A French inventory of gaseous emissions (CH4, N2O, NH3) from livestock manure management using a mass-flow approach

A new methodology based on (1) national data concerning livestock and rearing practices and (2) a mass-flow approach was developed to quantify ammonia (NH₃), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions resulting from manure management in France. A literature review was performed to determine emission factors for each animal type and each management stage. A Microsoft Access® database containing these emission factors, the census data and manure compositions was then developed, allowing the calculation of gaseous emissions by the mass-flow approach. From this database, a national gas emissions inventory resulting from manure management was drawn up for the year 2003. Total NH₃ emissions were estimated at 382 kt N, mainly arising from cattle (72%). Greenhouse gas emissions were estimated at 14.0 Tg CO₂-eq. for N₂O and 10.2 Tg CO₂-eq. for CH₄. Most of the N₂O emissions occurred after the deposition of manure on soil during cattle grazing, while the CH₄ was mainly produced during the period where cattle manure remained in livestock buildings and in outside storage facilities. Moreover, an evaluation of the uncertainty was performed considering the standard deviation obtained for the emission factors.     

Manure as a key resource within smallholder farming systems: Analysing farm-scale nutrient cycling efficiencies with the NUANCES framework

Smallholder farmers in Africa recognise the important role of manure in maintaining soil fertility. For smallholder farmers who use little fertiliser, efficient management of nutrients in manure is key for crop production. We describe a simple model to analyse the effect of manure management on the efficiency of mass and nutrient retention. We used on-farm data on manure excreted and manure management, experimental results, literature and fuzzy logic to model losses during manure storage. The model was used to analyse N cycling efficiency (NCE) within smallholder farms in western Kenya. Simulations showed that manure management during collection and storage had a large effect on the efficiency of C and nutrient retention. Differences in NCE between farmers of different wealth classes arose due to differences in resource endowment. For poorer farmers, large N losses occur at all stages of manure recycling. Urinary-N losses occurred on all farms but their impact on NCE for poor and medium-class farmers was larger due to the smaller amount of N recycled. With current management the poor farmer recovered < 1 kg N y^− 1 in composted manure from 15 kg N y^− 1 excreted. Improved manure storage had little effect on increasing overall NCE for the poor farmer due to large losses before storage. For the wealthier farmer improvement of manure storage increased NCE and allowed recycling of 30% of N excreted (ca. 30 kg N y^− 1) with small investment in infrastructure. Covering manure heaps with a polythene film reduced mass and N losses considerably. For the poor to increase overall NCE, investment in cattle housing and recycling of urinary-N is required. Increasing cattle numbers or improved feeding would have a larger effect on manure availability but this is constrained by feed scarcity and investment capacity. The absolute amounts of N recycled (1–6, 4–17 and 7–18 kg N y^− 1 for poor, medium and wealthier farmers) were small compared with maize N demand (> 50 kg N ha^− 1), but significant given the small farm sizes (0.1–1.1 ha). Although absolute amounts of N recycled with improved manure management may have little immediate impact on crop productivity, manure is often the only input available. Manure provides other nutrients for crops and maintains soil organic matter — both vital to guarantee efficient use of fertiliser N — which justifies the search for interventions to assist farmers make better use of manure.     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: Housing and manure storage

Animal welfare and environmental protection are increasingly important. Housing systems must be found that offer animal welfare while minimizing the overall emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. The straw flow system is an animal friendly housing system for fattening pigs, which can be operated economically on commercial farms. Emissions from conventional slurry based pig houses have been intensively studied, but more research is needed into straw based systems. In this study, we quantified emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from a straw flow system with or without daily removal of slurry to an outside store. The effect of applying a solid cover during outside storage was also examined.

Emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and volatile organic C (VOC) from a commercial straw flow system for fattening pigs in Upper Austria were measured between June 2003 and March 2004. Emissions of CH₄ during housing were 1.24 and 0.54 kg CH₄ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal, respectively. The corresponding N₂O emissions amounted to 39.9 and 24.5 g N₂O per pig place per year, and NH₃ emissions to 2.10 and 1.90 kg NH₃ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃, and of total greenhouse gases, from the straw flow system were lower than literature reference values for forced ventilated fully slatted floor systems. Daily removal of the manure to an outside store reduced emissions from the pig house.

Emissions during storage of pig slurry derived from a straw flow system were quantified between June 2004 and June 2005. Slurry was stored in pilot scale stores with or without a solid cover and emissions quantified by a large open dynamic chamber. The solid cover reduced NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions by 30 and 50%, respectively. During cold climatic conditions stored pig manure emitted less NH₃ and greenhouse gases than when stored under warm climatic conditions. We recommend the use of separate emission factors for slurry storage in the colder and warmer periods in the national emission inventory, and the use of covers on pig slurry stores.

Overall, it is concluded that the straw flow system may combine recommendations of animal welfare and environmental protection.     

氮素添加对贝加尔针茅草原凋落物分解的影响

对内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原群落开展氮素添加实验,设置6个氮素添加水平,氮素类型为硝酸铵(NH₄NO₃):对照(N₀),1.5 g N/m²(N₁₅)、3.0 g N/m²(N₃₀)、5.0 g N/m²(N₅₀)、10.0 g N/m²(N₁₀₀)和15.0 g N/m²(N₁₅₀)。利用凋落物网袋分解法,研究贝加尔针茅、羊草和冷蒿3种植物不同器官凋落物分解对氮素添加的响应。结果表明:1) 3种植物不同器官凋落物C残留率的季节变化与植物残留率的变化趋势相同,呈释放模式。2)贝加尔针茅各器官凋落物分解95%所需时间为3.79~5.75年。羊草各器官凋落物分解95%所需时间为3.12~6.34年。冷蒿各器官凋落物分解95%所需时间为2.69~6.82年。3)不同植物、不同器官凋落物分解速率对氮素添加响应不同,初始化学组成不是控制凋落物分解的主要影响因子。4)凋落物分解速率与土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和土壤含水量无显著相关性,冷蒿凋落物与土壤微生物量碳氮显著相关。5)本试验进行期间,氮素添加对各器官凋落物分解无一致影响,仅个别施氮水平对不同器官凋落物分解速率及养分释放有促进或抑制作用。在氮素添加背景下,凋落物分解受到时间、分解底物类型及氮素输入水平的共同影响。     

不同施氮对饲草玉米产量品质及养分吸收的影响

在西南乳业生产中心四川省洪雅县,以玉草2号为试材,通过2009年田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0,60,120,180,240 kg N/hm²,分别记为N₀,N₆₀,N₁₂₀,N₁₈₀,N₂₄₀)对饲草玉米产量品质及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加了分蘖数,从N₀的1.3个增加到N₁₈₀或N₂₄₀的1.7个,增幅为30.8%;喇叭口期及收获期的地上部干物质量随施氮量增加而增加,并在N₁₈₀时达最大,相比N₀分别增加60.9%和23.8%,但在N₂₄₀时又开始一定下降。施氮显著提高了粗蛋白含量,明显降低了中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,从而有效提高了饲草玉米的营养价值和饲用品质。植株氮、磷、钾含量随生育期推进而逐渐降低;施氮显著提高了氮含量和氮、磷吸收量,提高了磷含量,降低了钾含量,但差异不显著,对钾吸收量无明显影响。玉草2号对氮、磷、钾的吸收量顺序是N>K₂O>P₂O₅,N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O在拔节期为8.2∶1∶5.5,在喇叭口期为9.5∶1∶9.7,在收获期为8.0∶1∶5.8。玉草2号种植中要注重氮、钾肥的投入,洪雅当地的推荐施氮量为180 kg N/hm²。     

