不同胡麻资源苗期耐盐性评价及鉴定指标筛选

为了综合评价胡麻资源苗期耐盐性，筛选出合理的胡麻苗期耐盐性鉴定指标，为胡麻耐盐育种和栽培提供基础理论依据，采用300 mmol/L的NaCl溶液对10份胡麻资源进行苗期胁迫处理，分析胁迫对幼苗存活率、株高、地下部干重、地上部干重、生长速率、丙二醛、脯氨酸、叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶等10项指标的影响，结合相关性、主成分、聚类和回归分析方法进行综合评价。结果表明，轮选1号、R40、DYMS和陇亚10号具有相对较强耐盐性。筛选出生长速率和过氧化物酶2个鉴定指标为胡麻苗期耐盐能力鉴定的关键指标，以这2个筛选指标计算出的耐盐性预测值与综合评价计算出的综合Z值之间极显著相关(R2=0.982 2**)，表明该鉴定结果具有较高的准确性。将10份胡麻资源的苗期与萌发期耐盐性鉴定结果对比发现，胡麻萌发期与苗期的耐盐性具有不完全的一致性。     

盐胁迫对棉田土壤微生物数量与酶活性的影响

在盆栽条件下模拟滨海盐土组成,研究土壤盐胁迫对不同耐盐性棉花品种"中棉所44"和"苏棉12号"土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:从苗期到吐絮期,两个品种的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,以及土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和纤维素酶活性均随土壤盐分的增加呈现逐渐下降的一致趋势,处理间差异均达显著水平。土壤水分亏缺加重盐胁迫影响,相同盐分水平下,正常灌水处理的土壤微生物数量和酶活性显著高于相应干旱处理。棉株的生长发育亦受到土壤盐分的显著抑制,根系活力、根重、生物量和籽棉产量均随土壤盐分水平升高而一致降低,根冠比则相反。耐盐性品种中棉所44各项测定指标的下降幅度均小于苏棉12号。相关性分析表明,各菌类数量和酶活性与籽棉产量之间存在显著的正相关关系,同时各菌类数量和酶活性之间密切相关,其中碱性磷酸酶和纤维素酶活性与各菌类数量之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平。说明土壤微生物与土壤酶活性对盐胁迫反应极为敏感,并与棉花产量密切相关,是盐胁迫下棉花显著减产的一个重要原因,可作为土壤盐胁迫过程中的重要指标。     

新疆棉花品种的耐盐性综合评价

为了解北疆7种常用棉花品种的耐盐性,通过50、100和150mmol/L 3个NaC l浓度的胁迫处理,在棉花种子萌发阶段进行发芽势、发芽率的测定,在水培条件下对7个品种的生长势进行了比较,并采用隶属函数法进行耐盐性综合评价。根据耐盐性综合评价值得出供试7个棉花品种种子萌发阶段的耐盐性顺序为:新陆早10号新陆早13号新陆早12号新陆早17号新陆早31号新陆早26号新陆早18号;在幼苗生长阶段为:新陆早17号新陆早10号新陆早13号新陆早31号新陆早18号新陆早12号新陆早26号。由此可见,种子萌发阶段与幼苗生长阶段的耐盐性是不一致的,但新陆早10号在2个生长时期的耐盐性均表现较高,而新陆早26号则对盐害表现较为敏感。     

7个甘肃彩色棉品种种子萌发期的耐盐性鉴定

通过对7个甘肃彩色棉品种在不同盐分浓度胁迫下发芽势及发芽率的测定,研究不同彩色棉品种萌发期耐盐特性。结果表明:在盐胁迫下,各供试品种的发芽势、发芽率随盐分浓度的增加而逐渐降低,4 g/kg盐分浓度为彩色棉耐盐性鉴定的标准浓度。萌发期耐盐性品种有陇绿棉4号、陇棕棉2号及陇棕棉3号,耐盐性较弱的品种为陇绿棉1号、陇绿棉2号、陇绿棉3号及陇棕棉1号。     

