酚醛泡沫防火保温人造板生产线的设备组成与发展

探讨了酚醛泡沫防火保温人造板生产工艺流程、温度控制及成型设备。阐述了酚醛泡沫板生产设备——热压机的工作原理与工作过程,并根据当前市场形势对酚醛泡沫防火保温人造板生产设备的发展进行了展望。目前多样化、定制化生产已经产生,传统的酚醛泡沫防火板生产线应向柔性化、智能化、清洁化方向发展。     

丁腈橡胶粉改性酚醛树脂泡沫的性能与微观结构研究

应用丁腈橡胶粉(NBRP)对酚醛树脂进行改性,再与其他助剂复合在70℃制备改性酚醛泡沫材料.分析了NBRP的改性方式对酚醛泡沫材料性能的影响,进一步讨论了NBRP前期改性加入量对酚醛泡沫机械性能、易碎性能、燃烧性能和泡孔微观结构的影响.研究表明:NBRP前期改性酚醛泡沫性能优异,其中添加量2％时综合性能最佳,这为丁腈橡胶粉改性酚醛树脂提供了科学依据.     

中密度纤维板含水率对其力学性能的影响

为探究中密度纤维板(MDF)含水率对其力学性能的影响规律,制备了6组不同含水率的MDF试件,并测试其力学性能。结果表明:试件含水率对其内结合强度、静曲强度、弹性模量和表面结合强度均有影响,含水率在6%时,上述性能指标达到最大值,之后随含水率升高而逐渐减小。     

木质素基聚氨酯预聚体改性酚醛泡沫的制备及表征（英文）

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为液化剂液化木质素,得到液化产物直接合成木质素基聚氨酯预聚体(LLPUPs),并用来改性酚醛泡沫。采用FT-IR对木质素液化产物(LLs)和LLPUPs的结构进行了表征和分析,通过SEM、万能试验机结合热重分析仪研究了LLPUPs对酚醛泡沫的形态,机械性能和热稳定性的影响。结果表明:木质素液化产物的羟值为177~286 mg/g,并随着PEG相对分子质量的增加而下降;添加LLPUPs可以增强酚醛泡沫的压缩强度和比压缩强度,当LLPUP2添加量为9%时,比压缩强度最高,为4.44(Pa·m~3)/g;LLPUP1和LLPUP2添加量为9%时,酚醛泡沫泡孔均匀,当LLPUP1添加量为9%时,比弯曲强度最高,为8.23(Pa·m~3)/g;LLPUPs改性酚醛泡沫与纯酚醛泡沫相比,具有相似的热稳定性。     

环保无卤阻燃剂对酚醛泡沫塑料性能影响

以苯酚(4.26 mol)、多聚甲醛(7.28 mol)、甲醛(1.24 mol)为原料,NaOH为催化剂,采用逐步共缩聚的合成工艺,制备高固含量甲阶酚醛树脂,选择3种环保型无卤阻燃剂(APP、MP、LM-NPP 8081)复合酚醛树脂制备酚醛泡沫,通过测试泡沫力学性能、阻燃性能、易碎性、耐热性能和导热性能等,研究阻燃剂的种类及添加量对酚醛泡沫性能影响.结果表明:3种阻燃剂都能明显提高泡沫的阻燃性,对泡沫的耐热性能和导热系数的影响不是很显著.当阻燃剂添加量为8％时,阻燃剂复合的酚醛泡沫的机械性能较优,并且MP复合酚醛泡沫的综合性能较好,此时MP复合泡沫的氧指数为55.22％,压缩强度为0.30 MPa,弯曲强度为0.28 MPa,掉渣率为34.40％,导热系数为0.045 W/(m·K),300℃残炭量87.50％,600℃残炭量61.12％.结果表明3种阻燃剂中MP是一种较适合酚醛泡沫体系的阻燃剂.     