DNDC模型评估苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响

DNDC(denitrifiction-decompostion)模型是以生物地球化学进程为基础模拟碳氮循环的模型,被广泛用来预测稻田温室气体的排放,但利用DNDC模型研究苜蓿绿肥对稻田生态系统的相关研究尚未见报道。因此,本研究结合两种绿肥在上海地区的使用,模拟了4个不同处理:对照(未施氮肥和绿肥)、氮肥(200 kg/hm²)、紫花苜蓿绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm²)+氮肥和蚕豆绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm²)+氮肥,研究苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,同时,对DNDC模型进行本地化修正,建立适宜我国长江中下游地区绿肥-水稻轮作生态系统的DNDC模型,结果表明,与对照相比,苜蓿、蚕豆和氮肥处理下的水稻产量分别提高了41.85%,29.81%和25.36%;蚕豆绿肥处理下的CH₄排放量高于苜蓿绿肥处理,温室气体的排放强度在苜蓿绿肥处理下未显著提高。通过对DNDC模型多个参数的调整和模拟,DNDC模型对水稻产量和CH₄排放的模拟值与实测值十分接近,其中,水稻产量实测值和模拟值的决定系数R²为0.89,相对平均误差RMD为-0.8%。大气温度、大气CO₂浓度、土壤有机碳和土壤粘粒对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放十分敏感,其中,大气温度、CO₂浓度和土壤有机碳与CH₄和N₂O的排放强度呈显著的正相关关系,而土壤粘粒与CH₄排放呈显著的负相关关系,本研究结果说明本地化改进的DNDC模型能够准确模拟紫花苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的作用效果。     

野牛草雌雄株对不同形态氮素的生理响应差异

为揭示野牛草雌雄株对氮素形态的偏好及生理响应差异,以野牛草克隆分株为材料,采用温室砂培盆栽方法,分析了硝态氮(N₁)、铵态氮(N₂)、铵硝混合态氮(N₃)和对照(CK)处理对野牛草雌、雄株生长性状、生物量、叶绿素含量、叶片氮含量及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,雌株在N₂处理时其生长性状、各部位生物量及地上生物量和总生物量均显著小于N₁和CK,且还小于N₃处理,表明铵态氮处理可能抑制野牛草雌株生长。N₁处理下的雄株间隔子长度、间隔子直径与CK无显著差异但显著大于N₂和N₃,同时其匍匐茎节数、匍匐茎长度、根生物量、地上生物量及总生物量显著大于其他处理。野牛草雌、雄株的叶绿素a含量和叶绿素总含量均在N₁处理时显著高于对照,但雌株在3种N形态处理之间没有显著差异、而雄株在N₁时与N₂或N₃处理差异显著。野牛草...     

不同有机/无机氮添加对草原土壤氮素分配和转化特征的影响

氮沉降增加已成为全球变化的重要现象之一，已显著影响草地土壤氮素循环。以内蒙古额尔古纳草甸草原为研究对象，进行了6年不同形式氮添加试验，设置无机氮和有机氮比例分别为：10∶0 （N₁），7∶3 （N₂），5∶5 （N₃），3∶7 （N₄），0∶10 （N₅）和对照处理0∶0 （CK）。通过土壤有机质物理分组及室内矿化培养的方法，从氮素形态、氮素组分及氮素潜在矿化三方面研究不同比例有机、无机氮添加对草原土壤氮素分配和转化特征的影响。结果表明，土壤全氮含量未受氮素添加形式的影响；氮添加显著提高了0~20 cm土层矿质氮含量，尤其是土壤硝态氮，其中N₄（无机氮∶有机氮=3∶7）混合氮肥处理下硝态氮含量增幅最大，较对照处理增加1332%。不同形式氮添加没有影响氮素在土壤颗粒态有机氮（轻组）及矿物结合态有机氮（重组）中的占比；N₁（无机氮∶有机氮=10∶0）处理显著提高了0~10 cm土层颗粒态有机氮（轻组）及0~20 cm土层矿物结合态有机氮（重组）中的氮素相对含量，较对照分别增加了91%和44%。氮添加增加了10~20 cm次表层土壤硝化速率的同时降低了氨化速率，但土壤净氮矿化速率不受氮添加形式的影响。因此，有机/无机氮添加比例变化对草原土壤氮素形态和周转的影响也更加复杂。     

