利用代谢组技术研究南林895杨响应盐胁迫的生理代谢机制

为揭示林业树种在盐胁迫下的响应机制,以中等耐盐的美洲黑杨无性系后代南林895杨为材料,研究对照和盐胁迫(100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)条件下杨树的生长情况,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(UHPLC-QTOF-MS)技术分析叶片代谢物,利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测部分关键基因表达。结果表明,盐胁迫16 d导致杨树生长受抑制,但对其叶和根中的丙二醛含量无显著影响。正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)鉴定出两组的差异成分,筛选出5条代谢组分差异显著的代谢通路。盐胁迫下,南林895杨叶片中α-酮戊二酸、磷脂酰胆碱(PC)以及棉子糖家族低聚糖(RFOs)积累,而苹果酸和延胡索酸减少;核酸、细胞分裂素B、氨基酸和大部分有差异的酚类含量下降。同时,三羧酸循环、RFOs合成、果糖代谢,以及谷氨酸合成主途径等相关基因上调表达;而海藻糖激酶、酚类合成及谷氨酸合成支路等相关基因下调表达。本研究结果有利于深入了解林木树种耐盐机制,可为更好地发展杨树产业提供理论基础。     

盐敏感型与耐盐型高粱对盐胁迫反应的转录组差异分析

  【目的】  研究高粱盐胁迫的生理学差异及其分子机制,发掘高粱在盐胁迫过程中的关键调控基因,筛选高粱耐盐和盐敏感材料,探讨高粱耐盐胁迫的机制。  【方法】  本试验以耐盐材料“67B”及盐敏感材料“3560R”为研究对象,加入150 mmol/L NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫,测定叶片生长指标、进行转录组测序和生物信息学分析。  【结果】  盐分胁迫下,耐盐材料生长速率快,表现出较强的耐盐性,耐盐材料可以提高Na+的选择吸收及其在植株体内的积累与分配。盐胁迫下耐盐材料可以维持较高的过氧化氢酶活性,受到盐胁迫后该酶活性升高幅度相对较大,进而保持了较强的过氧化氢清除能力,能够及时清除过量积累的活性氧。盐胁迫下两个品系共有5040个差异表达基因。盐敏感材料和耐盐材料对盐胁迫的响应途径是相同的,两者差异表达基因在KEGG各pathway中的分布趋势差别很大,排名前五的基因数条目有3条相同,分别为苯丙烷类合成、植物激素信号转导和碳代谢通路,盐敏感材料中另外两条不同的条目为淀粉与蔗糖代谢及氨基酸生物合成通路,与基础代谢有关,盐敏感材料中差异基因主要集中在基础代谢和次生物质合成途径,是造成两个材料耐盐性差异的重要原因。  【结论】  高粱的耐盐机制调控是一个复杂的过程,是由不同通路一系列基因表达共同作用的结果,依赖于多个基因在复杂网络中的平衡表达。     

植物耐盐性机理及基因控制技术研究进展

该文对近年来国内外植物耐盐性方面的研究成果作了简单的综述,包括植物的耐盐机制、盐胁迫对植物光合作用、细胞膜透性、激素、矿质元素吸收、有机物质的积累、保护酶类的活性的影响,以及植物的耐盐性在基因工程上的应用。     

植物耐盐性机理及基因控制技术研究进展

该文对近年来国内外植物耐盐性方面的研究成果作了简单的综述，包括植物的耐盐机制、盐胁迫对植物光合作用、细胞膜透性、激素、矿质元素吸收、有机物质的积累、保护酶类的活性的影响，以及植物的耐盐性在基因工程上的应用。     

水稻生长、根系生理特性和ABA含量的基因型差异与耐盐性的关系

为进一步揭示不同基因型水稻耐盐性差异的生理机制,探明盐胁迫初期根部激素ABA对水稻耐盐性的调控机理。于2009年10月～2010年2月在严格控制水、温、光和营养元素供应的国际水稻研究所人工气候室进行水培试验。结果表明,盐胁迫条件下耐盐基因型（IR651）相对于敏感基因型（IR29）保持了更高的生物量,稀释了植株体内盐分离子的浓度而减轻盐胁迫。两水稻基因型盐胁迫条件下对盐分的总吸收量并无明显差异,IR651根部较强的耐盐性和较大的生物量可以储存更多的Na+,从而减少Na+向地上部的转运量。盐胁迫初期IR651根部ABA的大量合成是叶片蒸腾速率显著降低的主要原因,从而抑制了盐分离子的大量吸收,大大减轻了盐胁迫初期大量盐分离子吸收对植株造成的不可恢复性伤害。可见,盐胁迫条件下耐盐基因型较大的生物量、根的生理特性以及盐胁迫初期ABA的特有调控都大大增强了其耐盐胁迫性能,是耐盐基因型相对敏感基因型有更强耐盐胁迫能力的重要原因。     

大豆耐盐性研究进展

大豆是重要的粮食和经济作物。盐害作为主要非生物胁迫之一,对大豆的生长、结瘤、农艺性状、种子品质和籽粒数造成负面影响,最终会降低大豆的产量。了解盐害对大豆生产造成的具体影响,能够帮助育种工作者在耐盐育种时进行针对性精确耐盐表型选择。分子标记辅助选择育种是一种高效的育种方法,可促进大豆耐盐品种育种进程;而从基因组水平上了解大豆耐盐相关机制,则为"组装"耐盐基因,培育耐盐大豆新品种提供参考依据。本文总结了盐害对大豆生长发育造成的具体影响,介绍了大豆耐盐相关性状的分子遗传研究以及大豆耐盐相关离子转运蛋白基因及其耐盐机制,以期为耐盐大豆新品种的选育及加速大豆耐盐精确育种进程提供一定的参考。     

