Histamine is an intracellular messenger mediating platelet aggregation

Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy]ethanamine-HCl (DPPE), a novel antagonist of histamine binding, suggested that histamine might serve a critical role in cell function. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or collagen was found to increase platelet histamine content in parallel with promotion of aggregation. Inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) suppressed both aggregation and the elevation of histamine content, whereas DPPE inhibited aggregation only. In saponin-permeabilized platelets, added histamine reversed the inhibition by DPPE or HDC inhibitors on aggregation induced by PMA or collagen. The results indicate a role for histamine as an intracellular messenger, which in platelets promotes aggregation.     

Localization of antigenic determinants in the polypeptide chains of collagen

After being injected with collagen from rat or guinea pig skin, rabbits form high titer, species-specific antibodies to collagen. Antibody is directed primarily against the alpha2 chain of collagen with little reaction with the alpha1 chain. The amino terminal peptide of cyanogen bromide cleavage of the alpha2 chain of guinea pig skin collagen, alpha2-CBl, effectively inhibited the antigen-antibody reaction, an indication that a major antigenic determinant of collagen is located at the amino terminal of the alpha2 chain.     

Differences in collagen metabolism between normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage

Normal human articular cartilage synthesizes only one type of a chain, which exhibits the chromatographic behavior of the alpha(l)(II) chains described for chick and bovine cartilage. Osteoarthritic cartilage, on the other hand, synthesizes in addition a collagen containing alpha(2) chains and beta components. The different structural features of the two types of collagen may account for some of the functional defects of osteoarthritic cartilage.     

Collagen molecules: distribution of alpha chains

To ascertain the distribution of alpha chains within the collagen molecule, intramolecular cross-links were introduced into tropocollagen by reacting formaldehyde with dilute homogeneous molecular dispersions of collagen extracted from lathyritic guinea pig skin. Denaturation, chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose, measurement of molecular weight, and analyses of the amino acids of the cross-linked product indicate that most, if not all, of the collagen molecules consist of two alpha1 chains and one alpha2 chain [(alpha1)(2)(alpha2)(1)].     

DNA sequences mediating class switching in alpha-immunoglobulins

Immunoglobulin class switching involves specific DNA rearrangements of the gene segments coding for heavy chain constant regions (CH) during B lymphocyte differentiation. In two different cases of C mu to C alpha switching examined here (T15 and M603) and one taken from the literature (MC101), three different sites on the 5' side of C mu and three different sites on the 5' side of C alpha are joined together in the process of CH switching. The sequences surrounding the three germ-line C alpha sites of recombination are highly conserved blocks of 30 nucleotides that may serve as recognition sequences for CH switching to the C alpha gene. This putative recognition sequence is repeated 17 times in approximately 1400 nucleotides of the germ-line Calpha 5' flanking sequence. The lack of homology between this C alpha sequence and sequences reported for the C gamma 1 and C gamma 2b switch sites suggests that heavy chain switching is mediated by class-specific recognition sequences and, presumably, class-specific regulatory mechanisms. In addition, it appears that in one example (MC101) CH switching progressed from C mu to C alpha to C gamma 1. This switching pathway may present difficulties for the simple deletional model of CH switching.     

Acetylenic analog of arachidonate that acts like aspirin on platelets

Development of irreversible platelet aggregation and the accompanying release of platelet-bound serotonin and production of prostaglandins is suppressed by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA). These findings may be explained by an ability of TYA to inhibit the enzymatic conversion of arachidonate to a newly recognized factor, labile aggregation-stimulating substance, which induces platelet aggregation, and to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2alpha).     