Process performance of biogas digesters incorporating pre-separated manure

The yield from anaerobic digestion of liquid manure is often too low to make biogas production economically viable. This study examined the potential for partly substituting the liquid manure with solids from solid–liquid separation. The proportion of manure solids was gradually increased to 60%, which resulted in a higher gas production per digester volume than could be achieved by liquid manure alone. During the period with 60% substitution, the yield in the high-solids digester was almost twice that in the digester based on liquid manure alone. The yield in the high-solids digester was slightly above 200 L CH₄ kg^− 1 VS for the most part, while the yield in a reference digester containing only liquid pig manure was mostly above 300 L CH₄ kg^− 1 VS. Thus, the high ratio of solid matter reduced gas yield as a proportion of VS under thermophilic conditions, indicating that the high-solids process was inhibited by the high amounts of solid manure. This was most likely caused by NH₃ inhibition, as the NH₄–N level increased to more than 5 g L^− 1. However, post-digestion in a mesophilic digester almost fully compensated for the lower conversion of VS in the high-solids digester.     

The effects of increasing the level of dietary wormwood (Artemisia montana Pampan) on intake, digestibility, N balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep

This study investigated the effect of replacing concentrates with dry wormwood (Artemisia montana) on the performance of sheep. Four Corriedale × Polwarth sheep (41.3 ± 1.3 kg) were fed diets with an 8 : 2 straw to supplement ratio, for four, consecutive 16 d periods (10 d adaptation, 6 d collection) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Supplements were made by substituting 0 (Control), 30 (LW), 50 (MW) or 100 (HW) g/kg DM of concentrate (15.6% CP, 72.1% of TDN) with dried, ground wormwood. Ruminal pH, NH₃–N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured on d 6 of collection. Ether extract (EE) intake was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing wormwood inclusion, otherwise intake was unaffected. The Control diet had lower (P < 0.05) DM and CP digestibility than LW and MW diets and lower EE digestibility than the LW diet. Retained N (P < 0.05) and microbial N yield (P < 0.01) linearly increased with dietary wormwood level, but efficiency of microbial N synthesis linearly decreased (P < 0.001). Mean concentrations of rumen NH₃–N, total VFA and propionic acid were quadratically increased (P < 0.05) by increasing wormwood inclusion. Replacing concentrates with 30–50 g/kg DM of wormwood increased N retention, microbial N yield and EE digestibility.     

紫花苜蓿氮效率及其类型特征研究

为挖掘和利用紫花苜蓿自身潜力，实现优质高效生产，本研究拟建立紫花苜蓿苗期氮效率评价体系，筛选氮高效种质。以28个来源广泛的紫花苜蓿品种为材料，通过室内营养液砂培法，设低氮（2.1 mg·L^-1，表示为：N_2.1）和适宜氮（210 mg·L^-1，表示为：N₂₁₀）2个水平，对苗期各品种紫花苜蓿的形态指标和氮相关指标进行综合分析，通过变异系数、相关分析和隶属函数筛选出苗期氮效率评价指标，并进行氮效率类型分类。氮效率为作物对氮素的综合响应。结果表明，LW6010在N_2.1和N₂₁₀水平下，其株高、地上干物质重、地下干物质重、全株干物质重、地上氮积累量、地下氮积累量和全株氮积累量均表现为显著高于其他品种。公农3号在N_2.1和N₂₁₀下均表现为地上干物质重显著小于其他品种。巨能601在N_2.1和N₂₁₀下，其地上和全株氮含量均显著大于其他品种（除LW6010）。N_2.1下，甘农9号的根长最长，陇东苜蓿根长最短；N₂₁₀下，皇冠根长最长，公农3号最短。N_2.1下，新疆大叶根体积最大，陇东苜蓿根体积最小；N₂₁₀下，甘农7号根体积最大。地上干物质重、全株干物质重、根长、根体积、地上氮积累量和全株氮积累量的变异系数和相关系数均较大。同时，LW6010等品种在N_2.1和N₂₁₀下综合值均大于0.5；甘农3号在N_2.1下综合值小于0.5，在N₂₁₀下大于0.5；甘农7号在N_2.1下综合值大于0.5，在N₂₁₀下小于0.5；陇东苜蓿在N_2.1和N₂₁₀下综合值均小于0.5。综上，地上干物质重、全株干物质重、根长、根体积、地上氮积累量和全株氮积累量可作为紫花苜蓿苗期氮效率筛选的评价参数；通过对综合值的量化，可将紫花苜蓿分为氮高效型、氮常效型、氮反效型和氮低效型4个类型。     