相变微胶囊填充改性聚乙二醇/酚醛泡沫的制备

相变微胶囊可以通过相变潜热的方式将能量储存在其内部,可作为储能材料用于保温、节能等领域。酚醛泡沫具有隔声、质轻、难燃、保温等优异性能,常用作城市建筑的墙体保温材料,但酚醛泡沫机械性能差、韧性低、粉化率高等缺点限制了其进一步发展。笔者以可发性酚醛树脂为原料,将其与聚乙二醇(PEG-400)和相变微胶囊(MPCM)进行共混发泡制备酚醛泡沫,研究不同质量分数的改性剂对酚醛泡沫物理力学性能、化学结构、微观结构、热学性能和隔声性能的影响。红外光谱测试结果表明,酚醛树脂中的羟基或羟甲基与聚乙二醇中的羟基发生了反应,将柔性长键引入到酚醛树脂的结构中。PEG-400降低了泡沫的粉化率,提高了泡沫的冲击韧性,MPCM的填充改性提高了泡沫的压缩强度。当添加质量分数为4%的PEG-400和10%的MPCM时,泡沫的冲击韧性、表观密度和压缩强度分别提高了56%,63.9%和95.9%,残炭率降低了11.6%,隔声量降低了1.2%。当PEG-400和MPCM的添加量分别控制在4%和10%时,泡沫的综合性能最佳。     

蓖麻油基聚氨酯预聚体改性酚醛泡沫的制备及表征（英文）

以蓖麻油(CTO)和1,6-己二异氰酸酯(HDI)为原料合成蓖麻油基聚氨酯预聚体(COPUP),并采用COPUP对酚醛泡沫进行改性。通过FT-IR和1H NMR对COPUP结构进行了鉴定和表征,进一步采用SEM、万能试验机结合热重分析仪研究了COPUP添加量对酚醛泡沫的形态、机械性能和热稳定性的影响。结果表明:COPUP改性的酚醛泡沫泡孔均匀,但与纯酚醛泡沫相比,COPUP改性酚醛泡沫的泡孔较大,当COPUP添加量为10%时,泡沫的泡孔反而被破坏;当COPUP添加量为3%~7%时,改性酚醛泡沫与纯酚醛泡沫相比弯曲强度增加了21.05%~26.32%,比弯曲强度从5.90(kN·m)/kg增加到6.17(kN·m)/kg,高于纯酚醛泡沫4.96(kN·m)/kg;随着COPUP添加量的增加,泡沫的热稳定性略有下降。     

芦苇中(高)密度纤维板的研究

对芦苇的特性进行了分析。研究了板的密度、胶黏剂用量对芦苇中密度纤维板(MDF)物理力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:芦苇纤维得率达到了87.4%;芦苇MDF的物理力学性能随密度的增大而增强,24h吸水厚度膨胀率随密度的增大而呈上升的趋势;当密度≥0.85g/cm~3,脲醛树脂胶的用量为12%和14%时,芦苇纤维板具有很好的力学性能。     

改性酚醛树脂对铝箔贴面中密度纤维板性能的影响

为扩大中密度纤维板(MDF)的应用领域和附加值,进行了将改性酚醛树脂用于MDF的铝箔贴面试验,探究改性酚醛树脂对板材性能的影响.结果表明,贴面MDF的表面胶合强度均达到1 MPa以上,静曲强度、弹性模量和浸渍剥离性能,亦符合行业标准LY/T 1983-2011中对金属(铜箔、铝箔)饰面人造板的要求.     

刨切薄竹贴面中密度纤维板工艺研究

对刨切薄竹贴面中密度纤维板(MDF)的工艺进行了研究,结果表明:在MDF的上下表面直接粘贴刨切薄竹的工艺可行,并根据试验结果确定了较优的贴面工艺参数.测试结果还显示,刨切薄竹背衬无纺布后再与MDF胶合,其表面胶合强度比刨切薄竹直接贴面MDF时低.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.