磷素水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响

利用砂培方法和15N示踪技术研究了磷素水平对大豆氮素积累、根瘤固氮和产量的影响。结果表明:大豆植株氮素积累、根瘤固氮和产量均随磷素营养水平的提高而呈单峰曲线变化,营养液磷素浓度31mg/L左右时达到峰值,当营养液磷素浓度达11mg/L时,再提高磷素浓度对大豆根瘤固氮率无明显促进作用;而对于大豆植株氮素积累、根瘤固氮量和产量,只有当营养液磷素浓度达到21mg/L时,再提高磷素浓度才无明显促进所用,表明满足根瘤固氮的磷素营养水平较产量形成的水平要求低。     

氮素营养水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响

以“东农47”为试材,采用15N 标记的 (NH4)2SO4作为氮源,利用砂培方式研究了氮素营养水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响。结果表明,随外源氮水平增加,大豆植株氮素积累量和产量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,当营养液氮浓度为50 mg/L时,植株氮素积累量和子粒产量最大。在 R4和 R5 期补充氮肥的供给明显增加植株对氮的积累,并能显著提高大豆产量。大豆生长需要一定量的“启动氮”,“启动氮”的作用维持到V3期对大豆氮的积累和产量形成效果最好。随外源氮水平增加,大豆吸收外源氮的比例增加,根瘤固氮所占比例降低,外源氮和根瘤固氮积累量随外源氮水平增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势。当氮浓度为100 mg/L时,有利于植株对外源氮的吸收,当氮浓度为50 mg/L时,有利于根瘤固氮的积累,“启动氮”的作用维持到V3期根瘤固氮的积累明显增加; 在R4和R5期补充外源氮的供给可以显著增加对外源氮利用,以R5期效果最好。     

α和α'亚基缺失对大豆分离蛋白乳化特性的影响

为了探究β-伴大豆球蛋白(7S)中α和α′亚基缺失对大豆分离蛋白乳化特性的影响,该文以东农47(对照)和3种不同蛋白亚基缺失型(α缺失、α′缺失以及α、α′缺失)大豆为原料提取大豆分离蛋白(SoyProteinIsolate,SPI),通过十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)技术分析其亚基组成,然后制备乳状液并测定乳化活性指数(Emulsifying Activity Index,EAI)、ζ-电位、粒径、微观结构、稳定动力学指数(Turbiscan Stability Index,TSI)及界面蛋白吸附量。结果表明:α′亚基缺失型SPI乳状液乳化活性指数最大,为87.59 m2/g;ζ-电位绝对值最大,为47.7 mV;粒径最小,为2.223μm;显微结构显示其分子最小且分布最均匀,稳定动力学指数最小;界面蛋白吸附量最大,为31.40%。4种不同SPI乳状液的稳定性结果由大到小为α′亚基缺失型、东农47、α亚基缺失型、α和α′亚基缺失型。研究结果可为高乳化性大豆蛋白系列产品的开发应用提供理论支撑和技术支持。     

不同磷肥水平对大豆磷营养状况和产量品质性状的影响

本试验选用近年来黑龙江省推广面积较大并具有代表性的3个基因型大豆品种作为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,利用钼锑抗比色法测定了大豆生育期各器官磷素含量,并测定了单株产量及成熟子粒蛋白质和脂肪含量,结果表明:施磷量对不同大豆品种植株及各器官磷素含量有较大影响;不同品种不同处理全株及各器官磷素含量从分枝期逐渐增加,开花期达到高峰,随后下降至成熟期;同一品种不同处理间高蛋白品种和中间型品种是P150处理全株磷积累量最高,高油品种是P225处理全株磷素积累最高;生育期内只有适宜施磷才能促进磷素含量达到最高峰;同一处理不同品种间是高油品种磷素积累量大于中间型品种和高蛋白品种,说明高油品种需磷量多于中间型品种和高蛋白品种。高蛋白品种和中间型品种P150处理单株产量和子粒蛋白质含量最高,高油品种P75处理单株产量和子粒蛋白质含量最高。3个品种脂肪含量均以P225处理最高。     