肌醇脂质和cAMP在血小板活化因子诱导血小板聚集中的作用

目的：探讨肌醇脂质和cAMP两个细胞内第二信使系统在血小板活化因子(PAF)诱导血小板聚集过程中所起到的作用和相互关系。方法：采用PKC激动剂PMA和Ca^2 通道A23187,以及PKA激动剂Sp-cAMPS和抑制剂Rp-cAMPS干预的方法,分析观察这两个信使系统在PAF诱导血小板聚集过程中的作用;采用^3H—Inositol和^14C-Adenine双标记液体闪烁技术测定PAF诱导血小板可逆聚集过程中肌醇-1,4,5-三磷酸酯(IP3)和cAMP的水平变化的方法,分析研究这两个信使系统在PAF诱导血小板聚集过程中的相互关系。结果：(1)PMA和A23187能分别增强PAF的血小板聚集效应,而且两者具有协同作用;(2)Rp-cAMP和Sp-cAMPS两者本身都不能引起血小板聚集,但能分别增强和抑制PAF的聚集效应;(3)IP3和cAMP的水平变化分别与血小板的聚集和解聚过程一致。结论：(1)肌醇脂质信使系统是细胞内转导PAF诱导血小板聚集的主要胞内信使系统。(2)降低血小板内cAMP浓度不能诱导聚集,但能增强肌醇脂质信使系统的聚集效应;升高cAMP水平能拮抗肌醇脂质信使系统的作用,这可能是使可逆相聚集的血小板解聚的一个重要机制。     

Inhibition of platelet aggregation by monoclonal antibody reactive with beta 2-microglobulin chain of HLA complex

A mouse monoclonal antibody that reacts with beta 2-microglobulin, the light chain of class I major histocompatibility antigens, inhibited the second wave of human platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine and blocked aggregation and platelet protein phosphorylation induced by sodium arachidonate. Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited at threshold concentrations but not at higher concentrations. The antibody also inhibited aggregation and secretion in response to thromboxane A2 or the stable endoperoxide analog, U46619. These results suggest that beta 2-microglobulin in the histocompatibility complex is intimately associated with transmission of the endoperoxide-thromboxane signal at the platelet membrane.     

Activity of platelet hemostasis in newborn calves

Healthy newborn Simmental and Black Pied calves with a normal number of platelets in bloodstream don’t have reliable dynamics of the aggregation function of blood platelets with adenosine diphosphate, collagen, thrombin, ristocetin, epinephrine, as well as combinations of ADP + epinephrine, ADP + collagen, and collagen + epinephrine inducers. The level of discocytes in blood on days 1–2 was 78.5, not reliably changing until the end of the neonatal stage. In this case, the number of disco-echinocytes, spherocytes, spheroechinocytes, and bipolar forms of platelets in the bloodstream remained stably low. Maintenance during colostrum feeding of a low intensity of metabolism of endogenous arachidonic acid in platelets and of a low content of ATP, ADP, actin, and myosin in them can be considered important mechanisms providing stability of platelet aggregation activity in calves in the neonatal stage.     

Direct observation of chaperone-induced changes in a protein folding pathway

How chaperone interactions affect protein folding pathways is a central problem in biology. With the use of optical tweezers and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the effect of chaperone SecB on the folding and unfolding pathways of maltose binding protein (MBP) at the single-molecule level. In the absence of SecB, we find that the MBP polypeptide first collapses into a molten globulelike compacted state and then folds into a stable core structure onto which several alpha helices are finally wrapped. Interactions with SecB completely prevent stable tertiary contacts in the core structure but have no detectable effect on the folding of the external alpha helices. It appears that SecB only binds to the extended or molten globulelike structure and retains MBP in this latter state. Thus during MBP translocation, no energy is required to disrupt stable tertiary interactions.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒Nsp5基因的原核表达及生物信息学分析

旨在对猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)Nsp5基因进行原核表达,利用生物信息学软件,预测其编码蛋白的结构和功能,为了解PEDV致病机理奠定基础。本研究克隆PEDV/LY/2014/04毒株的Nsp5基因,亚克隆进pET-28a(+)原核表达载体,PCR和酶切验证重组质粒的构建,重组质粒pET-28a(+)-Nsp5转入E.coli BL21(DE3)中,SDS-PAGE检测Nsp5的表达和His band Ni+纯化情况,Vector NTI Advance等软件对Nsp5蛋白氨基酸组成、抗原表位、二级和三级结构进行预测和分析。结果表明,成功克隆并构建了重组质粒pET-28a(+)-Nsp5,表达重组蛋白大小约22 ku,且主要以包涵体形式存在,His band Ni+纯化后获得高纯度重组蛋白。Nsp5蛋白是由196个氨基酸残基组成的多肽,其分子质量的理论值为21 820.07 u,理论等电点(pI)为8.734,略偏碱;二级结构骨架中α-螺旋(h)占55.61%,β-折叠(t)占7.65%,无规则卷曲(c)占20.92%,延伸链(e)占15.82%;Nsp5蛋白质的三级结构中,中间段以α-螺旋为主作为骨架,C端多个复杂二级结构构成该蛋白的酶活性中心;B细胞抗原表位的预测,表明有15个潜在的B细胞优势表位。本研究为猪流行性腹泻病毒Nsp5蛋白质的生物学功能相关研究提供数据支持。     

