电渗析技术在大豆低聚糖溶液脱盐上的应用

从甜浆中提取的大豆低聚糖粗提液中含有很多的盐类,影响糖液的纯度。该试验通过离子交换膜辅助的电渗析法对大豆低聚糖模拟溶液进行脱盐处理,确定了较好的试验操作参数。试验结果表明:电渗析法对大豆低聚糖模拟液进行脱盐是可行的,且脱盐效果较好,脱盐率达到96.07%;该试验条件下较佳的工作电压为20 V,流量为60 L/h,样品稀释倍数为15倍。通过以上条件处理后,大豆低聚糖的保留率达到83.82%。     

大豆专用肥对轮作、连作大豆土壤酶活性和有效养分的影响

采用盆栽、田间小区控制试验及室内分析相结合的方法，研究了施用大豆专用肥对连作、轮作大豆土壤酶活性和有效养分的影响。结果显示施用大豆专用肥后，土壤酶活性和有效养分总体均能达到或高地轮作土壤常规施肥水平，这表明大豆专用肥能调控大豆连作所引起的土壤酶活性和养分恶化，最终使得大豆专用肥能克服大豆连作所引起的大幅度减产。     

大豆专用肥对轮作、连作大豆土壤酶活性和有效养分的影响

采用盆栽、田间小区控制试验及室内分析相结合的方法 ,研究了施用大豆专用肥对连作、轮作大豆土壤酶活性和有效养分的影响。结果显示施用大豆专用肥后 ,土壤酶活性和有效养分总体均能达到或高于轮作土壤常规施肥水平 ,这表明大豆专用肥能调控大豆连作所引起的土壤酶活性和养分恶化 ,最终使得大豆专用肥能克服大豆连作所引起的大幅度减产     

不同土壤改良剂对大豆富集重金属的影响

在广西环江开展了土壤改良剂对大豆富集重金属的影响研究,结果表明:土壤改良剂(煤灰、菌渣、蚕沙)均能在大豆苗期、结荚期和成熟期有效降低大豆中重金属含量。菌渣对大豆苗期重金属抑制效果最好,蚕沙对成熟期重金属吸收的抑制效果最佳,而煤灰在结荚期抑制重金属效果优于其他的改良剂,并且对减少大豆籽粒中重金属含量作用效果最好。     

河南省夏大豆施用钾肥的效果研究

通过盆栽试验结果表明 ,施用钾肥能使大豆根瘤数、根瘤重增加 ,有效根瘤数增多 ,大豆干物重增加显著 ,经 13点的田间小区试验表明 ,每公顷的耕地施 K2 O 90～ 15 0 kg,能使大豆增产 9.15 %～ 37.0 5 % ,差异均达到显著水平 ;钾肥底施效果好于苗期追施 ;施钾大豆籽粒蛋白质含量增加 1.5 9%～ 4 .78% ,脂肪含量降低 3.80 %～ 4 .74 %。     

转基因大豆食品安全性及对生态环境影响初探

中国近年来转基因大豆进口激增,因此转基因大豆对人体健康及生态环境的影响越来越引起人们关注。本文论述了转基因大豆(主要是美国孟山都公司的抗草甘膦转基因大豆,简称RR大豆)的食品安全性及对生态环境的影响,并提出了减少转基因大豆带来的风险,保护我国权益的建议。     

超声波辅助提取经膨化大豆粕中低聚糖工艺

该文在考察超声波功率、超声波辅助提取时间等单因素对大豆低聚糖得率影响的基础上,选取超声波辅助提取时间、液料比和乙醇浓度进行三因素三水平的响应曲面试验,以确定超声波辅助提取经挤压膨化大豆粕中低聚糖的最佳条件和数学模型.并以超声波辅助提取未挤压膨化大豆、挤压膨化未超声波辅助提取和未挤压膨化未超声波辅助提取的大豆中低聚糖得率作为对照,以确定挤压膨化技术和超声波辅助提取技术对大豆低聚糖提取的影响.超声波辅助提取大豆低聚糖的最佳条件为乙醇浓度为31.3%,超声波辅助提取时间为34min,液料比为20.4mL/g,得率为11.95%,与未挤压膨化未超声波辅助提取对照试验相比提高了50.31%.挤压膨化技术处理和超声波技术有利于大豆低聚糖的提取.     

