薄壳山核桃幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理生化响应

为探究薄壳山核桃幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应能力,本试验以一年生薄壳山核桃幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置正常供水(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(LD)、中度干旱胁迫(MD)和重度干旱胁迫(SD)4种水分处理梯度,测定相关生理生化指标并分析叶片超微结构。结果表明,在干旱胁迫50 d时,随着干旱程度加剧,叶绿素a含量呈下降趋势,CK的叶绿素a含量分别是LD和MD的1.22和1.35倍;MD叶片气孔大量闭合,关闭密度达236个·mm^-2;LD和MD的净光合速率(Pn)较CK分别下降了17.16%和58.42%。此外,渗透调节物质含量在干旱胁迫下显著提高,其中LD和MD的可溶性蛋白含量较CK分别增加了141.68%和204.17%。在干旱胁迫50 d时,MD幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性达到峰值,为367.93 U·mg^-1prot,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性较干旱胁迫20 d出现下降。各水分梯度处理下,LD幼苗长势最好;MD叶片叶绿体结构破坏严重,基粒片层模糊不清;SD幼苗死亡,故为满足幼苗生长需要,应保证种植地土壤含水量达到田间持水量的35%以上。本研究...     

硒处理对薄壳山核桃幼苗生长的影响

为探究硒对薄壳山核桃幼苗生长的影响,利用不同浓度亚硒酸钠[0(CK)、0.5、5、10、20、40、80 μmol·L^-1]对薄壳山核桃幼苗进行处理,并测定相关生理指标。结果表明,低浓度硒对薄壳山核桃幼苗生长发育、生物量积累、酶活性均有促进作用,而高浓度硒抑制了幼苗生长、干物质的积累、酶活性、光合速率,且硒浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。80 μmol·L^-1 硒浓度处理后的根长较CK显著降低了55.36%(P<0.05),其他形态指标均无显著差异。硒处理显著提高了幼苗体内的硒含量,且根系>叶片。随着硒浓度的增加,叶、根内的硒含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,硒浓度≥0.5 μmol·L^-1时,其他处理均与CK存在显著差异。40 μmol·L^-1硒浓度处理下叶中的硒含量较CK显著增加了1 682倍,根中的硒含量提高了482倍。低硒浓度(≤10 μmol·L^-1)处理可以促进根中Mn²⁺、Mg²⁺含量和叶中的Zn²⁺含量的积累。当硒浓度≥5 μmol·L^-1时,会促进根中Zn²⁺含量的积累,硒浓度≥10 μmol·L^-1,促进茎中Mn²⁺含量的积累,其中在80 μmol·L^-1硒浓度处理下茎中Mn²⁺含量为CK的9.29倍。过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着硒浓度增加均呈先增后减的趋势,且在0.5 μmol·L^-1硒浓度处理下达到最高,明显高于CK,分别为1 698.63、1 912.28 U·mg prot^-1。综上,低浓度硒处理和施硒时间长短对幼苗光合作用影响不大,而高浓度硒处理会抑制光合作用。本研究结果为进一步揭示硒富集机理和硒的科学使用提供了理论依据。     

薄壳山核桃CiSULTR2.1基因的克隆与表达分析

为探究薄壳山核桃CiSULTR2.1基因功能及表达特征,以一年生薄壳山核桃实生苗为材料,利用RT-PCR和PCR技术克隆CiSULTR2.1基因全长,利用RT-qPCR技术分析其在不同浓度硒酸盐处理下的表达情况。结果表明,克隆得到1 902 bp的序列,经分析此序列属硫转运蛋白基因CiSULTR2.1全长开放阅读框的cDNA,编码633个氨基酸。CiSULTR2.1蛋白分子质量为68 943.37 Da,为疏水性的非分泌蛋白,无信号肽,结构稳定,二级结构主要由α-螺旋(51.18%)、延伸链(12.64%)和无规则卷曲(31.28%)构成,包含硫转运蛋白典型的Sulfate-transp结构域(PF00916)和STAS结构域(PF01740)。RT-qPCR分析结果表明,CiSULTR2.1在薄壳山核桃幼苗根与叶中均有表达,40、80 μmol·L^-1硒酸盐处理下,12 h出现表达高峰,此后表达量明显下降;而0.5 μmol·L^-1硒酸盐处理下,CiSULTR2.1表达高峰出现时间延后至48 h。硒酸盐浓度过高时,CiSULTR2.1表达量显著下降且低于对照。CiSULTR2.1基因能够快速响应40、80 μmol·L^-1高浓度硒酸盐的诱导,而0.5 μmol·L^-1低浓度硒酸盐需要较长时间才能诱导其高表达。高浓度硒酸盐处理较长时间对植物产生毒性效应,植物对硒酸盐的吸收减少,硒含量降低。本研究结果为薄壳山核桃CiSULTR2.1基因功能及硒吸收机制的研究提供了理论依据。     