Effect of fat supplementation on nitrogen utilisation of lambs and nitrogen emission from their manure

The effects of various fats on nitrogen digestion and metabolism of lambs and their manure were investigated in six isoenergetic diets (n = 6) with similar contents of absorbable protein. Treatments were either a control diet or diets containing 25 g/kg of additional ether extract from rumen-protected fat, coconut oil, rapeseed, sunflower seed or linseed. Fat supplementation resulted in trends for higher apparent nitrogen digestibilities (significant with coconut oil; P < 0.05, post hoc test) and body nitrogen retention (P < 0.1). Urinary nitrogen losses and their proportion of manure nitrogen did not differ significantly among groups as was also true for C / N ratio, dry matter, nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen contents of the manure. In the first week of manure storage, most fat supplements tended to decrease gaseous nitrogen emission as assessed by respiration chamber and mass balance measurements. These differences tended to be mitigated after 7 weeks of manure storage. Only the coconut-oil treatment still resulted in numerically lower nitrogen emissions. In conclusion, addition of fat source in the diet, in addition to increasing dietary energy and suppressing methanogenesis, can under certain circumstances decrease gaseous nitrogen emission from the manure.     

施肥对高寒草原草地质量指数及土壤性质影响的综合评价

本研究以西藏自治区班戈县的典型高寒草原为研究对象,设置田间小区控制试验,于2013-2015年施加不同数量氮磷肥(N: 0、7.5、15.0 g N·m^-2, P: 0、7.5、15.0、30.0 g P₂O₅·m^-2), 调查各处理不同类群植物生物量、分析土壤理化性质,进而评价氮磷养分添加对高寒草原草地质量和土壤环境质量的影响。试验结果表明:1)氮磷配施优于氮磷肥单施,不同氮磷配施处理均能提高草地质量指数(IGQ),以N₁P₁(7.5 g N·m^-2, 7.5 g P₂O₅·m^-2)施肥处理的草地质量指数最大(90.27),相较对照增加了67.16%(P<0.05)。2)选择土壤有机质(OM),全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和pH作为土壤环境质量评价指标, 应用主成分分析法对不同土层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm) 12个施肥处理的土壤理化性质进行分析。结果表明,短期施肥主要影响土壤0~10 cm土层环境质量的变化;增施氮肥土壤pH呈下降趋势;高磷添加处理(30.0 g P₂O₅·m^-2)增加了土壤全磷、有效磷含量,但植物吸收效率下降。3)结合草地质量指数和土壤理化性质变化进行草地质量综合评价,结果表明氮磷肥配施好于单施,且N₁P₁(7.5 g N·m^-2,7.5 g P₂O₅·m^-2)处理相对得分最高,为本试验条件下的适宜施肥量。     

Effects of reducing dietary crude protein on growth performance, odor gas emission from manure and blood urea nitrogen and IGF-1 concentrations of serum in nursery pigs

