源于大麦小孢子诱变-氮胁迫培养的DH株系田间耐低氮性表现

以EMS处理大麦品种花30的游离小孢子,结合低氮胁迫培养获得再生植株,其自交一代的加倍单倍体(DH)株系,在正常施肥和低氮胁迫两种施肥条件下对DH株系进行鉴定,选择株高、单株有效穗和单株产量3个农艺性状作为鉴定指标,并与原始亲本花30进行比较。结果表明:在大田正常施肥和低氮胁迫条件下,DH株系中株高、有效穗和单株产量3个性状出现了明显的正向变异,在低氮胁迫下的表现更为明显。结论:利用游离小孢子的EMS处理结合低氮胁迫筛选培养,可以获取耐低氮性提高的纯合变异体。     

过量表达OsNPR1基因稳定提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

在拟南芥中,NPR1是系统获得抗性SA信号传导途径中的一个重要的调节因子,在水稻中已克隆到与之同源的OsNPR1基因。构建OsNPR1基因水稻过量表达载体,并将其转化粳稻TP309得到转基因植株;通过自交纯合,得到17个纯合株系;对T3、T4代纯合株系进行PCR鉴定,证实转基因纯合株系中外源伪OsNPR1基因具有遗传稳定性;检测了T1、T2代转基因株系和T3代转基因纯合株系对水稻白叶枯病病原细菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv．oryzae的抗病性,结果表明,在T1、T2代中70％以上的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,T3代中约67％的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,说明这种抗病性的提高具有遗传稳定性。OsNPR1基因可作为选育水稻抗白叶枯病新种质的一个良好的候选基因。     

小麦抗赤霉病突变体的选育及RAPD分子验证

利用辐射诱变,组织培养和细胞筛选相结合的方法选育出了抗赤霉病突变体９２ｋ８０９该突变体不仅抗赤霉病能力强,且抗性稳定,同时具有优良的农艺性状,比原亲本增产４．９％,经ＲＡＰＤ技术检测,所用的１２８个引物中有１个引物（ＯＰＹ１５）在抗病变体９２ｋ８０９和赤霉病抗原苏麦３号中得到了相同的扩增产物,初步认为该片段与赤霉病的抗性有关。     

大豆“南农94-16”突变体库的构建及部分性状分析

本研究对"南农94-16"大豆种子用NaN3-60Coγ射线复合诱变以及EMS诱变来构建大豆突变体库。两种方式诱变大豆分别获得54份和66份叶、茎、花、种子、子叶等性状变异的突变体。用644对SSR标记分别对其中的14株耐涝突变体和1株叶色浅绿突变体进行了鉴定。结果表明,14株耐涝突变体,有2株与对照有超过100个标记的差异,其余植株分别有1到7个标记的差异;叶色浅绿突变体与对照有39个标记的差异,遗传分析表明该性状由细胞核单基因隐性遗传控制。这些突变体可以作为新的种质资源,构建的突变体库也有助于大豆功能基因组研究的开展。     

甘薯离体诱变与抗盐突变体鉴定

为了获得甘薯抗盐突变体材料，本研究以平阳霉素(PYM)为诱变剂处理徐薯18的茎段获得甘薯突变体植株，并在NaCI培养基中筛选抗盐突变株系。结果表明，1.00 mg·L^-1 PYM为徐薯18茎段诱变处理14 d后的半致死浓度。将徐薯18茎段接种至含不同浓度NaCl的MS培养基，结果表明125 mmol·L^-1NaCl为抗盐突变体的筛选浓度。最后，将经1.00 mg·L^-1 PYM处理14 d后的甘薯植株的茎段接种到含125 mmol·L^-1 NaCl的MS培养基，通过生根率筛选抗盐植株。盐胁迫下生根率最高的3株诱变植株的根长、株高、根鲜重、地上部鲜重、总鲜重、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标的测定结果表明，这3株诱变植株的各形态和生理指标均显著优于诱变亲本徐薯18。隶属函数分析结果表明，这3株诱变植株的抗盐性均显著高于诱变亲本。与诱变亲本徐薯18相比，盐胁迫下3株突变体中的抗盐相关基因IbSOD、IbPOD、IbAPX和IbSOS的表...     

