甘肃彩色棉花抗旱性农艺性状指标的筛选鉴定

以抗旱性不同的白棉、棕棉和绿棉品种(品系)为试验材料, 通过水分亏缺控制试验, 采用主成分分析和逐步回归分析方法, 调查其主要农艺性状指标与抗旱性的关系。结果表明, 干旱胁迫下, 各彩色棉花的籽棉产量、株高、叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、收获指数、茎粗、籽指和上半部分纤维长度均相应的降低; 抗旱指数与株高、果节数、单株成铃数、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、籽指、单铃重、收获指数、茎粗呈极显著正相关; 单株成铃数、单铃重和花铃期叶片数可作为不同色彩棉花简单、直观的抗旱性鉴定指标, 有效果枝数、株高、果节数、收获指数和籽指也可作为彩色棉花抗旱评价指标。     

抗虫基因导入对棉花形态、产量性状及生理特性的影响

 从棉花形态性状、产量性状和生理特性三个方面较系统地研究了抗虫基因导入对棉花生长发育的影响。结果表明,转基因抗虫棉的单株结铃数、成铃率高于其受体品种;单株果枝数、单株果节数、铃重、衣分低于受体品种。还在棉花不同发育时期对其生理、生化特性进行了测定。 结果表明,在7月8日以前,转基因抗虫棉的光合强度和叶绿素含量低于其受体品种,从7月8日以后,转基因抗虫棉的光合强度和叶绿素含量高于其受体品种。研究还表明,转基因抗虫棉抗环境胁迫能力差,容易早衰。全生育期内,转基因抗虫棉MDA 含量均高于其相应的受体品种,SOD、POD 和CAT酶活性均比其受体品种低。     

种植密度与播期对江汉平原短季棉成铃空间分布的影响

在不同密度、播期处理条件下,研究荆早棉1号的成铃空间分布,结果表明:密度增加,叶枝数、叶枝成铃数、主茎果枝数、果枝成铃数、单株成铃数减少;播期延迟,叶枝数、叶枝成铃数明显增加,果枝数、果枝成铃数及单株成铃数明显减少。各处理不同部位果枝、果节上成铃数占单株总铃数的比率总体表现为:1~5果枝6~10果枝11~15果枝16及以上果枝;1~2果节3~4果节5节及以上果节。1~10果枝、1~2果节的成铃数占全株铃数的比率高,则产量表现好;反之,则产量表现差。     

海岛棉单株成铃性状的发育遗传研究

采用包括基因型与环境互作的加性-显性-母体遗传模型,分析了两年的海岛棉7个亲本及其21个F1组合不同发育期的单株成铃数资料。遗传方差分析表明,成铃前期遗传主效应与遗传×环境互作效应所占比例相当;成铃中期加性效应和显性效应的影响降低,显性×环境互作效应及母体×环境互作效应增加;成铃后期遗传×环境互作效应在8月2日上升至最大,之后逐渐下降但仍然起重要作用。控制单株成铃数的基因在成铃前期到7月17日表达比较活跃。同一遗传效应的非条件遗传相关多为显著的正值,而条件遗传相关则检测到显著负值与正值。两种分析方法的结合能充分阐明海岛棉成铃发育中的基因活动特点。结果表明:海岛棉单株成铃性状的发育遗传特点与陆地棉存在差异。     

不同播期与打顶时间对麦(油)后直播短季棉产量及纤维品质的影响

【目的】探索播期与打顶时间对麦(油)后直播短季棉产量、产量特性及纤维品质的影响。【方法】以中棉所50为材料,采用裂区设计,研究不同播期(月-日)(S_1,05-25;S_2,06-10)和打顶时间(月-日)(T_1,07-30;T_2,08-07;T_3,08-15)对长江流域下游植棉区麦(油)后直播短季棉产量和纤维品质的影响。【结果】播期间,皮棉产量和霜前花率及铃数、铃重和衣分均以S_2条件下较低;果枝数和果节数以S_2条件下较低而成铃率以S_1较低。打顶时间间,皮棉产量和霜前花率随打顶时间推迟而降低;果枝数、果节数及节枝比随打顶时间推迟增加而成铃率降低。互作显示,皮棉产量与霜前花率均以S_1T_1处理较高;果枝数和果节数以S_1T_1、S_1T_2和S_1T_3处理较高,成铃率以S_2T_1和S_1T_1较高。相关性分析表明,皮棉产量与果枝数、果节数、铃数显著正相关,但与节枝比、成铃率相关不显著。此外,播期间,以S_2条件下棉株下部和中部果枝成铃分布比例较高而上部较低;打顶时间间,下部和中部果枝成铃分布比例随打顶时间推迟降低而上部增加。就棉铃纤维品质而言,S_1T_1处理不同果枝部位棉铃的纤维长度、纤维比强度和中部马克隆值均较优。【结论】长江流域下游植棉区,麦(油)后直播短季棉于5月25日播种、7月底打顶有利于其高产、稳产和优质。     