施氮水平对大豆氮素积累与产量影响的研究

以绥农14为材料,利用砂培和15N标记的方法研究了施氮水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响。结果表明:随着施氮水平的提高,大豆全株氮素积累量及叶柄、荚皮、籽粒中氮素积累量呈现先增加后下降的趋势;高氮水平增加了叶片和茎中氮素积累量,N150较N0处理叶片的氮素积累量增加了3倍,而茎增加了5倍,但减少了根中氮素积累,降低了大豆全株和籽粒中根瘤固氮量及其所占比例,降低了肥料氮和根瘤氮的收获指数,其中根中氮素积累N150较N50处理降低了60.3%,全株根瘤氮和籽粒中根瘤氮N150较N0分别降低了74.9%、85.7%,肥料氮的收获指数N150较N50降低19.8%,根瘤氮的收获指数N150较N0降低25.5%。随着施氮水平的增加,大豆产量也呈现先增加后下降的趋势,施氮水平的增加促进了大豆植株株高、结荚高度和始荚节位的显著增加,但对节数没有明显影响,N150和N0比较株高增加了55.2%,结荚高度增加了199.7%,始荚节位增加了142.9%。     

氮素对不同大豆品种根系分泌物中有机酸的影响

采用室内溶液培养方法,分别研究了接种根瘤菌处理下,两种氮源和两种氮浓度对两个大豆品种根系分泌物中有机酸的影响。结果表明,合丰25号根系分泌的有机酸种类和数量无论苗期或花期,接种或不接种根瘤菌,均表现为硝态氮处理高于酰胺态氮处理,表明合丰25号大豆更喜硝态氮,硝态氮促进了有机酸的分泌。绥农10号在酰胺态氮下的有机酸种类和数量均高于硝态氮处理,表明其更喜酰胺态氮,酰胺态氮下根瘤菌的存在增加其根系分泌物中有机酸种类和数量。可见,大豆根系分泌物中有机酸的种类和数量因品种而异,因品种对氮源的喜好而变化;根瘤菌在不同程度上增强或减弱根系有机酸的分泌作用。柠檬酸受氮素供应浓度影响很大,当氮素供应浓度较低时,大豆根系分泌物中可检测到柠檬酸,供氮浓度升高则检测不到。     

磷素水平对不同大豆品种产量和品质的影响

选用近年来在黑龙江省推广面积比较大并具有代表性的东农42（高蛋白品种）、合丰25（中间型品种）、东农46（高油品种）3个基因型大豆品种作为试验材料,采用盆栽的方式,在每千克土壤施N和K2O各为0.033g基础上,设P1、P2、P3、P4 4个施P处理（即每千克土壤分别施P2O5 0、0.033、0.067、0.100g）,进行了3个大豆品种产量和品质的研究。结果表明,3个基因型大豆品种在单株产量、品质方面存在着差异。东农42和合丰25以P3处理单株产量和蛋白含量最高,东农46以P2处理单株产量和蛋白质含量最高;3个品种都是P4处理脂肪含量最高。同一处理不同品种间子粒蛋白质含量是东农42＞合丰25＞东农46;子粒脂肪含量是东农46＞合丰25＞东农42。     

HMW-GS对春小麦品质的影响及不同亚基评分比较

为了明确高分子麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)对春小麦品质的影响,以及不同亚基评分方法的准确性,对22份春小麦的亚基组成和数目与小麦品质的关系进行研究,并对不同亚基的评分方法进行对比。结果表明,Glu-A1位点Null的小麦品质明显低于2*亚基和1亚基。Glu-B1位点17+18和7+8及7+9亚基的差异对小麦品质影响不大,仅在面筋指数上17+18亚基优于7+8亚基,在延伸度(L)上17+18亚基显著优于7+9亚基。Glu-D1位点等位基因的变异对小麦品质的影响较大,5+10亚基明显优于2+12亚基,在面筋指数、颗粒度、灰分、P、W、IE、PRMAX、WA上差异显著或极显著。综合评价,Glu-1位点对小麦品质的贡献大小顺序依次为Glu-D1Glu-A1Glu-B1。在4种亚基评分方法中Payne评分方法与春小麦的品质相关性最好。本研究结果为春小麦品质的育种早代选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

氮素穗肥对不同品种稻米品质性状的影响

以4种不同类型的稻米为材料,采用4个不同的氮素穗肥处理,利用黏度分析仪和XRD技术测定其淀粉特性,探索氮素穗肥对稻米品质及淀粉特性的影响。试验结果表明,氮素穗肥对稻米蛋白质、直链淀粉含量、支/直比和胶稠度的影响,品种间存在差异。各品种稻米的黏滞谱曲线随着氮肥的增加均呈整体下降趋势;相对粳稻而言,杂交籼稻和糯稻黏滞谱曲线在不同的氮肥处理下降幅度较小。各品种稻米淀粉的相对结晶度均表现为随氮肥施用量的增加而减小,17和18的两个衍射峰的分离状态逐渐减小。氮素穗肥施用量与稻米品质和淀粉特性关系密切,可通过调控氮素穗肥水平来改善稻米品质。     