红参中田七氨酸的分离及其生物活性的研究

红参粉末中发现含有田七氨酸(β-N-oxalo-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid)又名三七素,该物质是应用离子交换凝胶色谱柱(CM—Sephadex C—25)和快速蛋白质液相色谱柱(FPLCMono Q)分离得到的。我们检查了田七氨酸对豚鼠主动脉收缩作用的影响,在没有组胺或肾上腺素存在的条件卜,既无收缩作用也无松弛作用,它能增益组胺诱导豚鼠主动脉的收缩;但对于肾上腺素却无作用。此外,田七氨酸通过肾上腺素、ADP凝血酶和胶原,均无诱导血小板聚集的作用。田七氨酸对于血管紧张素转换酶也无阻抑作用。     

虾夷扇贝外套膜胶原蛋白的提取与表征

为探索虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis加工副产物的高附加值利用,从副产物外套膜中提取经济价值较高的胶原蛋白,并对其理化性质(分子量、溶解性、黏度、紫外吸收、氨基酸组成)和结构特性(圆二色谱、傅里叶红外光谱)进行研究。结果表明:外套膜干基中胶原蛋白含量为13.16%;外套膜胶原蛋白分子主要由α亚基和少量的β、γ亚基组成,外套膜胶原蛋白为典型的Ⅰ型胶原;酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC)均富含甘氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸;胶原蛋白的变性温度约为20℃,与其他物种有所差异;PSC的溶解度高于ASC,二者的等电点均在pH为4左右,且二者的盐溶性变化趋势相似;红外光谱表明,PSC和ASC二级结构间有细微差异,但胃蛋白酶没有影响胶原蛋白的三螺旋结构;圆二色谱显示,ASC的三级结构比PSC的更加稳定,温度升高会影响二者的三级结构。     

山羊FSHR基因编码蛋白的结构及功能分析

通过Prot Param和ProtScale等在线软件对山羊FSHR基因编码蛋白的理化性质、亚细胞定位及功能进行分析,分别使用Chou-Fasman和同源建模方法对二级、三级结构进行预测,并对采用邻近法构建的不同物种FSHR基因编码蛋白的系统发育树进行分析。结果显示,山羊FSHR基因编码蛋白由695个氨基酸残基组成,包含7个跨膜域和1个G蛋白耦合受体,属于不稳定蛋白,具有较高的亲水性;亚细胞定位结果显示,FSHR基因编码蛋白分布在内质网、液泡和线粒体内;二级结构主要是α螺旋,三级结构富含helix螺旋结构域和长链卷曲。对不同物种FSHR基因编码蛋白进行系统发育分析发现,与其他物种相比,山羊与绵羊、家牛、野猪亲缘关系较近,系统发育分析结果与其动物学分类结果一致。     

Hemostatic system activity in milk- and plant-fed calves

Experiments were conducted on 36 healthy Simmental and Black Pied calves. Hemostatic indices were determined on days 31, 45, 60, 75, and 90. Maximum increase in platelet aggregation activity was noted on day 45 with the use as inducers ADP + collagen + epinephrine (17.1 s), ADP + thrombin + epinephrine (16.9 s), and ADP + collagen + thrombin + epinephrine (14.1 s). In this case, control of the vessel wall over platelet aggregation in the blood stream increased: the vessel wall antiaggregation activity index (VWAAI) was respectively 1.41, 1.39, and 1.36. An increase in the production by endotheliocytes of antithrombin III and tissue plasminogen activators was revealed in animals at this age. An increase in the level of fibrinogen and factors II, VII, I, X, XI, and XII with stability of factors V and VII and subsequent weakening of activated factors by the end of the examined stage of early ontogeny was established.     

