrophil, PMN). As cell–sperm interactions can hardly be observed in vivo, an ex vivo system was established to study the interaction between spermatozoa and the UEC. Uterine segments (10 cm) from freshly slaughtered synchronized juvenile gilts were inseminated for 60 min at 38°C. Thereafter spermatozoa were recovered, counted flow cytometrically and examined for changes in viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Significantly less spermatozoa with a functioning MMP and intact plasma membranes could be retrieved (55 ± 7%), while the number of damaged spermatozoa hardly changed (93 ± 12%), indicating retention of viable sperm cells in the uterine lumen. The interactions between porcine PMN and spermatozoa (motile, immotile, membrane‐damaged) were studied in coincubation assays in vitro. The binding of membrane‐damaged sperm cells to PMN was virtually non‐existent (3 ± 2%). Viable and motile spermatozoa attached to PMN without being phagocytosed within 60 min (45 ± 3%), whereas binding to sodium fluoride (NaF)‐immobilized spermatozoa was reduced to 20 ± 2%. The binding of viable sperm to PMN is most likely not lectin‐dependent; although both viable cell types were shown to express a broad range of different lectin‐binding sugar residues, none of the lectins tested was able to selectively block PMN‐sperm binding significantly. The results of the study suggest that viable spermatozoa are already subject to selective processes within the uterus before further selection is initiated at the utero‐tubal junction and in the oviductal isthmus.     

类固醇激素对牛输卵管上皮细胞特异性糖蛋白基因表达作用的研究

模拟发情期母牛体内类固醇激素水平，在培养乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞的体系中添加雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)和血小板激活因子(platelet activating factor，PAF)，以诱导细胞的分泌作用。借助Northern的斑点杂交技术分析输卵管上皮特异性糖蛋白(OGP)基因RNA水平，研究激素及生长因子对体外培养的乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞分泌OGP的影响。结果显示：E2、P和PAF可以促进乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞OGP基因的表达。     

In Vivo and In Vitro Sperm Interaction with Oviductal Epithelial Cells of Llama

Sperm reservoirs in South American Camelids would be crucial for successful fertilization. Since ovulation occurs approximately 36 h after mating, the maintenance of the sperm viability in the oviduct waiting for the ovum is a critical reproductive event. Our study aimed at determining whether the isthmus or the utero tubal junction (UTJ) could function as a sperm reservoir in llama by means of in vivo and in vitro experiments. For the in vivo experiments, the oviducts of adult females with a dominant follicle bigger than 7 mm were examined for the presence of sperm at 6, 18, 24, 28 and 35 h after mating. The results using scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructural differences between isthmus and UTJ with respect to (1) predominance of secretory cells in the UTJ and ciliated cells in the isthmus epithelium and (2) cytoplasmic bulbous projection of the secretory cells in the UTJ. Sperm adhered by a mucus‐like substance were seen only in the UTJ at 6, 18, 24 and 28 h post‐mating. Lack of sperm adhered to oviductal mucosa was observed around ovulation (35 h). In vitro experiments demonstrated higher ability of UTJ epithelial cell explants with respect to isthmus explants to bind sperm in a co‐cultured system. The anatomical features and the presence of a sperm bonding agent in the UTJ together with the in vitro differential binding of sperm to UTJ explants strongly suggest that both may be feasible mechanisms that facilitate sperm storage in this oviductal region in llama.     

牛输卵管上皮对小鼠胚胎发育的影响

模拟发情期（0～6 d）母牛外周血雌激素和孕酮浓度的变化，添加17β-雌二醇和孕酮至TCM-199中，体外培养间情期牛输卵管上皮细胞（BOECs），同时观察了BOECs分泌蛋白（BOEP）、发情期母牛输卵管冲洗蛋白（BOP）和小牛输卵管冲洗蛋白（COP）对小鼠胚胎发育的影响。结果表明：①类固醇激素可以调节和启动体外培养的间情期牛输卵管上皮细胞的分泌活动；②BOEP比BOP和COP能极显著地促进胚胎的分裂和发育（Ｐ<0.001）；③与对照组（未添加外源蛋白质，只添加胎牛血清）相比，BOEP的囊胚形成率极显著低于对照组（Ｐ<0.01），可能是缺乏某些分子量低于10 kD蛋白因子的协同作用，同时30～56kD分泌蛋白的存在，也可能参与了抑制和阻碍胚胎分裂和发育的过程。     

Hypothyroidism Affects Differentially the Cell Size of Epithelial Cells Among Oviductal Regions of Rabbits