一次和多次注射施肥对薄壳山核桃生长及品质的影响

【目的】探究同一施肥量下注射施肥次数对薄壳山核桃生长发育及品质的影响,为薄壳山核桃科学施肥提供技术依据。【方法】以13年生薄壳山核桃成年树‘马罕’为试材,在浙江金华进行田间试验。设置3个处理,分别为不注射对照、在树干基部距地面l5～25 cm处钻孔进行一次注射处理、多次(5次)注射处理,一次和多次注射处理的总施肥量相同。测定果实成熟期叶片和果实生物量及不同部位的养分含量,并调查果实外观和营养质量指标。用PLS-DA方法确定施肥处理对果实各指标差异的贡献。【结果】矿质元素在叶片中积累较多,其次是种仁,在木质部和韧皮部中积累较少。多次注射处理薄壳山核桃单果质量、单果径和核果高较对照分别显著增加了16.99%、7.52%和6.79%,较一次性注射处理分别提高了13.03%、4.50%和6.26%(P<0.05);种仁不饱和脂肪酸含量以及不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值均显著高于一次性注射处理(P<0.05);薄壳山核桃叶片Ca和Fe含量,种仁Mg、Mn、Cu和Zn含量,韧皮部Fe含量及木质部N和Ca含量均显著高于对照和一次注射处理(P<0.05);施肥处理对矿质元素在树体不同...     

不同包装对山核桃脂肪氧化的影响

为了选择合适的包装措施以减缓山核桃仁中油脂在贮藏期间的氧化酸败,延长其贮藏期,研究了用聚乙烯塑料膜(Polyethylene,PE)和聚乙烯塑料铝箔膜(Polyethylene/AI,PE/AI)的普通包装与PE、PE/AI的真空包装,4种不同包装措施对山核桃贮藏过程中油脂氧化的影响a通过不同包装对山核桃油脂的酸价、碘价、过氧化值、p-茴香胺值和脂肪氧合酶活性在贮藏过程中的变化情况的影响,确定适合山核桃的包装形式.试验结果表明PE/AI真空包装能有效减缓山核桃油脂的氧化进程,从而延缓山核桃的品质的下降,延长其货架期.     

日光温室不同番茄品种生长发育动态规律的研究

在日光温室对3个不同类型的番茄品种中杂9号、中杂11号和大红1号研究了长季节栽培中不同品种番茄形态发育的规律,通过对叶片数、花穗数、叶面积、座果率及株高与生长天数的关系,经过回归分析,建立了器官生长和生理生长天数的模型关系。其中叶片数、花穗数、株高等器官生长发育与生长天数表现为很好的线形关系,而座果率变化则呈现较明显的波动性。     

不同质地耕层土壤有效态微量元素含量特征

[目的]研究不同土壤质地下耕层土壤有效态微量元素含量特征,为合理制定农田土壤施肥方案和提高土壤养分资源利用率提供依据。[方法]以库车县不同质地耕层土壤(0—20cm)为调查对象,采用统计方法对土壤微量元素有效态含量特征进行分析。[结果](1)土壤有效态微量元素在壤土、砂壤土、黏土、黏壤土及砂土中含量差异显著(p0.05),且壤土和砂壤土的有效态微量元素含量相对较高;(2)土壤微量元素有效性综合指数排列顺序依次为:砂壤土(1.51)砂土(1.44)黏土(1.42)壤土(1.41)黏壤土(1.27);(3)土壤有机质与土壤有效态微量元素均具有极其显著的相关性(p0.01),pH值则与有效铜和有效锰相关显著(p0.05)。[结论]在不同土壤质地下,微量元素铁和锌含量较为缺乏,锰和铜含量则相对较为丰富,故应依据这一特性进行土地科学管理和施肥。     