高品质棉与抗虫棉杂交株型性状的遗传及与产量性状的关系

采用增广NCⅡ设计,以5个高品质陆地棉品种（系）为母本,5个转基因抗虫棉品种（系）为父本组配的25个杂交组合为材料,研究主要株型性状的遗传效应、杂种优势及与产量性状的相关性。结果表明,株高、始果枝高、果枝数和果节数的平均中亲优势较小,但不同组合间差异较大,均符合加性遗传模型。遗传相关分析表明,株高与株铃数、单株皮棉重呈极显著正相关;果枝数与株铃数呈极显著正相关,与铃重呈极显著负相关;果节数与株铃数、衣分和单株皮棉重呈显著正相关。株型性状与产量性状间的关联性主要是由果节数与株铃数、铃重的相关引起。研究结果为高品质抗虫棉理想株型性状的选育与调控具有一定的指导意义。     

鲁棉6号三系杂交优势的研究

通过回交对杂种后代进行测交筛选,育成恢复能力完全的恢复系.对育成的恢复系与不育系配制的杂种优势与保持系、正反交的遗传效应研究表明,总果节数及单株铃数上具有显著的杂种优势,部分组合在产量表现和农艺性状上没有显著的不良影响.     

机采棉主要农艺性状与密度相关性分析

为研究棉花适宜机采农艺性状与密度的相关性,明确通过密度塑造适宜机采株型的方法,采用大田试验,以K836为试验材料,设计3×10 ⁴、6×10 ⁴和9×10 ⁴株/hm ² 3个密度处理,研究密度对机采棉子棉产量的影响及其与机采棉主要农艺性状的相关性分析。结果表明,在本研究密度范围内,棉花株高、果枝长度、果枝第一节位长度、果枝节数、单株果枝数和单株干物质量随着密度的增加而下降,密度对第一果枝节位和果枝夹角没有显著影响。与低密度（3×10 ⁴株/hm ²）相比,高密度处理（9×10 ⁴株/hm ²）棉花单铃重降低,衣分提高,单株铃数降低,总铃数增加,密度对子棉产量没有显著影响。除第一果枝高度外,株高、第一果枝节位、果枝长度、果枝第一节位长度、果枝节数、果枝夹角、单株果枝数与单株干物质量和单株铃数呈正相关,与单铃重和子棉产量呈负相关,其中果枝长度和单株果枝数呈极显著正相关。因此,适当增加种植密度使棉花株高降低,果枝变短,株型更为紧凑,可以通过密度塑造适合机械采收的株型,冀南地区高密度（9×10 ⁴株/hm ²）处理棉花株型符合机采要求。     

丰抗棉10号杂交优势的研究

通过对杂交后代的测交筛选,育成恢复能力完全的恢复系.对育成的恢复系与不育系配制的杂种优势与保持系、正反交的遗传效应研究表明,生长势、抗逆性、果节数及单株铃数,都具有显著的杂种优势,部分组合在产量上的表现和农艺性状没有显著的不良影响.     

长江流域麦/油后直播棉花播种时间下限研究

【目的】晚播、增密、减氮是长江流域棉花生产通过缩短生产周期来降低人工成本和物化成本的有效途径,适宜的播种时间是麦/油后直播棉花产量形成的重要影响因子,但是适宜的播期及晚播下限的研究未见报道。【方法】2018年和2019年在湖北省主产棉区4个试验点进行播期试验,试验设5个播期处理,分别为5月20日、5月25日、5月30日、6月4日、6月9日,在高密度、低氮条件下,研究不同播种时间对棉花生育进程、田间长势长相、产量和品质的影响。【结果】推迟播种可通过缩短播种出苗期和苗期加速棉花生育进程,全生育期缩短,纤维品质稳定。但是,随播期推迟,伏桃数量、单株铃数、单位面积成铃数、籽棉产量及成熟期吐絮率下降。特别是过迟播种,单位面积成铃数、10月20日吐絮率及产量会显著下降。【结论】长江流域相似棉区麦/油后直播模式最适播期建议在5月25日左右,以不晚于6月4日为宜。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.