高盐胁迫下小麦幼苗离子吸收动态及耐盐性筛选

耐盐能力评价是小麦引种、筛选和育种的研究基础。为利用离子流检测技术快速筛选耐盐小麦品种提供依据,本文以普通小麦耐盐品种‘德抗961’和‘薛早’、中度耐盐材料3D232、盐敏感品种‘辽春10号’和‘京411'为试验材料,利用动态离子流检测技术对250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫下小麦苗期根部对K~+、Na~+、C~-的吸收情况进行检测,并对小麦生长性状及离子浓度变化进行测定,以确立离子吸收与小麦耐盐性的关系。研究结果表明:1)与无盐胁迫(CK)相比,250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫24 h后,盐敏感小麦品种‘辽春10’和‘京411’的K~+由内流转变为外流,中等耐盐材料3D232表现出K~+外流速度减少,耐盐品种‘德抗961’和‘薛早’则表现出维持K~+的内流或K~+外流变为内流;Na~+均表现为胁迫后外排速度增大,速度值区间由13.86～46.88 pmol·cm~(-2)·s~(-1)变为61～150 pmol·cm~(-2)·s~(-1):相较Na~+,Cl~-外排速度升高幅度较大,其中‘辽春10号’外排量变化最大,外排速度是胁迫前的10倍,Na~+、Cl~-外排速度变化与品种耐盐性无明显相关性。2)高盐胁迫下,盐敏感小麦的根苗比降低,耐盐小麦根苗比升高;盐敏感小麦品种鲜重较CK显著下降,耐盐小麦品种变化不显著。3)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐及中等耐盐小麦品种,根部及地上部K~+含量较CK分别增加57%～88%和18%～112%,盐敏感小麦则分别降低40%～44%和24%～42%;耐盐小麦地上部Na~+增加倍数小于盐敏感材料,将更多的Na~+阻隔在根部,表现出了较好的区隔Na~+能力。4)盐胁迫后k~+流速与耐盐性评价指标根冠比变化量、鲜重变化率均呈高度的相关,其拟合度分别为0.972和0.832。250 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫24 h后小麦根部成熟区K~+流速可以作为小麦耐盐性筛选的重要生物标记。     

不同盐胁迫条件下微生物菌剂对土壤盐分及苜蓿生长的影响

为研究微生物菌剂对盐碱土的改良效果以及筛选较为耐盐的苜蓿品种,通过室外盆栽试验,研究了不同盐胁迫下微生物菌剂对土壤盐分和苜蓿生长状况的影响,并探讨了盐胁迫微生物菌剂苜蓿品种三者之间的交互作用。结果表明:微生物菌剂对020cm土壤脱盐率有显著影响,与不加菌剂处理相比脱盐率提高9.04%;盐胁迫对不同苜蓿品种生物量有显著影响,表现为随盐胁迫的增加生物量下降;不同苜蓿品种之间的耐盐性差异显著,其中劳博品种最为耐盐,保定次之,三得利最差。因此,盐胁迫下微生物菌剂、耐盐苜蓿品种对于降低土壤盐分以及促进苜蓿生长具有良好调控效果。     

转碱蓬SsNHX1基因烟草的耐盐抗旱性研究

烟草是重要的模式植物和经济作物,盐害和干旱两种环境因子对其生长发育、产量和品质都危害很大。为了提高烟草的耐盐抗旱性,本研究利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化法在烟草中过量表达了碱蓬液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运基因SsNHX1,对转基因烟草的耐盐及抗旱性进行表型鉴定和各项生化指标的检测,以期得到耐盐抗旱表性良好的SsNHX1转基因烟草。表型分析发现,SsNHX1基因过表达株系L1和L5的抗盐能力比野生型显著提高,表现为盐胁迫条件下仍能保持旺盛的生长且根系的伸长未受抑制。SsNHX1过表达株系在叶片和根系中积累了更多的Na~+和K~+,同时Na~+含量增长速率较快,而K~+含量降低速率较缓,并可维持较高的叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量,及较低的丙二醛含量和相对电导率。干旱胁迫发现,过表达株系受干旱胁迫程度更小,并在复水后迅速恢复正常生长。同时,过表达株系的丙二醛含量和相对电导率显著低于野生型,且维持了较高的叶片相对含水量及叶绿素含量。这些结果说明SsNHX1基因在烟草中过量表达后,降低了盐胁迫和干旱胁迫对烟草根系及细胞膜的损伤,并通过调节离子含量、降低细胞的渗透势,维持了叶片较高的相对含水量和叶绿素含量,最终提高了烟草的抗盐和抗旱性。     

NaCl胁迫对几种典型耐盐经济作物种子萌发的影响

研究黄秋葵、饭豆、海蓬子、碱蓬和三角叶滨藜 5种不同耐盐经济作物对 NaCl胁迫的响应,筛选耐盐能力强的品种,对改良盐碱地和提升土地利用率具有重要意义。用不同浓度 NaC1溶液进行胁迫处理,测量发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数。结果表明:NaCl胁迫下,不同耐盐经济作物种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均随 NaCl浓度的升高而下降。NaCl浓度在 0～ 50 mmol/L时,黄秋葵发芽率最高;NaCl浓度在 50～ 250 mmol/L时,饭豆种子发芽率最高;不同耐盐作物耐盐程度大小依次为:饭豆 >黄秋葵 >海蓬子 >碱蓬 >三角叶滨藜。NaCl浓度在250～ 450 mmol/L时,仅有饭豆发芽率大于20%。当 NaCl浓度大于 500 mmol/L时,所有耐盐作物几乎都不发芽。综合分析表明,黄秋葵、饭豆均具有很强的抗盐性。黄秋葵在低盐环境下的耐盐性最好,饭豆在高盐环境下的耐     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.