转GhB301基因棉花响应枯萎病菌侵染的转录组分析

乙烯响应因子(ethylene responsive factor, ERF)可以激活或者抑制下游病程相关蛋白基因的表达,在植物抗病信号转导途径中发挥着重要作用。为探究ERF-B3亚组基因GhB301在棉花抗枯萎病中的分子调控机制,本研究利用已获得的转GhB301基因棉花株系,通过孢子悬浮液蘸根的方法对转GhB301基因棉花株系(N)和野生型对照(WT)进行接菌处理,抗病性鉴定结果表明,过表达GhB301的N株系增强了对枯萎病的抗病性,其病情指数为14.77,显著低于WT(病情指数为37.50);枯萎病菌侵染0、6、12、24、48 h后,利用RNA-seq技术对N和WT的根部组织进行测序分析,共得到273 111 170个clean reads,其Q30均大于87.64%,将clean reads与陆地棉参考基因组TM-1比对,获得了14 021个差异表达基因(DEGs)。与WT相比,转基因株系能够在病原菌侵染后更快速地做出响应。GO及KEGG富集分析发现共有135个DEGs参与氧化还原过程,67个DEGs参与防御反应,31个DEGs参与苯丙烷类生物合成,推测这些DEGs可能与转基因棉花的枯萎病抗性增强存在密切关系。本研究结果为阐明GhB301基因响应棉花枯萎病菌侵染规律奠定了基础。     

空间诱变泰航68突变体稻瘟病抗性研究

利用致病谱较广的稻瘟病代表菌株GD0193于水稻品种泰航68空间诱变当代(SP1代)群体中筛选抗病突变体,并对其作初步的抗性遗传分析、抗病基因定位及苗期抗谱、田间穗颈瘟抗性分析。结果表明:空间诱变可对泰航68的稻瘟病抗性进行有效诱变,研究获得的抗病突变体TH1及TH2于SP2代对菌株GD0193分别表现抗性不分离及抗性分离,且TH2的抗性分离比例符合显性单基因抗性遗传规律,并已将该抗病基因初步定位于第11染色体长臂上;TH1及TH2的抗性可稳定遗传至后代,其苗期抗谱及田间穗颈瘟抗性均较原种对照表现显著提高,且其抗性较华南稻区的部分主栽品种具不同程度的提高。     

转G10eve基因高抗草甘膦棉花的农艺性状分析

为培育高抗草甘膦棉花,本研究以转G10eve基因棉花为试验材料,通过室内鉴定结合大田试验,筛选高抗、稳定遗传的转基因株系。结果表明,幼苗期喷施不同浓度草甘膦,转基因株系L91抗性水平高于L152,抗性表现稳定,且根、茎、叶间莽草酸积累量差异明显,在叶片中相对含量最高。不同浓度草甘膦处理后,内源EPSPS基因相对表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在受体Coker 312中基因相对表达量显著高于转基因株系,表明转G10eve基因可以提高棉花的草甘膦抗性水平。大田试验表明,L91和商业化品种AuR可耐受20 mL·L~(-1)草甘膦。幼苗期喷施草甘膦后,L91株系的株高、果枝数、有效铃数相对于未喷施条件下(对照组)有所增加;AuR的各农艺性状指标与对照组差异不显著;花期喷施不高于20mL·L~(-1)草甘膦,L91和AuR棉花的株高、果枝数、有效铃数均未受抑制,表明,L91株系能够满足生产要求。本研究鉴定筛选得到高抗草甘膦L91转基因株系,为培育抗除草剂棉花新品种提供了种质资源。     

MpCYS4基因对苹果褐斑病病原菌侵染的响应表达及其转化株系抗性鉴定

为探究半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(cystatin)基因MpCYS4在苹果响应苹果褐斑病病原菌侵染过程中的功能,以苹果矮化砧木M26野生型和MpCYS4过表达株系#1、#3、#4为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析苹果褐斑病病菌侵染后MpCYS4基因在苹果叶片中的表达变化;同时,对转MpCYS4基因苹果叶片的褐斑病抗性进行鉴定,并对MpCYS4融合蛋白进行体外诱导纯化和抑菌活性分析。结果表明,MpCYS4基因的表达受褐斑病侵染诱导,其过量表达提高了苹果叶片对褐斑病的抗性,且经体外纯化的MpCYS4融合蛋白能够有效抑制褐斑病病原菌孢子的萌发和菌丝生长,表现出显著的抑菌活性。本研究结果为进一步探索MPCYS4的生物学功能及其抗病作用机制奠定了基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.