水葫芦象甲对水葫芦的生物防治效应

通过在室内塑箱释放专食性天敌昆虫——水葫芦象甲以控制水葫芦的研究。初步探明了水葫芦象甲不同释放密度对水葫芦植株生长的影响、控制效果以及适宜的水葫芦象甲释放密度,为水葫芦生物防除的推广应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

国外水葫芦生物防治研究概况

国外水葫芦生物防治研究概况陈志群（中国农业科学院生物防治研究所，北京１０００８１）ＳＴＡＴＵＳＯＦＴＨＥＢＩＯＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＨＹＡＣＩＮＴＨＡＢＲＯＡＤＣｈｅｎＺｈｉＱｕｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏ...     

水葫芦象甲对外来杂草水葫芦的控制效果

外来植物水葫芦是目前我国南方危害最为严重的水生杂草。本文研究了野外释放从国外引进的专食性天敌昆虫控制水葫芦的效果。1996年8月在浙江温州面积为1372m^2、水葫芦覆盖率达100％的河道上释放1000头象甲，放虫2年后，水葫芦植株长势明显受到抑制，但仍有75％的水面被覆盖。防效仅为25％，3年后，发展迅速，效果十分显著，99％的水葫芦被清除。随着放虫区水葫芦数量和长势的减弱，象甲开始向四周扩散，首先扩散到紧邻放虫区面积为3000m^2的河道上，并在1999年4月将70％的水葫芦清除；同年12月发现，从放虫区沿河道向下游20km，均可发现象甲。     

斜纹夜蛾取食水葫芦的观察

斜纹夜蛾幼虫可大量取食水葫芦的叶与叶柄,当幼虫达到一定密度时,水葫芦的生长受到抑制,甚至造成枯萎、死亡。3只斜纹夜蛾幼虫可造成1株水葫芦死亡。斜纹夜蛾幼虫能够有效地抑制水葫芦的生长,为水葫芦的治理提供新的思路。     

马尾松腮扁叶蜂的生物防治

马尾松腮扁叶蜂(Cephalcia pinivora Xiao et Zeng)是近几年内重庆市马尾松林区的一种主要害虫,在综合防治技术研究过程中,坚持森林虫灾的可持续控制战略,对该虫的天敌跟随情况进行了系统调查,筛选出有价值的种类进行人工饲养,特别是在病原微生物方面做了大量工作,筛选出白僵菌菌株,进行了分离、培养和室内外测试,同时应用现有生物制剂开展防治试验,取得了一定效果.     

桔小实蝇生物防治研究进展

本文综述了国内外桔小实蝇的生物防治研究进展,概括了国内外对桔小实蝇起主要控制作用的主要天敌种类,论述了桔小实蝇寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌的利用;病原微生物中真菌、线虫、共生菌等的利用;对桔小实蝇具有引诱作用的水解蛋白、化学物质和植物次生物利用;桔小实蝇不育技术的应用等方面,并讨论了今后持续控制桔小实蝇中生物防治方面的发展趋势,以期为今后桔小实蝇持续控制提供生物防治方面的参考。     

斜纹夜蛾的天敌及其生物防治

本文整理出斜纹夜蛾天敌１６９种,包括昆虫、蜘蛛、线虫、微孢子虫、真菌、细菌和病毒等,并对这些天敌的利用现状进行了综述。     

水葫芦病原菌的研究进展

水葫芦是世界上危害最严重的水生杂草之一。目前,运用病原菌来治理水葫芦日益受到关注。本文介绍了水葫芦致病真菌、细菌和它们的有关代谢产物——植物毒素的研究进展,并探讨了利用病原菌防除水葫芦的前景。     

水葫芦及其自然天敌

水葫芦是世界性的有害水生杂草之一。本文就水葫芦的形态特征、发生危害及其自然天敌进行了综述。并提出了水葫芦的防治策略。     

害虫生物防治的历史、现状与前景

在害虫防治上尽管我们作了许多工作,但是害虫危害似乎仍然有增无减。杀虫剂价格昂贵,并且常常给操作者、环境和消费者带来危险。使用化学农药不仅因害虫抗药性增强而发生更增猖獗,而且一些次要害虫还上升为主要害虫。防治害虫的另一种手段是生物防治,即利用天敌防治害虫。采用生物防治比较经济、安全和方便。生物防治在欧     

水葫芦[Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.]