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of reducing dietary crude protein on growth performance, odor gas emission from manure and blood urea nitrogen and IGF-1 concentrations of serum in nursery pigs. In experiment 1, the dietary treatments were (i) CON (CP 19.5%) and (ii) T1 (CP 16.0%). In feces samples, NH₃, H₂S, acetic acid and butyric acid emissions during the T1 treatment were lower than during the CON treatment ( P  < 0.05). In feces-urine samples, NH₃ emission during the T1 treatment was lower than during the CON treatment ( P  < 0.05). In experiment 2, 28 crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) pigs (13.58 ± 0.10 kg) were used for a 42-day growth trial. Throughout the entire experimental period, ADG and ADFI of the CON treatment were higher than the T1 treatment ( P  < 0.05). On day 14, N digestibility in pigs fed the CON diet was higher than that of pigs fed the T1 diet ( P  < 0.05). On days 28 and 42, DM digestibility of the CON diet was greater than the T1 treatment ( P  < 0.05). On dat 42, serum BUN concentration of pigs fed the CON diet was higher than that of pigs fed the T1 diet ( P  < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicate that reduction in dietary CP concentration decreased NH₃, H₂S and VFA emissions in feces and growth performance in nursery pigs.     

氮添加对内蒙古不同草原生物量及土壤碳氮变化特征的影响

以内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原3种草原实验区草地植物群落为研究对象, 设置7种氮添加梯度, 分别为CK（0 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₁（5 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₂（10 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₃（15 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₄（20 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₅（25 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₆（30 g N·m^-2·a^-1）,应用单因素方差分析（One-way ANOVA）方法研究不同浓度梯度氮添加下不同草原类型区植被生物量、土壤碳氮差异及其影响因素。结果表明：1）氮添加并未对3种草原类型地下生物量产生显著影响（P>0.05）,但显著提高了草甸草原和荒漠草原地上生物量（P<0.05）,且本研究初步判断在N₃添加时接近饱和阈值, 整体上氮添加使内蒙古草原总生物量平均增加了29.66%,较干旱的荒漠草原对氮添加的响应较为明显。施氮肥使草甸草原的根冠比显著降低（P<0.05）,典型草原根冠比在N₃处理下显著增加（P<0.05）,但对荒漠草原影响不显著（P>0.05）。2）选择不同土层（0~10 cm、10~30 cm）分析氮添加对3种草地类型土壤有机碳、全氮含量的影响, 结果显示氮添加对草甸草原土壤碳氮含量没有显著影响（P>0.05）,对典型草原和荒漠草原土壤碳氮含量存在显著影响（P<0.05）,且0~10 cm土层对施氮的响应更明显。3）施氮条件下地上生物量与土壤C/N、年均降水显著相关（P<0.01）,地下生物量、总生物量均与土壤全氮含量、有机碳含量、土壤C/N、年均温、年均降水显著相关（P<0.01）。总的来说,不同类型的草地生态系统生物量及土壤碳氮含量对施肥的响应存在差异,这意味着草地恢复与管理过程中需要对养分的添加作用进行考虑。     

外源性养分添加对高寒草甸土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为了查明外源性养分添加对高寒草甸土壤动物群落的影响,2012年5月在川西北的高寒草甸上用随机区组方式设置添加氮（N）、磷（P）和氮磷混加（NP）3种处理试验样地,每种添加处理均设置10、20和30 g·m^-2三个处理梯度,以未添加养分的高寒草甸为对照样地（CK）。于2017和2020年的8月先后两次对各样地内的土壤节肢动物和土壤理化性质进行调查。结果表明：1）N、P和NP添加均能增加高寒草甸土壤节肢动物的密度和多样性,以梯度为20 g·m^-2和NP混加处理效果最明显;2）N、P添加土壤节肢动物群落的密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均表现为2020年显著高于2017年（P<0.05）,而NP混加土壤节肢动物群落的密度和类群数则表现为2020年显著低于2017年（P<0.05）,但Shannon多样性指数表现为无显著差异（P>0.05）;3）N、P添加显著提高长角?目密度（P<0.05）,NP混加显著提高甲螨亚目和中气门亚目密度（P<0.05）;4）多元回归分析和典范对应分析表明,影响土壤节肢动物群落组成结构和多样性的主要环境因素是土壤全N、全P、土壤有机质、pH、地上生物量和植物群落盖度。研究结果表明,土壤节肢动物群落对添加不同的外源性养分及添加量处理存在差异;高寒草甸上连续8年添加外源性氮、磷养分能提高土壤节肢动物多样性,而氮磷混加则起抑制作用。建议对高寒草甸进行外源性氮磷混加控制在每年20 g·m^-2,且连续添加年限不宜超过8年。     