利用15N标记研究氮素水平对大豆根瘤生长的影响

为了明确氮肥对大豆根瘤生长的影响,以东农47为试验材料,采用15N 标记和砂培的方法,进行了氮素营养水平对大豆根瘤生长及与根瘤固氮相关性的研究。结果表明,随外源氮水平增加,根瘤干重呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,当营养液氮浓度为50 mg/L时,有利于根瘤的生长;根瘤生长需要一定量启动氮,启动氮的作用维持到第3片复叶完全展开时（V3）对大豆根瘤的生长最有利;在盛荚期 （R4）和鼓粒始期 （R5）补充外源氮的供给抑制根瘤的生长。根瘤干重与植株中根瘤氮积累量、根瘤氮比例呈极显著正相关,根瘤干重与植株中氮积累量呈显著正相关。     

Seed Nitrogen Mobilization in Soybean: Effects of Seed Nitrogen Content and External Nitrogen Fertility

Soybean breeding programs have developed genetic lines with relatively low seed protein, which could negatively impact early seedling growth in low fertility conditions commonly encountered in the field. In these experiments, seed protein mobilization and its regulation in situ in soybean lines with different seed protein levels was investigated. The results showed that rates of nitrogen (N) release from cotyledons were much lower with decreasing levels of N in seed. Patterns of proteolysis of the storage proteins glycinin and β -conglycinin and their subunits were not different, but breakdown rates were slower. Seed N release rates increased somewhat when external N was supplied to roots of the developing seedlings, suggesting the involvement of source/sink controls. The effect appeared to be down-stream from proteolysis, as rates of protein breakdown were not altered. The results indicate that low seed protein levels will lead to reduced seedling fitness in low fertility soil conditions unless fertilizer N is applied.     

冬小麦施氮对复播大豆土壤微生物区系及产量的影响

为揭示冬小麦不同施氮水平对复播大豆土壤微生物区系的后效影响,于2017-2018年在小麦季设置0、225、375和525 kg·hm^-2 4个施氮处理,分别记作CK、N₁、N₂和N₃,采用稀释平板法和MPV稀释法研究冬小麦不同施氮量对复播大豆土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明,麦季施氮量对复播大豆土壤微生物区系具有显著的后效作用。随着麦季施氮量的增加,复播大豆产量、土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、氨化细菌及好气性自生固氮菌数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量呈不断上升的趋势;其中,麦季适宜的施氮量(N₁、N₂)更能促进土壤微生物总数的生长繁殖,优化菌群结构,提高后茬大豆产量;而过量施氮(N₃)刺激硝化、反硝化细菌数量的增加,降低大豆产量,加速土壤中氮素损失,降低氮肥利用率。综合考虑冬小麦季施氮量为375 kg·hm^-2时,复播大豆产量达到最高,平均为2 988.93 kg·hm^-2,两年大...     

大豆在利用不同氮源时对土壤磷形态和有效性的影响

通过盆栽培养方法,在土壤中可利用磷基本耗竭条件下,研究供给两种不同氮源的大豆对土壤中有机和无机磷的利用和形态转化的影响。结果表明,生物固氮处理大豆吸收的总磷量比尿素处理多58．0％,而对磷素的利用效率仅下降了3．3％。无论供给哪种形态氮源,种植大豆后土壤中各形态无机磷含量总体表现为O-P〉Al—P〉Fe—P〉Ca10-P〉Cas—P〉Ca2—P,有机磷的含量表现为：中等活性有机磷（MLOP）〉高稳性有机磷（HROP）〉中稳性有机磷（MROP）〉活性有机磷（LOP）。生物固氮处理,Al—P和0一P成为维持大豆生长的主要磷源,而尿素处理只有O-P。生物固氮处理主要是促进土壤中的MLOP和MROP矿化分解,分别减少了29．48mg／kg和14．16mg／kg;尿素处理土壤中的MROP和HROP转化的程度较大,分别减少了12．47mg／kg和3．68mg／kg。比较而言,尿素处理的大豆从土壤中获得有机磷的能力不及生物固氮处理。     