水葫芦又名凤眼莲 ;英文俗名为Waterhyacinth ;学名 :[Eichhorniacrassipes (Mart.)Solms .];属单子叶植物纲 (Monocotyledoneae) ,百合目 (Liliflorae) ,雨久花科 (Pontederiaceae)。1　形态特征水葫芦根状茎粗短 ,密生多数细长须根 ;叶基生 ,莲座式排列 ,叶片卵形、倒卵形至肾圆形 ,大小不一 ,宽约 4～ 12cm ,光滑 ,叶柄基部带紫红色、膨大呈葫芦状的气囊 ;有着紫色亮丽的花朵 ,最上面的花瓣上有一块兰色的扇型斑块 ,中央点缀着一个桃形鲜艳黄斑 ;绿叶杯状 ,叶茎基部膨大 ,使植株能够漂浮在水面 ;花茎单生 ,中部有鞘状苞片 ,穗状花序有…     

Sexual reproduction of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in the Nile

In a study of some of the factors that are believed to affect fruit-setting in Eichhornia crassipes under Sudan conditions, the average number of flowers per inflorescence was twelve (range 4–26) while the average number of capsules per inflorescence was 1·5 (range 0–16). The problem of low fruit-setting was suggested to be basically due to the ecological factor of high temperature and low relative humidity. The flowers were preponderantly meso-stylic with the long and short-stylic ‘races’ absent or very rare. Recherches stir la biologic d'Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms dans le Nil Dans une étude sur quelques-uns des facteurs que l'on suppose actifs sur la mise à fruits de l’Eichhornia crassipes. dans les conditions du Soudan le nombre moyen de fleurs par inflorescence fut de 12 (s'étendent de 4 à 26), cependant que le nombre moyen de capsules par inflorescence fut de 1,5 (s'étendant de 0 à 16). Le probléme de la faible mise à fruit suggere qu'elle pourrait etre due a des facteurs écologiques: température élevée et faible humidity relative. Les fleurs étaient en majorité meso-stylées, les races à long style ou à style court étaient absentes ou tres rares. Generative Vermehrung von Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. im Nil In einer Untersuchung über einige Faktoren, von denen angenommen wird, dass sie die Fruchtbildung von Eichhornia crassipes unter sudanesischen Bedingungen beeinflussen, war die durchschnittliche Anzahl von Blüten, 12 Blüten pro Inflorescenz (4–26), wáhrend die durchschnittliche Anzahl von Kapseln nur 1.5 Kapseln pro Inflorescenz war (0–16), Das Problem der geringen Fruchtausbildung wurde folgenden okologischen Faktoren zugeschrieben; hohe Temperatur und niedrige Luftfeuchtigkeit. Bei den Blüten wurden überwiegend Stempel miltlerer Länge gefunden, während die ‘Rassen’ kurzer und langer Stempel nicht oder nur sehr selten anzutreficn waren.     

Factors affecting dormancy and germination of seeds of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms from the Nile

E. crassopes requires specific conditions for germination. The best laboratory germination was in clay soil, rich in organic matter, under less than 3 cm depth of water, in light. There are interactions with water depths, soil type, organic deposits, light and temperature. Storage conditions of seeds before germination affect the results. Wetting, drying and re-wetting gave quickest, and complete germination. After 2 years dry-storage, 78% of the seeds were still viable.     