Cd对不同品种水稻微量元素累积特性及其相关性的影响

采用土培盆栽试验方法,以东北地区大面积种植的32个水稻品种为试验材料,在土壤中未添加（0mg·kg。Cd）和添加Cd（5mg·kg-Cd）的条件下,研究不同品种水稻籽粒、颖壳、茎叶和根系中Cd、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Si几种微量元素的累积分布特征以及它们之间的相关关系。结果表明,几种微量元素在根系和茎叶中的含量大于籽粒和颖壳,其中Cd、Fe在根系和茎叶中的累积远远高于其他元素。水稻不同部位各微量元素之间大多数表现为正相关关系,加cd处理后元素之间的相关性变得更明显,尤其是籽粒中cd与其他元素之间从未加cd时不相关到加Cd后达到极显著相关水平。从微量元素含量来看,3号品种（越路早生）籽粒中Cd和其他有益微量元素含量相对较低,而8（千重浪-1）和27（吉03-2843）号品种含量较高。从营养价值和食品安全角度综合考虑,在无污染的农田土壤上,宜选择3、8、27号作为理想的水稻品种。     

不同利用年限蔬菜大棚土壤中微量元素含量的演变

本文主要研究蔬菜大棚土壤中微量元素含量随棚龄(利用年限)的变化情况。结果表明:除Mo外,在0～40cm内不同深度处微量元素的含量差异很小;露天大田改为蔬菜大棚后第1年,微量元素含量一般显著降低,然后显著升高,5年后达到一个相对稳定的阶段;除Mo之外,微量元素含量之间均或多或少地呈现出一定的线性相关;大量施用家禽粪便和复合肥可能是蔬菜大棚土壤中微量元素含量增加的主要来源,但尚未引起土壤污染;土壤缺Mo严重,在施肥中应予适当的考虑。     

不同品种辣木全氮的动态变化特征研究

为了解不同品种辣木氮的动态变化规律,对西双版纳不同树龄的多油辣木、狭瓣辣木和‘PKM1’辣木叶、茎、枝中全氮含量及氮的生物累积量年动态变化特征进行比较研究。结果表明,辣木氮含量及氮生物累积量随品种、树龄、时间而变化。辣木全氮含量呈现:叶茎枝,14年树龄3年树龄,随时间变化逐渐降低。叶中全氮含量呈现:多油辣木‘PKM1’辣木狭瓣辣木;茎中全氮含量呈现:‘PKM1’辣木和狭瓣辣木高于多油辣木;枝中辣木氮含量受品种、树龄的影响而呈现不同差异。辣木全氮累积量呈现:枝叶茎,狭瓣辣木和多油辣木最高,‘PKM1’辣木最低。     

Short-Term Impacts of Pecan Waste By-Products on Soil Quality in Texturally Different Arid Soils

Three arid soils (clay loam (CL), sandy clay (SC), and sandy loam (SL)) were amended with pecan waste products (ground pecan shells (PSHs), ground pecan husks (PHUs), and ground pecan shell biochar (PSB)), at a rate of 45 Mg/ha, packed inside cylindrical rings and kept in a humid chamber for 4 weeks. Measurements taken included volumetric moisture content as the soil dried out for 7 days, wet aggregate stability (WAS), permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), nitrate-nitrogen, extractable phosphorus (Olsen-P), and water-extractable potassium (K). Significant effects of soil texture, soil amendment, and their interaction were observed for all measurements. Generally, the amendments led to significant improvement in Olsen-P, K, POXC, and WAS, while amendments’ impacts on soils of different textures varied. Short-term moisture retention was dependent on soil texture, with PHU and PSB treatments having higher soil moisture retention in SL and CL soils but not in SC soil.     