Crystal structure of the GpIbalpha-thrombin complex essential for platelet aggregation

Direct interaction between platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibalpha (GpIbalpha) and thrombin is required for platelet aggregation and activation at sites of vascular injury. Abnormal GpIbalpha-thrombin binding is associated with many pathological conditions,including occlusive arterial thrombosis and bleeding disorders. The crystal structure of the GpIbalpha-thrombin complex at 2.6 angstrom resolution reveals simultaneous interactions of GpIbalpha with exosite I of one thrombin molecule,and with exosite II of a second thrombin molecule. In the crystal lattice,the periodic arrangement of GpIbalpha-thrombin complexes mirrors a scaffold that could serve as a driving force for tight platelet adhesion. The details of these interactions reconcile GpIbalpha-thrombin binding modes that are presently controversial,highlighting two distinct interfaces that are potential targets for development of novel antithrombotic drugs.     

FGF-21对大鼠血小板聚集和活化的抑制作用

临床上大部分抗血小板药物存在继发性出血等副作用,亟需寻找一种安全有效的抗血小板药物。二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和花生四烯酸(AA)是介导血小板聚集的主要物质,文章探讨成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF-21)是否抑制ADP或AA诱导大鼠血小板聚集和活化。将大鼠分为正常对照组、正常鼠血小板活化组、阿司匹林干预后血小板活化组、FGF-21高、中、低剂量干预后血小板活化组。给药干预后提取各组血小板,分别用ADP或AA处理,观察处理后血小板聚集情况以及P选择素和血栓素(TXB2)表达水平。与正常对照组相比,正常鼠血小板经ADP或AA处理活化后,血小板聚集率显著升高,血浆中P选择素和TXB2含量明显上升;与正常鼠血小板经ADP或AA处理活化后相比,经阿司匹林和FGF-21干预后分别经ADP或AA处理活化后的血小板聚集率显著下降,血浆中P选择素和TXB2含量显著下降;FGF-21干预组经ADP或AA活化后,血小板聚集率、P选择素和TXB2含量下降水平呈明显剂量依赖性。目前国内外尚未发现FGF-21对血小板聚集与活化作用的相关报道,研究首次证明FGF-21具有抑制ADP和AA诱导血小板聚集和活化作用及明显的抗血凝作用,填补FGF-21在抗血凝研究领域空白,为开发安全有效的抗血凝药物提供理论依据。     

Identification of the molecular defect in a family with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias (SED) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by disproportionate short stature and pleiotropic involvement of the skeletal and ocular systems. Evidence has suggested that SED may result from structural defects in type II collagen. To confirm the validity of this hypothesis, the structure of the "candidate" type II collagen gene (COL2A1) has been directly examined in a relatively large SED family. Coarse scanning of the gene by Southern blot hybridization identified an abnormal restriction pattern in one of the affected members of the kindred. Analysis of selected genomic fragments, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, precisely localized the molecular defect and demonstrated that all affected family members carried the same heterozygous single-exon deletion. As a consequence of the mutation, nearly 90 percent of the assembled type II collagen homotrimers are expected to contain one or more procollagen subunits harboring an interstitial deletion of 36 amino acids in the triple helical domain.     

Collagen synthesis in vitro by embryonic spinal cord epithelium

Isolated spinal cords from chick embryos (stages 12 to 15) were incubated in vitro with radioactive proline. The proteins synthesized were fractionated by coprecipitation with added carrier collagen, followed by molecularsieve and ion-exchange chromatography. A portion of the isotopically labeled proteins were found to be collagen molecules consisting only of alpha1 chains.     

Ultraviolet light: a new stimulus for the induction of platelet aggregation

Exposure to ultraviolet light (253.7 nanometers) causes mammalian blood platelets to aggregate. Aggregation is markedly enhanced in the presence of extracellular fibrinogen and is followed by the grodual of relatively small amounts of nucleotide and serotonin. Aggregation is inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid or a combination of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and antimycin A. Adenosine, apyrase, and prostaglandin E(1) produced slight inhibition. The effect of exposure to ultraviolet light is cumulative and lasting. This agent may be used to study the process of platelet aggregation after the removal of the stimulus, by delaying the addition of fibrinogen until after cessation of irradiation. Thus ultraviolet light is the first agent known which may be used to study platelet aggregation in a period following its removal.