工程胶合木胶合成型工艺优化研究

以兴安落叶松Larix gmelini为原材料,以间苯二酚树脂为胶粘剂,较系统地研究了压力和涂胶量对落叶松胶合木胶合性能的影响规律,获得了优化的胶合工艺参数。结果表明:胶合木试件的剥离率随着胶合压力和涂胶量的减小而增大;剪切强度和木破率随着胶合压力的增加呈现出先增加后降低的变化趋势,随涂胶量的增加呈现先增加后保持不变的变化趋势;胶合木胶合成型的优化工艺参数为胶合压力1.25 MPa、双面涂胶量300 g/m2。     

FRP增强结构用集成材木梁胶合性能研究

FRP增强结构用集成材木梁可有效地提升梁体的抗弯强度,FRP与结构用集成材的复合首先要解决的是FRP与木材的胶合问题。本试验对比等离子体处理及羟甲基间苯二酚HMR改性处理工艺对FRP木材界面胶合性能的影响,并用胶层剥离率、剪切强度对胶合性能加以表征。试验结果表明,FRP增强结构用集成材木梁的胶合界面优化处理工艺为：FRP表面不处理,木材表面预先以2.5 m/min的送料速度进行射频功率为400 W的等离子体处理5次,然后以150 g/m2的涂胶量涂布HMR。试材的浸渍剥离率、煮沸剥离率、干剪强度、湿剪强度及木破率均满足结构用集成材国家标准GB/T 26899-2011中关于使用环境3的要求。     

节子对落叶松胶合木胶合性能的影响

采用水性高分子-异氰酸酯(API)胶黏剂对含有木节的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)层板按照工程胶合木的胶合工艺进行常温加压胶合,探讨木节及其大小对兴安落叶松工程胶合木胶合性能的影响。通过对试件进行胶缝剪切强度试验和浸渍剥离与煮沸剥离试验,发现节子对胶缝常态剪切强度、木破率、浸渍剥离率和煮沸剥离率均有显著的影响,随着木节直径的增大其胶缝剪切强度和木破率可下降40%和67%以上,浸渍二次总剥离率和煮沸二次总剥离率可增大至16%和37%以上。研究表明:两胶合面中仅一面有小木节(占板宽1/7~1/6),只能用于室内结构用集成材,不能用于室外结构用集成材;只有尺寸小于木板宽度1/10的木节与无节面胶合才能满足室外用工程胶合木的要求。     

间苯二酚改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂的研究

采用间苯二酚改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂,结果表明,P/R摩尔比对间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂胶合木的剪切强度影响不大,剥离率与P/R摩尔比呈线性关系.间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂胶合木的剪切强度≥6MPa,剥离率＜10％.     

杨木材性对单板胶合的影响及胶合工艺

本文以组坯结构,涂胶量和热压条件等为单板胶合的相关因子进行６种杨木单板胶合的正交试验,研究了胶合工艺的适应性和较优的工艺条件。结果表明：由于选用的杨树组系,产地等不同,树种间的材性差异较大,所以难以找出一个通用的胶合工艺条件;在所试验的６个品系杨树中大部分以采用热压单位压力０．５￣０．８ＭＰａ,热压时间４０ｓ／ｍｍ、涂胶量２８０￣３４０ｇ／ｍ＾２,脲醛胶填料（面粉）加量１５份的调胶配比及等厚单板组     

粉状改性脲醛胶的胶合工艺及性能研究

粉状改性脲醛胶黏剂游离甲醛少、储存期长且胶合性能优良,近年来获得广泛应用。采用粉状改性脲醛胶黏剂,对柳杉木材进行层积胶合,以剪切强度、木破率、浸渍剥离率为检测指标,研究其实木胶合工艺及性能。试验结果表明:粉状改性脲醛胶黏剂具有较好的胶合性能,满足非结构集成材标准要求;综合生产成本和效率等因素,确定较优胶合工艺参数为单位压力0.7MPa、热压时间31min、涂胶量180g/m~2、胶合面纹理组合为"弦切面-弦切面"。     

内置电热实木复合地板基材冷压制备工艺研究

采用响应面法建立模型,分析冷压时间、冷压压力和施胶量工艺因素对内置发热实木复合地板基材胶合强度的影响。结果表明:冷压时间与施胶量对内置发热地板上下基材间的胶合强度显著影响,且冷压时间影响效果大于施胶量,冷压压力无显著影响。优化后的工艺参数为:冷压时间47 min、冷压压力1.2 MPa、施胶量215 g/m2,制备的地板基材的胶合强度为1.58 MPa。     

结构集成材用胶粘剂的研究

本文探讨了络合剂的种类与加入量对树脂性能的影响和初摩尔比与终摩尔比对树脂的工作时间、凝胶时间、贮存期及胶合性能的影响。结果表明:(1)合成时需加入20％的丙酮与烷基间苯二酚络合能抑制烷基间苯二酚的活性;(2)初摩尔比为0.3～0.5时均可合成胶合性能优良的树脂胶;(3)终摩尔比为1.3～1.6。     

竹集成材高频热压胶合工艺及性能研究

采用酚醛树脂胶黏剂,以竹条含水率、涂胶量为试验因子进行竹集成材的高频热压胶合试验,并对其物理力学性能进行检验.结果表明,竹集成材高频热压胶合技术是可行的.在本试验范围内,竹集成材的密度和胶合性能随涂胶量的增加而提高.通过分析试验数据,得出较优的高频热压胶合工艺条件为:涂胶量300 g/m2,竹条含水率12％,高频热压时间10 min.     

楠竹竹片基材弯曲构件冷压胶合工艺研究

采用微波加热软化的方式,研究了楠竹竹片基材弯曲构件冷压胶合工艺中各个因子对胶合质量的影响。实验结果表明:随着涂胶量的增加,胶合质量先增大后减少;弯曲胶合后应立即上好夹具进行干燥;干燥温度对胶合质量的影响不显著;干燥后随着陈放时间的延长,胶合质量逐渐趋于稳定;在容易弯曲到规定的半径值的前提下,建议采用较低的含水率竹片进行弯曲件的制作。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.