矮紧型、抗病同源四倍体不结球白菜矮桩秋冠新材料创制

为创制矮紧型、抗病同源四倍体不结球白菜矮桩秘冠新材料,使用浓度为0.2%的秋水仙素处理二倍体不结球白菜矮桩秋冠植株子叶期生长点,通过形态学、解剖学、细胞学特征和使用流式细胞仪进行鉴定,筛选出同源四倍体植株,并进行农艺性状、营养指标、光合能力和抗病性测定。形态学鉴定结果显示,四倍体植株的种子、花器官、荚果表现出巨大化,但整体株型和叶片变小。解剖学鉴定结果发现,四倍体植株气孔变大但单位面积密度减小,花粉粒变大且形状不规则。细胞学鉴定中,二倍体植株细胞染色体数为20条,四倍体为40条,是二倍体的2倍。流式细胞仪鉴定结果表明,二倍体细胞核DNA相对含量峰值在50处,四倍体细胞核DNA相对含量峰值在100处,与细胞学鉴定结果一致。农艺性状中,四倍体植株的单叶质量、十叶厚有所增加,但叶柄长、株高、叶长等有一定程度的降低。营养品质中,四倍体可溶性糖、纤维素、叶绿素含量减少,氨基酸、有机酸含量增加。光合特性分析结果发现,与二倍体相比,四倍体的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率分别增加了29.192%、16.071%和14.0947,光饱和点降低,说明四倍体植株比二倍体具有更强的光合效率。抗病测定结果发现,四倍体植株叶片对灰霉病的抗性明显增强。经选育获得了矮紧型、抗病不结球白菜同源四倍体矮桩秋冠新材料,为不结球白菜种质创新和新品种培育奠定了基础。     

秋水仙素诱导兰考泡桐同源四倍体

在含不同浓度秋水仙素的MS+0.1mg/L NAA+15mg/L BA(最适器官发生)双层培养基上进行兰考泡桐四倍体植株诱导试验,并通过变异植株根尖细胞染色体观察和叶片单细胞DNA含量测定进行倍性分析。结果表明,预培养12d的兰考泡桐叶片在秋水仙素浓度为10mg/L的双层培养基上预培养处理24h时,四倍体诱导率最高达到23.4%。变异植株叶片比二倍体大,叶片长宽比变小,叶片单个气孔变大,气孔密度变小。     

秋水仙素诱导蝴蝶兰原球茎产生多倍体研究

为探究秋水仙素处理对蝴蝶兰染色体加倍的效果,本研究以蝴蝶兰杂交组合H-03(2n=2x=38)的原球茎为材料,采用共培法诱导多倍体,秋水仙素浓度分别为0.05%、0.1%、0.2%,处理时间分别为5、10、15 d。结果表明,0.05%浓度的秋水仙素处理15 d效果最佳,变异率为50.00%,变异株存活率为30.00%;对处理后的植株进行流式细胞仪鉴定和染色体压片分析,发现变异株存在大量嵌合体;与对照相比,变异株形态特征表现为植株矮化、叶色加深、叶片表面粗糙、叶片变大、叶片偏短或偏圆等,部分植株表现出植株畸形或叶片扭曲;气孔观测结果表明,变异株气孔偏圆,单位面积气孔数减少,气孔增大,长、宽较对照分别增长76.45%、38.99%。本研究结果为蝴蝶兰体细胞无性系变异新品种的培育提供了参考。     

腋花杜鹃多倍体诱导和鉴定

为探究秋水仙素对腋花杜鹃的诱变效应,以增殖培养15 d的腋花杜鹃无菌幼苗为材料,通过浸泡处理诱导多倍体,并进行倍性鉴定。结果表明,0.15%秋水仙素浸泡24 h后去除茎尖,培养茎段,通过茎段侧芽及其基部愈伤组织分化的丛生芽分离变异株,得到的形态变异率最高,为32%。形态观察结合流式细胞仪鉴定发现,叶片肥厚、叶片畸形扭曲和茎段变粗3种形态变异类型具有大于50%的多倍体得率。气孔观测表明,二倍体气孔趋近于圆形,变异株气孔为椭圆形;变异株平均长直径和平均短直径显著大于二倍体,而气孔数却显著少于二倍体。最终流式细胞仪鉴定得到四倍体腋花杜鹃141株。本研究结果为杜鹃花培育倍性新品种提供了技术支持和理论依据。     

杉木多倍体变异苗诱导及倍性鉴定

为了探究秋水仙素处理对杉木萌动种子的诱变效应,以3种杉木种子为材料,用0.9%的秋水仙素溶液浸泡处理后播种,60d后统计变异苗得率并用流式细胞仪检测变异苗不同部位的细胞倍性。结果表明,经秋水仙素溶液浸泡处理后,3种来源的杉木种子变异苗得率差异显著,全同胞种子Z3#得率最高,为23.45%;3种来源的杉木种子经秋水仙素处理后所得的变异苗均表现为胚根短缩,下胚轴下部明显膨大。流式细胞仪检测表明,胚根部分57.2%的细胞为混倍体细胞,下胚轴下部42.04%的细胞为四倍体细胞,下胚轴中部四倍体细胞所占比例为9.15%,下胚轴上部和子叶部分的细胞均为二倍体细胞;秋水仙素溶液浸泡种子可诱导获得表型特征及细胞倍性发生明显变异的变异苗。本研究结果为进一步开展杉木同源多倍体新种质的创制奠定了基础。     