A new record for the flora of Turkey: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae)

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) is reported for the first time for the flora of Turkey. This invasive alien plant was observed in the Asi River (also called the Orontes River), which runs from Lebanon, through Syria to Turkey. The observation was made in the river near the border with Syria. This site is the in the district of Altinözü in the province of Hatay in the East Mediterranean region. Turkey is divided into grids for floral purposes by the book ‘Flora of Turkey’ and the plants described were collected in grid sector C6. The authors concluded that E. crassipes (water hyacinth) can establish and spread in Turkey.     

Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.: emerging invasive alien hydrophytes in Campania and Sardinia (Italy)

This article provides general information on the distribution and presence of invasive macrophytes in Italy and describes and discusses two hydrophyte invasion case studies: Eichhornia crassipes in Sardinia and Pistia stratiotes in Campania. The two invasions took place in the same period, but mechanical removal intervention started only in Sardinia, even if costly and unsuccessful in the long term. Two main pathways are responsible for the presence of these two species in Italy, i.e. introduction as ornamentals and investigation and use for phytoremediation. The drafting of a national strategy on biological invasions is a priority for Italy and several specific action plans for species and habitats, as in the case of inland waters, are required. Furthermore, there is the need for regulations in the trade sector of invasive plant species and to evaluate the possibilities for biological control for established aquatic alien invaders.     

防除水葫芦高效除草剂筛选试验

对18种除草剂防除水葫芦的药效比较结果表明，水花生净1500倍液可有效控制水葫芦的发生，药后30d株死亡率超过90％，下沉率超过50％。药后40d死亡率超过97％，下沉率超过77％，并可兼治水花生。农达与草克星的药效虽略低于水花生净，但也能有效控制水葫芦的发生。     

Eichhornia crassipes control in the largest Portuguese natural freshwater lagoon1

Pateira de Fermentelos is one of the largest natural freshwater lagoons in the Iberian Peninsula (approximately 529 ha). It is an important and extensive humid area integrated in the Special Protection Area (SPA) Ria de Aveiro (PTZPE0004) due to its ornithological importance and habitat typology. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a major factor threatening the environmental and ecological balance of the lagoon and associated ecosystems. In recent years, the water hyacinth has spread over more than 50% of the lagoon surface, thus contributing to the degradation of the ecological, economical and social conditions and, ultimately, the lagoon system of Ria de Aveiro. In December 2006 the Municipal Authority of Águeda, in association with other public entities, initiated the mechanical removal (using an aquatic‐harvester) of the extensive water hyacinth mats that covered the lagoon, with the intention of improving the system in a sustainable manner. Since the beginning of this action, the aquatic‐harvester has removed more than 15 500 m³ of vegetal mats from the lagoon, which, in accordance with the current legislation, has been transported to an old inactive quarry site. At present the lagoon water is free from this invasive exotic plant, hence allowing navigation and the maintenance of traditional activities such as fishing and boating. The monitoring of the lagoon water quality is in progress in several locations, to monitor the system evolution, and develop actions and research aiming for sustainable management of the Pateira.     

利用水葫芦象甲和农达综合控制水葫芦

试验表明同时应用水葫芦象甲和农达控制水葫芦,可达到快速、持续的控制效果,但农达使用剂量应选择适当。药量４.５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２的综防处理区中,由于农达的作用水葫芦植株在２０～５０ｄ内大部分死亡,水葫芦象甲亦很快死亡,象甲很难发挥有效的作用;药量为０.４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２的综防区中,水葫芦象甲和农达同时作用,对水葫芦的叶片数、繁殖量和生物量起到了明显的抑制作用,与单独施用同样药量的化防区和只释放象甲的生防区有显著差异,而且象甲保持了一定的种群密度;而药量为０.０４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２的综防区与只放象甲的生防区控制水葫芦的效果一样。     

水花生[Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.]

水花生学名:Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.;中文俗名:空心莲子草、水花生、空心苋、长梗满天星、革命草(江苏、湖南)、空心莲(福建)、螃蜞菊(湖南)、喜旱莲子草等;英文俗名:Alligatorweed;属双子叶植物纲(Dicotyledoneae)石竹目(Caryo-phyllales)苋科(Amaranthaceae)莲子草属。