河南省夏大豆施用钾肥的效果研究

通过盆栽试验结果表明，施用钾肥能使大豆根瘤数、根瘤重增加，有效根瘤数增多，大豆干物重增加显著，经13点的田间小区试验表明，每公顷的耕地施K2O90－150kg，能使大豆增产9．15％－37．05％，差异均达到显著水平；钾肥底施效果好于苗期追施；施钾大豆籽粒蛋白质含量增加1．59％－4．78％，脂肪含量降低3．80％－4．74％。     

功能性材料对玉米和大豆吸收土壤重金属的影响

通过室内盆栽实验,研究了粉煤灰、沸石、腐殖酸和保水剂等功能性材料对玉米、大豆吸收重金属Pb、Cd的影响。结果表明, 供试功能性材料能有效降低玉米、大豆对重金属污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cd的吸收,复合材料效果优于单个材料,复合材料以粉煤灰+保水剂+腐殖酸+沸石、粉煤灰+保水剂+腐殖酸为最佳。     

添加铅对大豆和小麦生长及铅吸收特征影响的研究

盆栽条件下,研究了大豆和小麦在铅添加量为0~1 050 mg/kg的土壤中生长及对铅的吸收与富集特征。结果表明,外源添加铅能降低小麦和播种20 d后的大豆株高,但对播种40 d后的大豆株高无影响。添加铅能降低大豆和小麦单盆籽粒数和单盆籽粒重量,但适量低浓度的铅对大豆单盆籽粒重量有一定的促进作用。随铅添加量的增加,大豆与小麦根系和地上部的铅含量都是逐渐升高的,且土壤中铅含量与两种作物根系和地上部铅含量成显著正相关。多数情况下,铅主要分布在大豆和小麦的根系,两种作物不同部位富集系数顺序基本为根>茎叶>籽粒。     

Effects of cropping systems,maize residues application and N fertilization on promiscuous soybean yields and diversity of native rhizobia in Central Kenya

Agriculture intensification has resulted in severe soil nutrient depletion in Africa. Alternative agricultural practices have been promoted to reduce the use of expensive mineral fertilizers and to restore and sustain soil fertility. The use of mineral fertilizer combined with organic inputs (such as crop residues) and different cropping systems (cereal–legume association or rotation) have been particularly promising. Impacts of these agricultural practices on soil communities have been widely studied, yet little is known on the effect on more specific groups such as rhizobia. A field trial was set up in Chuka (Kenya) to assess the impact of different cropping systems (maize and soybean in intercropping, rotation or monocropping) combined with N fertilization and residues application on the genetic diversity of promiscuous soybean rhizobia during two seasons. Soybean yields were severely reduced by moisture stress and the association with maize compared to mono-legume and rotation systems. Nodulation was generally low but was positively affected by residues application. Diversity of native rhizobia was very low (Shannon indices H′ < 0.8) across the experiment and was not affected by the treatments. Only 5 IGS profiles were obtained after RFLP analysis and all isolated rhizobia were identified as Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The distribution of the different IGS groups within the experiment was more affected by season and residues application than by cropping system and nitrogen fertilizer application. These results suggest a limited population and a low diversity of indigenous rhizobia, and emphasize the need of alternative managements to increase and sustain soybean yields in Central Kenya.     

发芽过程中大豆活性物质、抗营养因子及抗氧化活性变化的综述

大豆是一种优质的蛋白质资源。大豆种子发芽过程中大豆多肽、大豆异黄酮、大豆皂苷、γ-氨基丁酸及维生素C等活性物质含量增加,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂、血球凝集素、脂肪氧化酶和植酸等抗营养因子含量下降。随着发芽时间的延长,大豆DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原力等抗氧化能力增强。因此,发芽可作为提高大豆及其制品的营养价值、消化性、适口性及生物利用性的重要手段。本文对发芽期间大豆中生物活性物质、抗营养因子及抗氧化活性的变化进行综述,并展望了发芽大豆的综合性应用,以期明确大豆发芽过程中各活性物质变化规律,为发芽大豆在食品中的应用提供科学依据。     

Effects of hairy vetch foliage application on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean cultivated in three soil types

We investigated the effects of applying hairy vetch foliage on nodulation and atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) fixation in soybean cultivated in three soil types in pot experiments. Soybean plants were grown in Gley Lowland soil (GLS), Non-allophanic Andosol (NAS), and Sand-dune Regosol (SDR) with hairy vetch foliage application in a greenhouse for 45 days. In GLS, the nodule number was not influenced by the application, however, nodule dry weight and N₂ fixation activity tended to increase. In NAS and SDR, nodule formation was depressed by foliage application. Soybean plant growth was promoted in GLS and SDR but not in NAS. These promotive effects of hairy vetch foliage application on soybean plant growth in GLS were considered to be mainly caused by the increase in N₂ fixation activity of the nodules, whereas it was considered to be mainly caused by the increase in nitrogen uptake activity of the roots in SDR. The varying effects of hairy vetch foliage application on soybean nodulation may be due to soil chemical properties such as pH and cation exchange capacity, which are related to soil texture. Therefore, we conclude that it is important to use hairy vetch for soybean cultivation based on the different effects of hairy vetch on soybean plant growth in different soil types.     