Oviductal regions show particular histological characteristics and functions. Tubal pathologies and hypothyroidism are related to primary and secondary infertility. The impact of hypothyroidism on the histological characteristics of oviductal regions has been scarcely studied. Our aim was to analyse the histological characteristics of oviductal regions in control and hypothyroid rabbits. Hypothyroidism was induced by oral administration of methimazole (MMI) for 30 days. For both groups, serum concentrations of thyroid and gonadal hormones were determined. Sections of oviductal regions were stained with the Masson's trichrome technique to analyse both epithelial and smooth muscle layers. The percentage of proliferative epithelial cells (anti‐Ki67) in diverse oviductal regions was also quantified. Data were compared with Student t‐test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, or Fischer's test. In comparison with the control group, the hypothyroid group showed: (i) a low concentration of T3 and T4, but a high level of TSH; (ii) similar values of serum estradiol, progesterone and testosterone; (iii) a large size of ciliated cells in the ampulla (AMP), isthmus (IST) and utero‐tubal junction (UTJ); (iv) a large size of secretory cells in the IST region; (v) a low percentage of proliferative secretory cells in the fimbria‐infundibulum (FIM‐INF) region; and (vi) a similar thickness of the smooth muscle layer and the cross‐sectional area in the AMP and IST regions. Modifications in the size of the oviductal epithelium in hypothyroid rabbits could be related to changes in the cell metabolism that may impact on the reproductive functions achieved by oviduct.     

哺乳类动物精子的获能和顶体反应

介绍了在生殖过程中的2个重要的生理变化--获能和顶体反应,并综述了最近几年来在生殖生物学领域关于获能与顶体反应机制方面的最新成果.结果显示,cAMP、Ca2+、咖啡因等因素对精子获能有促进作用,ZP3、Ca2+、cAMP、肝素等因素对顶体反应有促进作用.所有研究成果表明,精子的荻能和顶体反应与精子膜的生理变化有着密切关系.     

Characterization of Foamy Epithelial Surface Cells in the Canine Endometrium

In mature bitches, endometrial epithelial surface cells modify function and corresponding morphology during the oestrous cycle. During late metoestrous, endometrial epithelial surface cells frequently accumulate fat and thereby adopt a foamy morphology. This cyclic appearance of foamy endometrial epithelial cells (fEECs) seems to be physiological in the dog, whereas in other species, it indicates pathological changes. Function of these fEECs has not been identified until now. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the fEECs by means of transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Different manifestations of fEECs were observed and analysed with regard to proliferative activity and presence of different epithelial adhesion molecules including PLEKHA7, β‐catenin and E‐cadherin. PLEKHA7 was restricted to the apical regions of the fEECs, whereas E‐cadherin and β‐catenin were demonstrated basolateral. The immunohistochemical detection of steroid hormone receptors demonstrated the responsiveness of the fEECs to steroid hormones. Intense progesterone receptor expression was observed in the fEECs indicating a high responsiveness to this hormone. Considering a potential function of the fEECs, we hypothesized that leptin, a hormone produced by other lipid‐accumulating cells and described to be involved in reproduction, in particular during implantation, might also originate from the fEECs which was confirmed by immunohistochemical methods. Moreover, leptin receptor was found in fEECs indicating the fEECs as both, source and target for leptin. Therefore, we conclude that fEECs in the canine uterus have a potential role in early pregnancy events and that the different observed manifestations might simply reflect the variations of signs of pseudopregnancy among bitches.     

犬子宫内膜上皮细胞和基质细胞的分离培养与鉴定

为了探究犬子宫内膜细胞的培养方法,采用组织块培养法和酶消化培养法进行细胞培养并使用倒置显微镜观察细胞的形态结构和生长状态,对细胞进行免疫组化鉴定。结果表明,组织块培养法需要1周左右培养出犬子宫内膜上皮细胞,且细胞不易纯化;酶消化培养法节省时间,获得的细胞活力强、纯度高。综上所述酶消化培养法更适于培养犬子宫内膜细胞,为后期细胞水平研究奠定基础。     

不同物种输卵管上皮细胞培养、纯度检测及支持小鼠胚胎发育的能力

针对不同物种采用不同方法培养小鼠、山羊和鸡输卵管上皮细胞(OECs)并检测上皮细胞纯度,在此基础上比较了它们支持小鼠胚胎发育的能力。结果表明,3种细胞都能很好地生长,培养的细胞几乎全为上皮细胞(Vi-mentin单克隆抗体检测显示,小鼠、山羊和鸡OECs的阳性细胞率分别为2.4±0.3、1.3±0.3和1.8±0.4)。昆明白小鼠原核胚与小鼠、山羊和鸡OECs共培养,发育到囊胚的比例分别为61.7%、57.2%和56.2%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明鸡和山羊OECs能很好地支持小鼠胚胎发育。     

Capacitation of Frozen Thawed Buffalo Bull (Bubalus bubalis) Spermatozoa with Higher Heparin Concentrations