Dynamics of Macro- and Micronutrients in Cuphea

Temporal dynamics of nutrient densities, their interrelationships, and remobilization from leaves to seeds of cuphea were quantified in growth chamber and field studies. Temporal nutrient densities in leaf samples exhibited large levels of variation, whether remobilized and largely accumulated in the seed [copper, (Cu), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn)], remobilized and accumulated in the seed coat [boron (B), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na)] or almost excluded from the seed [barium (Ba), selenium (Se) and strontium (Sr)]. The temporal seed-to-leaf nutrient density “[S]/[L]” ratios and the proportion of variance unique to each nutrient separated the nutrients into a group (Cu, Fe, S, and Zn) with large [S]/[L] ratios and large unique variances, and another group (B, Ca, Mg, Mn and Sr) with small [S]/[L] ratios and small unique variances; the first group was selectively stored in the developing embryo. Nutrients with large densities in leaves at harvest may constitute a resource potentially available for subsequent crops.     

Combination of Different Extractants to Assess Binding Forms of Some Elements in Soil Profiles

Abstract

Three different chemical extractants were evaluated as to their extraction efficiency for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) on forest soil profiles from the Romanian Carpathians. The extractants were hot 14 M nitric acid (HNO₃), 0.05 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), and 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate. By comparing amounts extracted by 0.05 M HCl and 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate relative to that dissolved by hot 14 M HNO₃, some conclusions were drawn concerning the chemical forms of the metals in the extractable pool. The amount released by 0.05 M HCl was generally less than 10% of the HNO₃‐extractable fraction but showed considerable variation among the elements studied. The relative amount extracted by pyrophosphate increased with organic‐matter content of the soils for Cu, Zn, Pb, Al, Fe, and Cr; stayed more or less constant for Mn, K, and Mg; and decreased for Ca. These findings are discussed with respect to the different binding forms of the metals in the soil and the processes affecting their mobility. From the present results, the metals were ranked as follows with respect to their ability to form organic complexes in natural soils: Cu>Cr, Pb>Ca>Al>Fe, Zn, Mn, K>Mg. However, the use of cold dilute HCl as a fractionation step may be questionable in cases of soils with a high content of substances possessing large neutralization capacity for protons.     

Concentration of trace and major elements in natural grasslands of Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to soil properties and plant species

Deficient trace elements concentration in soils, forages, and animals have been reported in several areas of Balkan region. Main challenge in overcoming low productivity of forage and animal production in this region is the lack of data on the nutritional status of the pastures and soils. This study examined the nutrient and pseudo total concentration of trace elements in soil and herbage plants, and the potential deficiency or excess with regards to crop and livestock production. Soil and plant samples from 100 sampling points were collected in the mountainous grasslands of Manja?a (between longitudes 16°56′ and 17°8′ east; and latitudes 44°33′ and 44°42′ north) and Vla?i? (between longitudes 17°14′ and 17°29′ east; and latitudes 44°25′ and 44°37′ north). Soil samples were analysed for soil texture, pseudo total concentration (5?ml HNO₃) of trace elements (TE), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), while plant samples were analysed for TE. The soil pH varied from strongly acidic to moderately alkaline. The concentration of SOC varied from 0.5% to 12.3%. Most of the soil samples were finer-textured soils high in silt content. The average concentrations of Na, P, Zn, Se, Cu, Co, and B were low in both soil and herbage plants. Plant K, Ca, Mg, Mo, and Mn concentrations were sufficiently high to meet the requirements of grazing animals, while Fe concentrations was elevated in certain areas. High levels of Mo were found in both soil and plants. The results suggest that imbalances observed in natural pastures of Manja?a and Vla?i? area, caused by low soil TE concentration and other soil and plant properties, could contribute to poor animal nutrition.     

Changes in Soil Physical,Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of a Temperate Desert Steppe under Different Grazing Regimes in Northern China

A field grazing experiment was conducted in Jingtai County, Gansu Province, China, from 2003 to 2010. The grazing intensity treatments included light grazing (LG, 0.45 sheep unit/ha), moderate grazing (MG, 0.75 sheep unit/ha), heavy grazing (HG, 1.50 sheep unit/ha), and no grazing (NG). Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were measured. The results showed that, with increasing grazing intensities, the concentrations of total nitrogen, available nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase in the soil decreased significantly with LG being mostly the greatest (P < 0.05). Soil bulk density for HG and NG was greater than that for LG and MG (P < 0.05). The concentrations of copper, manganese, and zinc were lower than their critical levels for plant growth, whereas iron was greater than its critical level. Correlation and principal component analyses revealed that soil trace elements were the secondary principal component compared with the primary elements, i.e., soil moisture, bulk density, etc.     