秋水仙素诱导青岛百合四倍体研究

以青岛百合试管苗为试验材料,采用浸泡法和混培法研究了秋水仙素对青岛百合进行染色体加倍的诱导效果。结果表明:以0.05 %的秋水仙素浸泡处理24h的诱导效果最佳,诱导频率高达53.3%;经秋水仙素诱导的多倍体与正常二倍体植株比较,植株叶片变大,根系粗壮,气孔显著增大而单位面积气孔数减少。对变异材料的细胞学研究发现, 四倍体植株的染色体数目为2n=4x=48。     

紫锥菊多倍体诱导与鉴定

本实验以紫锥菊愈伤组织上刚分化出的不定芽为材料,用不同浓度秋水仙素溶液对其进行诱导,确定最佳处理浓度和处理时间,并对诱导的多倍体与二倍体进行形态、显微、染色体及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的比较鉴定。结果表明：0．025％秋水仙素浓度处理24h的诱导效果最好,诱导率达42．85％;多倍体植株叶片肥厚、根粗壮,气孔面积极显著地大于二倍体植株,染色体数从24～28条不等,CAT平均酶活性是二倍体的2．1倍。     

优质同源四倍体菜心新材料的创制及特性分析

为获得优质的菜心同源四倍体新材料,本研究采用0.2%(W/V)的秋水仙素溶液点滴二倍体菜心LCX017幼苗子叶生长点,通过形态学、解剖学、细胞学以及流式细胞仪等方式鉴定到诱导成功的同源四倍体植株,并对二、四倍体的农艺性状、营养品质、光合特性等方面进行分析比较。结果表明,形态学与农艺性状方面,四倍体植株在叶片、花器官、种荚等方面表现出“巨大性”,叶宽、叶厚增大,菜薹直径变粗,重量增大;解剖学方面,四倍体叶片气孔相对二倍体更大,气孔密度降低;花粉粒相比二倍体变大且呈现棒状或橄榄状;细胞学方面,四倍体植株的根尖染色体数目是二倍体的2倍;流式细胞仪鉴定结果显示,四倍体的DNA荧光强度是二倍体的2倍;营养品质方面,相较于二倍体,四倍体植株中可溶性糖、纤维素、有机酸以及叶绿素含量显著上升,硝态氮含量下降22.92%,可溶性蛋白含量无显著变化;此外,结合光响应曲线分析发现,四倍体在强光和弱光条件下的适应能力均强于二倍体。综上,本研究成功诱导出了优质的同源四倍体菜心新材料,丰富了不结球白菜的种质资源。     

高花青苷同源四倍体紫菜薹新材料的创制及特性分析

为获得优质高花青苷的同源四倍体不结球白菜紫菜薹Lcx025b新材料,本研究利用浓度为0.2%(w/v)的秋水仙素溶液处理二倍体Lcx025b幼苗的子叶生长点,通过形态学、细胞学、流式细胞仪测定等方法筛选鉴定得到同源四倍体植株,通过农艺性状指标、营养品质、光合特性、抗病能力等方面对二、四倍体植株进行比较分析。结果表明,相较于二倍体植株,四倍体植株在形态学方面表现出巨大性,具体表现为叶片的长宽比显著减小,叶片趋于扁圆形,花器官、种荚、种子等明显增大,菜薹颜色加深;叶片气孔明显增大,气孔密度减小;花粉粒表现出明显不规则性;四倍体植株根尖细胞染色体的数目以及通过流式细胞仪分析的四倍体植株DNA的荧光强度都表现为二倍体的两倍;营养品质方面,可溶性糖、菜薹花青苷含量显著增加,纤维素、硝态氮含量显著减少,可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量无显著变化;结合光响应曲线分析,四倍体光合能力更强,适应性更高;此外,在抗病性鉴定过程中,四倍体植株对灰霉菌的抗性明显优于二倍体植株。综上,本研究获得了高花青苷的同源四倍体不结球白菜紫菜薹Lcx025b新材料,为不结球白菜的种质资源创新提供了重要的材料支撑。     

秋水仙素诱导地锦多倍体研究

用不同浓度秋水仙素处理不同萌发时期地锦体细胞胚胎及丛生芽苗诱导多倍体,对多倍体植株进行染色体数目及稳定性检测。结果表明:(1)秋水仙素对地锦体胚及丛生芽的生长有不同程度抑制作用,对根系生长的抑制尤为明显。以0.05%秋水仙素处理48h以上对地锦体胚萌发有显著抑制作用,0.1%浓度处理96h产生完全抑制。(2)0.05%秋水仙素处理1cm体胚48h可诱导3.3%地锦体胚产生多倍体嵌合植株,多倍细胞比率40%。以0.1%秋水仙素处理地锦丛生芽24h,多倍体诱导率可达13.3%,多倍细胞比率62.5%~75%。说明秋水仙素处理丛生芽效果要好于处理体胚。(3)本实验诱导的多倍体植株全为混倍体,多倍细胞占40%~75%,但在无性增殖中有逐代下降趋势。(4)多倍体植株中出现4裂和5裂叶片的变异体。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.