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of high heparin concentration on capacitation of buffalo spermatozoa with a short incubation time. Frozen thawed spermatozoa from three buffalo bulls were pooled and treated with either 50, 100 or 200 microg/ml heparin for 30 min. Capacitation was evaluated by acrosome reaction of spermatozoa and in vitro fertilization rate (per cent cleavage rate, per cent cleavage index). Acrosome reaction was induced in heparin treated spermatozoa with calcium ionophore A23187 and staining was carried out with Coomassie G-250 to evaluate the response as compared with control (0 heparin + calcium ionophore). Significantly higher percentage of acrosome reaction (AR) spermatozoa was noted after heparin treatment (36.8-48.2%) as compared with control (8.1% ; p < 0.05) but differences among the three heparin concentrations were non-significant. However, a significantly higher in vitro fertilization rate was recorded in spermatozoa capacitated by 50 and 100 microg/ml heparin (80.4 and 75.9% cleavage rate, respectively) as compared with 200 microg/ml heparin (47.2% cleavage rate; p < 0.001). It is concluded that buffalo spermatozoa capacitated with 50-100 microg/ml heparin had significantly higher ability to improve in vitro fertilization rate in buffalo.     

Effect of Exogenous Progesterone on Post-thaw Capacitation and Acrosome Reaction of Bovine Spermatozoa

The aim of this work was to study the effect of progesterone (P4) on capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR) of post-thaw bovine spermatozoa in vitro. Spermatozoa were incubated (0-180 min) in capacitation medium supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 microg/ml of P4. At different time intervals aliquots were taken to determine sperm plasma membrane lipid destabilization, or capacitation (AR induced by lysophosphatidylcholine) in spermatozoa. The second experiment aimed to study the effects of P4, as potential inducer of AR in heparin-capacitated spermatozoa. The acrosomal status and viability of spermatozoa were evaluated under an epifluorescence microscope using Ethidium homodimer/peanut agglutinin fluorescein isothiocyanate staining method. Plasma membrane scrambling in spermatozoa was assessed by a flow cytometer, using merocyanine staining. The results show that P4 at the concentrations used had no negative effects on sperm viability. Progesterone significantly enhanced sperm capacitation (p < 0.001), but had no effect on plasma membrane lipid stability (p > 0.05) and did not significantly increase the AR of heparin-capacitated spermatozoa (p > 0.05). Progesterone displayed its effects in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum effect of 10 microg/ml P4 at 180 min of incubation. The results demonstrate that in cryopreserved bovine semen, P4 acts as capacitating, but not as an AR-inducing agent.     

牛输卵管上皮细胞培养、纯化及其生物学特性的研究

对牛输卵管上皮细胞进行了原代及传代体外纯化培养,并对输卵管上皮细胞的生物学特性通过普通光镜、扫描电镜、免疫组化、流式细胞技术进行观察、鉴定和检测等相关研究,建立了一种稳定的制备纯度较高的牛输卵管上皮细胞体外培养方法,为进一步研究胚胎共培养和核移植供体细胞奠定了基础。     

Heterologous In Vitro Fertility Evaluation of Cryopreserved Iberian Red Deer Epididymal Spermatozoa with Zona-intact Sheep Oocytes and its Relationship with the Characteristics of Thawed Spermatozoa

A heterologous in vitro system, using zona‐intact sheep oocytes, was used to evaluate the relationship between sperm factors of Iberian red deer thawed epididymal sperm and the percentage of cleaved oocytes. Epididymal spermatozoa were recovered from six males, diluted with freezing extender and cryopreserved. After thawing sperm motility (SM) and acrosome and membrane integrities were evaluated. Again, these parameters were assessed after incubation in freezing extender at 37°C for 2 h. After cryopreservation the values for SM and acrosome and membrane integrities were high (～80, 80 and 70% respectively). However, these values significantly decreased after incubation (～59, 62 and 47% respectively). Red deer thawed epididymal sperm fertilized zona‐intact sheep oocytes, although the percentage of cleaved oocytes was low (～22%). No relationship was found between sperm parameters assessed after thawing and the percentage of cleaved oocytes. Likewise, any sperm parameter evaluated after incubation was assessed in relation to the percentage of cleaved oocytes. However, acrosome and membrane integrities were near to significance (p = 0.06 and p = 0.09 respectively). Then, we conducted a reduced model with these two variables and both were related to the percentage of cleaved oocytes (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04 respectively). Thus, acrosome and membrane integrities were related to the percentage of cleaved oocytes negatively and positively respectively. It was concluded that the classical parameters assessed in deer thawed sperm samples can be good predictors of the ability to fertilize zona‐intact sheep oocytes.     