The C bicarbonate dilution technique to determine energy expenditure in young bulls validated by indirect calorimetry

We explored the applicability of the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution technique for determination of energy expenditure (EE) in young bulls in comparison to whole body indirect calorimetry (IC). Twelve bulls of a F2 German Holstein x Charolais cross (4.5 months, 332 ± 16 kg BM) received a diet providing 1000 kJ ME d^− 1 kg BM^− 0.75 and 4.3 g crude protein d^− 1 kg BM^− 0.75. Bulls were housed in respiration chambers and received an intravenous bolus of NaH¹³CO₃ (A: 3 μmol kg BM^− 1 (n = 2), B: 7 μmol kg BM^− 1 (n = 4), C: 17.5 μmol kg BM^− 1 (n = 6), 99 at.% ¹³C) into the jugular vein to measure EE. Simultaneously, EE was determined by IC. After the ¹³C administration blood samples and breath gas were collected from the animals in the respiration chamber during a 24-h period (7.00–7.00 h). The recovery of ¹³C in breath CO₂ (% of ¹³C dose) was irrespective of NaH¹³CO₃ dose (A: 69.7 ± 2.7%, B: 70.5 ± 4.5%, C: 75.0 ± 4.9%; P > 0.05). Only small amounts of ¹³C were excreted in urine (3.4 ± 2.6%) and feces (2.0 ± 1.3%). The EE determined by the ¹³C bicarbonate method using breath and blood ¹³C recovery rates as correction factors was not different from that measured by IC (816 ± 81 [blood] or 827 ± 101 [breath] vs. 820 ± 90 kJ d^− 1 kg BM^− 0.75). Bland–Altman analysis showed a 95% confidence interval for EE of ± 99 and ± 109 kJ d^− 1 kg BM^− 0.75 based on blood and breath ¹³C recovery, respectively. In conclusion, the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution method is appropriate to obtain reliable estimates of EE in young bulls using blood CO₂ or breath CO₂ under standardized experimental conditions, i.e. in the fasting state.     

Influence of urea molasses treated wheat straw fermented with cattle manure on chemical composition and feeding value for growing buffalo calves

The study was conducted to examine the chemical composition of urea–molasses treated wheat straw (WS) fermented with cattle manure (CM) and its feeding value for growing buffalo male calves. Wheat straw treated with varying levels of urea (0%, 2% and 4%) and molasses (2% and 4%) was ensiled with 30% cattle manure (on dry matter basis) for different fermentation periods (20, 30 and 40 days). Fermented wheat straw (FWS) after each fermentation period was analyzed for pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Maximum pH, DM, CP, TP and NH₃-N and minimum NDF contents were observed with 4% urea. The 4% molasses level increased the CP, TP and NH₃-N contents of FWS, but pH, DM and NDF remained unchanged after 40 days of fermentation. The 4% urea × 4% molasses interaction resulted in maximum DM, CP, TP, NH₃-N after 40 days of fermentation period and this combination was used for large scale production of FWS to evaluate its feeding value for calves. Four isonitrogen and isocaloric diets were formulated. The control FWS 0 diet contained no FWS while in FWS 15, FWS 25 and FWS 35 diets concentrate was replaced with 15%, 25% and 35% FWS, respectively. The diets were randomly allotted to four groups of 28 calves 9–12 months of age, seven in each group, in a randomized complete block design to examine the nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and weight gain. An increased DM, organic matter (OM), CP and NDF intakes were observed in calves fed FWS diets compared to those fed FWS 0 diet. Nitrogen retention increased significantly with increasing the level of FWS. The DM, OM, CP and NDF apparent digestibilities were non-significant in calves fed different levels of FWS. A linear increase in weight gain was noticed in calves fed diets containing increasing level of FWS.     