A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF SALT TOLERANCE IN CAULIFLOWER （Brassica oleracea L. vat. botrytis L. ） DURING GERMINATION STAGE

以98份花椰菜自交系资源为试材,测定了盐胁迫下种子的发芽率（GP）、发芽势（GR）、发芽指数（GI）、活力指数（VI）、苗高（SH）和根长（RL）等指标的耐盐系数,采用隶属函数法进行了耐盐性的综合评价。结果表明：花椰菜种质材料萌发期的耐盐性强弱评价结果受多个指标的影响。运用模糊数学隶属函数法,并赋予测定指标以相应的权重,计算出种质材料耐盐性强弱的综合评价D值,对98份种质材料耐盐性的强弱进行了综合评价和排序。综合评价D值与GP、GR、GI、VI、SH、RL的耐盐系数隶属函数值的相关性均迭极显著水平（r=0．910^＊＊、0．921^＊＊、0．955^＊＊、0．972^＊＊、0．585^＊＊、0．686^＊＊）,综合评价D值可以全面反映供试种质材料的耐盐性。分别对综合评价D值、GP、GR、GI、VI、SH、RL的隶属函数值进行聚类分析比较,发现GR、GI、VI、RL可以作为花椰菜种质材料萌发期耐盐性筛选的指标,而GP、SH不宜直接作为花椰菜种质材料萌发期耐盐性筛选的指标。基于综合评价D值聚类分析,可以将98份种质材料的耐盐性分为强、中、弱、差四大群类,其中有7份材料属于强耐盐性群类的种质,可供花椰菜耐盐性品种选育改良利用及耐盐性机制、耐盐遗传机理等方面研究。     

花椰菜种质资源萌发期耐盐性综合评价

以98份花椰菜自交系资源为试材,测定了盐胁迫下种子的发芽率(GP)、发芽势(GR)、发芽指数(GI)、活力指数(VI)、苗高(SH)和根长(RL)等指标的耐盐系数,采用隶属函数法进行了耐盐性的综合评价。结果表明:花椰菜种质材料萌发期的耐盐性强弱评价结果受多个指标的影响。运用模糊数学隶属函数法,并赋予测定指标以相应的权重,计算出种质材料耐盐性强弱的综合评价D值,对98份种质材料耐盐性的强弱进行了综合评价和排序。综合评价D值与GP、GR、GI、VI、SH、RL的耐盐系数隶属函数值的相关性均达极显著水平(r=0.910**、0.921**、0.955**、0.972**、0.585**、0.686**),综合评价D值可以全面反映供试种质材料的耐盐性。分别对综合评价D值、GP、GR、GI、VI、SH、RL的隶属函数值进行聚类分析比较,发现GR、GI、VI、RL可以作为花椰菜种质材料萌发期耐盐性筛选的指标,而GP、SH不宜直接作为花椰菜种质材料萌发期耐盐性筛选的指标。基于综合评价D值聚类分析,可以将98份种质材料的耐盐性分为强、中、弱、差四大群类,其中有7份材料属于强耐盐性群类的种质,可供花椰菜耐盐性品种选育改良利用及耐盐性机制、耐盐遗传机理等方面研究。     

氯化钠胁迫对不同耐盐黄瓜品种的损伤效应及反射光谱特性的影响

研究了氯化钠胁迫对不同耐盐黄瓜品种的损伤效应及反射光谱特性的影响。结果表明,黄瓜品种新泰密刺比津优1号具有更强的耐盐性;盐处理明显增加了黄瓜叶片在可见光区的光谱反射率,并且盐敏感品种津优1号在盐胁迫下光谱反射率增加的幅度明显高于耐盐品种新泰密刺,尤其在绿光区差异更为明显。利用光谱反射指标得出的叶绿素含量、叶黄素循环库的大小与黄瓜的盐害程度及不同品种的耐盐程度有密切关系,反射光谱特性可以用来作为筛选黄瓜耐盐的生理指标。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地不同树种耐盐性形态指标的比较研究