植大豆对坡耕地径流侵蚀产沙的影响

作物是坡耕地最重要的地被物,为了解作物覆盖下坡面土壤侵蚀的发生发展,以大豆(Glycine max)作物为对象,采用人工模拟降雨方法,对大豆不同生育期坡面的产流产沙进行研究。结果表明,与裸地相比,大豆在其全生育期内平均可减少径流量31.43%,减少土壤流失量54.84%。大豆覆盖下坡面产流产沙量随大豆生长逐渐降低,其产流产沙过程的波动性逐渐降低并趋于稳定。大豆植株的存在可使坡面稳定入渗速率较裸地平均提高了约109%,有效增强了坡面土壤的入渗能力。通过对坡面土壤流失比率的计算,表明种植大豆条件下的土壤流失比率由幼苗期的0.79降低至始粒期的0.24,其与大豆叶面积指数呈指数函数关系。大豆对坡面土壤侵蚀具有较强的抑制作用,且对泥沙的拦截作用强于对径流的拦蓄作用。     

酸性红壤中磷高效大豆新种质的磷营养特性

采用一系列磷高效大豆新种质及对照材料,在华南酸性红壤地区3种不同磷水平的代表性土壤上,分春、夏两季研究了不同大豆品种的磷营养特性,探讨了不同大豆品种（系）在不同磷水平土壤上的最佳施磷量及其经济效益。结果表明, 1）土壤有效磷含量是影响酸性红壤地区大豆生产的重要因素,无论从地上部生物量、磷吸收量还是产量来看,所有供试品种均表现出高磷>中磷>低磷土壤的趋势。2）施磷对低肥力土壤上大豆产量的影响较大,对中等肥力土壤影响较小,而对高肥力土壤,施磷肥反而造成大豆减产; 过量施用磷肥会造成大豆对磷的“奢侈吸收”。3）大豆的磷营养特性具有显著的基因型差异,因而需要不同磷养分管理方式。4个磷高效大豆新种质在低肥力土壤上仅需施用少量磷肥,在中、高肥力土壤上不需施磷即可满足生长需要。经济效益分析结果表明,磷高效品种无论在低肥力还是在中、高肥力土壤上,其纯收入均远高于本地和国家大豆区域试验对照品种。     

濉溪县夏大豆生长发育与降水关系分析

利用濉溪县1970-2004年大豆统计产量和相应的实测气象数据,统计分析结果表明：濉溪县大豆幼苗期和鼓粒期的降水量、花荚期和全生育期的雨日与气象产量呈显著直线相关,大豆生长季节降水及其时空分布是造成实际产量波动的主要原因.根据对当地历年降水量的统计分析,确定了大豆生育期的适宜降水量范围,为大豆生产和管理提供依据.     

Effects of phosphorus amended low phosphorus soil on soybean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Titicum aestivum L.) yield and phosphorus uptake

A major constraint for crop production on disturbed soils is phosphorus (P). A 2-year field study was conducted on a disturbed soil to evaluate broiler litter ash (BLA) as an inexpensive phosphorus fertilizer for soybean. BLA or super phosphate (SP) was applied at four rates and planted with soybean followed by wheat. At soybean growth stage R3, two plants from each plot were removed for tissue analysis. Soybean tissue P concentration distributions were in the order pods?>?leaves?>?stems?>?roots. At maturity, soybean grain and wheat tissue yields were not significantly affected by P source. Except for the high superphosphate rate for the second crop, P concentrations of soybean grain and wheat tissue were not significant between P source. In this study, BLA was as effective as SP for growth of soybean grain and wheat tissue, suggesting that BLA can be used as an inexpensive P fertilizer on low P disturbed soils.     

Effect of nitrogen forms on reduction of manganese oxides in an Oxisol by plant root exudates

Reductive dissolution of soil manganese (Mn) oxides increases potential toxicity of Mn²⁺ to plants. In order to examine the effect of nitrogen forms on reduction of Mn oxides in rhizosphere soil, a rhizobox experiment was employed to investigate the reduction of Mn oxides due to the growth of soybean and maize in an Oxisol with various contents of NO₃^–-N and NH₄⁺-N and a total N of 200 mg kg^?1. The results showed that exchangeable Mn²⁺ in rhizosphere soil was 9.6–32.7 mg kg^?1 higher than that in bulk soil after cultivation of soybean and maize for 80 days, which suggested that plant root exudates increased reduction of soil Mn oxides. Application of ammonium-N promoted reduction of Mn oxides in rhizosphere soil compared to application of nitrate and nitrate together with ammonium. Soybean cultivation led to a higher reduction in soil Mn oxides than maize cultivation. Application of single ammonium enhanced Mn uptake by the plants and led to more Mn accumulating in plant leaves, especially for soybean. Therefore, application of ammonium-based fertilizer can promote reduction of soil Mn oxides, while application of nitrate-based fertilizer can inhibit reduction of soil Mn oxides and thus reduce Mn²⁺ toxicity to plants.