不同肥力土壤各级微团聚体中主要营养元素含量的变化

为了探讨不同肥力土壤团聚体中主要营养元素含量的变化情况,以我国东部3种地带性土壤(黑土、棕壤和红壤)为研究对象,分别测定了其全量营养元素的含量,并进行了比较分析.结果发现,各营养元素在不同类型土壤中呈地带性分布.由北向南,有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙、全镁的含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,全铁、全铝的变化趋势则相反;施用有机肥能明显增加土壤中各种营养元素的含量.无论哪个粒级的微团聚体,有机碳、全氮含量呈北高南低的趋势;钾素的变化呈北高南低分布.除了硅素外,其余营养元素在＜2 μm粒级内富集.对于不同肥力的土壤而言,各营养元素在高肥力土壤中含量较高;在不同肥力的各级团聚体中,也是主要分布在＜2 μm粒级范围内.     

不同肥力土壤各级微团聚体中主要营养元素含量的变化

为了探讨不同肥力土壤团聚体中主要营养元素含量的变化情况,以我国东部3种地带性土壤（黑土、棕壤和红壤）为研究对象,分别测定了其全量营养元素的含量,并进行了比较分析。结果发现,各营养元素在不同类型土壤中呈地带性分布。由北向南,有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙、全镁的含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,全铁、全铝的变化趋势则相反;施用有机肥能明显增加土壤中各种营养元素的含量。无论哪个粒级的微团聚体,有机碳、全氮含量呈北高南低的趋势;钾素的变化呈北高南低分布。除了硅素外,其余营养元素在〈2μm粒级内富集。对于不同肥力的土壤而言,各营养元素在高肥力土壤中含量较高;在不同肥力的各级团聚体中,也是主要分布在〈2μm粒级范围内。     

四川雨城区主要土壤母质上的耕地土壤性质变异研究

通过在四川省雨城区采集侏罗系沙溪庙组(J2s)、侏罗系遂宁组(J3s)、侏罗系蓬莱镇组(J3p)、白垩系夹关组(K2j)等地层9种母质上发育的耕地土壤样品共55个,并进行土壤性质测定及对比分析,结果表明:白垩系夹关组紫色砂岩上发育的耕地土壤较其他紫色母岩上发育的耕地砂粒含量高,pH低,养分含量低;第三系名山群及白垩系灌口组上发育的耕地土壤具有较其他母质高的土壤全钾;青衣江灰色河流冲积物发育的耕地土壤较其他母质发育的耕地土壤全磷和速效磷含量高,第四系冰水沉积物上发育的耕地土壤pH最低,粘粒含量高,土壤有机质及全氮、速效氮较其他母质发育的耕地土壤高。     

沼气肥养分物质和重金属含量差异及安全农用分析

对山西省高平市不同沼气肥有机质、养分和重金属含量进行比较分析,结果表明:沼气肥的p H值均呈碱性。鸡粪沼液中有机质、全N、P、K含量均高于猪粪沼液,秸秆沼液中有机质和全K含量高于鸡粪和猪粪沼液。沼渣富含有机质,且秸秆沼渣有机质含量均高于猪粪沼渣。猪粪沼渣全N含量高于全P和全K,而秸秆沼渣全K含量高于全N和全P;两类沼渣中有效P含量占全P的比重最大。3种沼液的中、微量元素均以Cl含量最高,且超过农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084-2005);Ca和Mg含量次之,Cu含量最低。6个沼渣的中、微量元素均以Ca、Fe含量较高;3个猪粪沼渣均以Cl含量较少,而3个秸秆沼渣均以Mn、Cu含量较低。1号猪粪沼渣As含量超过有机肥料标准(NY525-2012)。由此可见,部分沼液和沼渣可能存在有害物质过高的问题,从而影响其农用的价值和效果,存在潜在的生态环境风险。同时,应加强相关标准的制定和完善,以确保沼气肥的安全、高效农业利用。