[目的]研究不同树种的耐盐性形态指标,为黄河三角洲中度盐碱地造林树种选择提供重要理论依据和参考。[方法]对中度盐碱地上营造的试验林中的12个树种在保存率、生长势和盐害程度(盐害指数)等几个耐盐性形态指标上进行比较分析,确定各树种的相对耐盐力。[结果](1)不同树种的保存率差异较大,最低保存率为19.3%,最高保存率为96.7%;(2)除美国红叶白蜡和沙柳2个树种外,其余10个树种的生长表现(生长势和盐害程度)与保存率变化一致,即保存率高的树种,其生长表现亦好(生长旺盛、叶片受到的盐害程度小);(3)综合几个耐盐性指标对12个树种的聚类分析,其耐盐力可划归为强、中、一般3类。[结论]通过中度盐碱地不同树种耐盐性形态指标的评价,客观真实地反映了不同树种耐盐能力的强弱。     

紫花苜蓿种质资源萌发期耐盐性鉴定

为鉴定及评价紫花苜蓿种质资源萌发期耐盐性,以25份紫花苜蓿品种为试验材料,在种子萌发培养基中分别添加0(CK)、150、250和350 mmol·L-1NaCl进行持续胁迫处理,研究25个苜蓿品种的种子萌发期耐盐性相关指标。结果表明,苜蓿种子在第3、第7和第10天的相对发芽率和发芽势均随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加呈降低趋势;盐害指数随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加而升高;胚根长、胚芽长均随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加而降低,且萌发时间相应延长;胚根、胚芽重均随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加而逐渐减少,且生物量下降。25个苜蓿品种的种子萌发期耐盐性差异显著,其中苜蓿品种‘WL326GE’在350mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫处理下,发芽势为46.67%,相对发芽率为48.33%,生物量为最高,耐盐等级评价为高耐,萌发期耐盐性较强。本研究结果为适宜盐碱地种植的耐盐苜蓿品种的筛选提供了理论依据。     

黑豆种质苗期耐荫性评价及其根系对弱光胁迫的响应

玉米-大豆复合种植是西南地区重要的生态种植模式之一,而目前耐荫型专用黑豆种质十分匮乏,黑豆的耐荫机理也尚不清楚,这严重影响了该模式的进一步推广。本研究旨在建立黑豆苗期耐荫性评价数学模型,筛选出能够判断黑豆耐荫性的有效指标,并探讨不同耐荫型黑豆根系对弱光胁迫的响应差异,为耐荫型黑豆种质的选育及耐荫机理的阐释奠定基础。试验以23个黑豆种质为研究材料,采用盆栽试验方法,设置自然光和遮荫2个处理。在黑豆植株V3期测定株高、茎粗、下胚轴长度、叶片干重、茎干重、主茎节数、总根长、根表面积、总根体积等形态指标和光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数等生理指标。采用多元统计方法建立黑豆苗期耐荫性评价模型,并根据评价结果,关联分析不同耐荫型黑豆根系对弱光胁迫的响应差异。通过逐步回归分析建立了黑豆苗期耐荫性评价数学模型;并通过该模型,筛选出蒸腾速率、株高、叶干重、最大荧光强度和初始荧光强度等5个鉴定指标。在荫蔽条件下测定苗期黑豆的上述5个指标可实现对黑豆苗期耐荫性的综合评价。同时,对23份黑豆种质的耐荫性综合评价值D进行了聚类分析,结果表明,黑豆种质可划分为耐荫型、中度耐荫型和荫蔽敏感型3类。不同耐荫型黑豆种质的根系结构对弱光胁迫的响应程度不同,黑豆的总根长、根表面积、总根体积、根干重等根系强度指标均表现为耐荫型中度耐荫型荫蔽敏感型。这表明耐荫潜力大的黑豆根系更发达。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.