Glycomolecule Modifications in the Seminiferous Epithelial Cells and in the Acrosome of Post‐testicular Spermatozoa in the Alpaca

A lectin histochemical investigation of the seminiferous epithelium and acrosomes of spermatozoa present in the efferent ductules and epididymal regions was carried out in the alpaca. The histochemical characterization was performed using a battery of different lectins: Con‐A, UEA‐I, LTA, WGA, GSA‐IB4, SBA, PNA, ECA, DBA, MAL‐II and SNA. Sialidase digestion and deglycosilation pre‐treatments were also employed. The cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells contained N‐linked oligosaccharides with α‐d ‐Man/α‐d ‐Glc and GlcNAc and O‐linked glycans with α‐l ‐Fuc, β‐GalNAc, β‐d ‐Gal‐(1‐4)‐d ‐GlcNAc, α–Gal and Neu5Acα2,6α‐GalNAc moieties whereas β‐d ‐Gal‐(1‐3)‐d ‐GalNAc residues were included in both O‐ and N‐glycoproteins. Spermatogonia expressed α‐d ‐Man/α‐d ‐Glc residues included in N‐glycoproteins and α‐Fuc in O‐glycoproteins. Spermatocytes contained the N‐glycoproteins residues α‐d ‐Man/α‐d ‐Glc and GlcNAc and the O‐glycoproteins residues α‐l ‐Fuc, β‐d ‐Gal‐(1‐4)‐d ‐GlcNAc, α–Gal, β‐GalNAc, Neu5Acα2,6α‐GalNAc and Neu5Acα2,6β‐d ‐Gal‐(1‐3)‐d ‐GalNAc. The results of the present study show differences in the presence and distribution of lectin reactive sites throughout the acrosomal development in the alpaca. In particular, Fuc moieties were found only during the Golgi‐phase of spermatids, α‐Gal were found in the acrosome of Golgi‐ and cap‐phase spermatids, sialic‐acid/α‐GalNAc sequence was revealed during the cap‐phase and elongated spermatids, and α‐d ‐Man/α‐d ‐Glc and GlcNAc were detected only in the acrosomes of elongated spermatids. Finally, β‐GalNAc, β‐d ‐Gal‐(1‐3)‐d ‐GalNAc and β‐d ‐Gal‐(1‐4)‐d ‐GlcNAc were added to acrosomal glycoproteins in the early stages of spermatogenesis and remained unchanged during the later phases. Differences in the carbohydrate expression were also demonstrated on the sperm acrosomes during passage through the post‐testicular ducts.     

Vero细胞共培养体系对猪胚胎早期发育的影响

本研究旨在探讨Vero细胞共培养体系对猪胚胎早期发育的影响。收集屠宰场废弃卵巢,抽取卵母细胞。采用电激活联合化学激活的方法得到孤雌胚胎,同时用所得的卵母细胞与卵丘细胞构建猪体细胞核移植重构胚;并将所得的孤雌胚、核移植重构胚移入NCSU-23(培养液)中与Vero细胞共培养。结果,Vero细胞共培养组的囊胚率显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组囊胚细胞数无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,Vero细胞作为共培养体系中的滋养层细胞有利于猪胚胎的早期发育。     

透明质酸对猪精子活率,获能,顶体反应及体外受精穿透率的影响

采用具有高繁殖力的种公猪的新鲜精液及冷冻精液，加入不同获能剂咖啡因及透明质酸，在３９．５℃、５％ＣＯ２培养箱中孵化培养。结果表明，透明质酸能够在体外条件下保持精子的活率，并维持在稳定的水平，鲜精为４２．６％～４７．８％，冻精为２０．４％～２５．６％。荧光剂Ｈｏｅｃｈｓｔ染色表明，透明质酸能够显著增加培养３６０ｍｉｎ后的活精子率。在无蛋白来源的ｍＢＯ培养液中，培养０～６０ｍｉｎ，精子发生自发的获能和顶体反应，而受获能剂影响，精子发生获能的时间带在各处理组之间显著不同：咖啡因处理组的获能时间带是６０～３６０ｍｉｎ，透明质酸处理组则是６０～１８０ｍｉｎ。体外受精试验表明，去除卵母细胞周围卵丘细胞时，透明质酸和咖啡因对精子穿透率的影响没有区别；而在卵丘细胞存在的前提下，咖啡因处理组的穿透率显著高于透明质酸处理组。     

咖啡因和肝素、钙离子载体对家畜冷冻精子体外获能的协同作用

本文报道了用咖啡因与肝素、钙离子载体(I-A)协同处理诱导马、驴、猪冷冻精子体外获能的研究结果.咖啡因与肝素、I-A均有协同作用.在肝素或I-A处理中添加咖啡因,不仅能提高穿透率,而且能促进卵内雄原核的形成和发育.精子先经洗涤,再用咖啡因与肝素或I-A协同处理,可得到良好的获能效果.