黄淮海地区紫花苜蓿氮磷钾肥料效应与推荐施肥量研究

为高产优质苜蓿草地施肥提供科学依据,2016-2017年选择黄淮海地区苜蓿生产的典型区域沧州为试验点,以该地区当家苜蓿品种中苜3号（Medicago sativa L.‘zhongmu No.3’）为试验材料,采用"3414"二次回归最优设计试验方案,研究N,P,K肥配施对紫花苜蓿当年干草产量和营养成分的影响。结果表明,影响中苜3号苜蓿干草产量高低顺序为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥。处理3（N₁P₂K₂）即施N 5.00 kg·hm^-2,施P₂O₅ 60.00 kg·hm^-2,施K₂O 180.00 kg·hm^-2时获得最高产量23 657.9 kg·hm^-2。14个处理组合中,处理7（N₂P₃K₂）粗蛋白含量最高,为22.45%,处理6（N₂P₂K₂）粗蛋白含量最低,为16.87%。酸性洗涤纤维含量最低的处理3（N₁P₂K₂）,为34.14%,中性洗涤纤维的含量最低的处理7（N₂P₃K₂）,为51.27%。处理7（N₂P₃K₂）相对饲用价值最高,为111.36。综合分析,处理7（N₂P₃K₂）的初花期营养价值较高。根据产量模型分析,中苜3号苜蓿施N 4.10 kg·hm^-2,施P₂O₅ 48.47 kg·hm^-2,施K₂O 270.00 kg·hm^-2时可获得最高产量23 918.2 kg·hm^-2。     

氮肥运筹对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响

全膜双垄沟播技术使玉米成为了陇中旱农区主要作物之一,但该技术下玉米的高产出导致土壤养分耗竭,影响玉米生产的可持续性。本研究依托2012年布设在陇中旱农区的田间定位试验,研究4个施氮水平 (N₀:不施肥;N₁:100 kg·hm^-2、N₂:200 kg·hm^-2、N₃:300 kg·hm^-2)和2个施氮时期(T₁: 1/3基肥+1/3拔节期+1/3开花期、T₂: 1/3基肥+2/3拔节期)对玉米光合特性、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、干物质积累和分配量及产量的影响。结果表明:1) 随着施氮量的增加玉米光合性能也在增强,而N₃和T₂N₂间差异不显著,T₂时期提高玉米光合特性;2) 全生育期内,N₃处理下叶绿素含量较N₂、N₁、N₀分别平均增加50.9%、17.0%、2.7%;叶面积指数也随施氮量的增加而增加,但N₂和N₃间无显著差异;T₂下的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在生育后期显著高于T₁;3) 干物质积累量和籽粒分配量表现为:N₃>N₂>N₁>N₀,T₂下的干物质积累和籽粒分配量高于T₁;4) 籽粒产量和生物产量均随施氮量的增加而增加,N₂和N₃下的籽粒产量和生物产量显著高于N₀,其中N₃较N₀增加79.2%和68.4%,N₂较N₀增加65.9%和54.1%,T₂下的籽粒产量和生物产量分别较T₁显著增加9.9%和13.5%,而T₂N₂与N₃间无显著差异,因此,在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米,施纯氮200 kg·hm^-2左右,按照1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施,可以增强光合作用,从而提高玉米籽粒产量和饲料产量,促进玉米生产可持续发展。