大豆在利用不同氮源时对土壤磷形态和有效性的影响

通过盆栽培养方法,在土壤中可利用磷基本耗竭条件下,研究供给两种不同氮源的大豆对土壤中有机和无机磷的利用和形态转化的影响。结果表明,生物固氮处理大豆吸收的总磷量比尿素处理多58.0%,而对磷素的利用效率仅下降了3.3%。无论供给哪种形态氮源,种植大豆后土壤中各形态无机磷含量总体表现为O-P>Al-P>Fe-P>Ca10-P>Ca8-P>Ca2-P,有机磷的含量表现为:中等活性有机磷(MLOP)>高稳性有机磷(HROP)>中稳性有机磷(MROP)>活性有机磷(LOP)。生物固氮处理,Al-P和O-P成为维持大豆生长的主要磷源,而尿素处理只有O-P。生物固氮处理主要是促进土壤中的MLOP和MROP矿化分解,分别减少了29.48 mg/kg和14.16 mg/kg;尿素处理土壤中的MROP和HROP转化的程度较大,分别减少了12.47 mg/kg和3.68 mg/kg。比较而言,尿素处理的大豆从土壤中获得有机磷的能力不及生物固氮处理。     

叶面施氮对不同类型大豆品种氮素积累与分配的影响

为研究大豆不同类型品种叶面氮素吸收、积累与分配规律,以黑龙江省三江平原大豆主栽4种类型品种为试验材料,采用15N示踪法在大豆R5期进行叶面施氮,探究不同施氮量及品种类型各器官对标记氮素积累与分配规律.结果表明,在4.5 kg?hm-2施氮量条件下,大豆各器官干物质量、氮素积累量及15N积累量总体均达到最高,不同类型品种...     

施氮量对新增耕地肥料利用及大豆产量的影响

在晋西黄土区新增耕地设置施加N0,N1,N2,N3,N4和N5六种不同氮水平氮肥的处理,比较分析不同施氮量对氮肥利用率、氮磷钾吸收累积、大豆生长发育和产量的影响,并通过回归拟合,确定最佳施氮量,结果表明:不同氮水平下,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加呈现下降的趋势,而各氮水平条件下氮肥生理利用率差异不大;施氮能够促进大豆植株各部位对氮、磷、钾的吸收利用,各处理之间大豆植株氮素累积量、磷素累积量和钾素累积量差异显著,且在N2水平下最高,但大豆植株氮、磷、钾累积量与施氮量相关性不显著;N2水平下大豆植株在出枝期、开花期和鼓粒期的株高、冠幅均最高,且大豆产量最高,达188.83g/m2,比其他五种处理措施增产8.68%~141.32%,其增产效益最高,为0.562元/m2;晋西黄土区新增耕地的最佳施氮量为168~178kg/hm2,对应理论产量为1 800~1 802kg/hm2。     

Soybean Growth Response to Low Rates of Nitrogen Applied at Planting in the Northern Great Plains

ABSTRACT

Cool and wet soils at the time of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] planting in the northern Great Plains may reduce early crop growth and retard nitrogen (N) fixation. Application of N as starter fertilizer may increase initial growth of soybean, but may also negatively impact N fixation when environmental conditions improve. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of low rates of N applied at planting on soybean N fixation and crop growth in the northern Great Plains. A field experiment (2000–2002) was established within a two-year corn [Zea mays (L.)] soybean rotation using a split-plot design with four replications. Whole plots were no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and the split plots were starter fertilizer (two sources × four rates) treatments. Nitrogen sources were either ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea (UR) each applied at 0, 8, 16, and 24 kg N ha^?1. Biomass in both 2000 and 2001 growing seasons increased significantly with increasing N rate at both growth stages (R1 and R7) and at the R1 stage in 2002. Ureide concentration and relative ureide decreased with increasing N rate at the R1 stage in all years, indicating a decrease in N fixation up to that point in crop development. This decrease in N fixation was not present at the R7 stage, but the significant increase in plant growth including yield was still present, indicating possibly that starter fertilizer can positively impact soybean production in the cool environmental conditions of the northern Great Plains. However, the positive impact on plant growth and yield is dependent on in-season environmental conditions and time of planting.     

Response of Wheat Cultivars to Nitrogen and Sulfur for Crop Yield,Nitrogen Use Efficiency,and Protein Quality in the Semiarid Region

ABSTRACT

The effects of nitrogen (N at 0, 100 and 180 kg N ha-1) and sulfur (S at 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg S ha-1) on crop yield, nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and amino acid composition of two bread wheat cultivars, ‘Shehan’ and ‘Enkoy,’ grown in Andisols and Cambisols in randomized blocks with three replications were evaluated. Both cultivars responded significantly (P < 0.05) to N and S applications and S application with N improved the NUE by 28%. The yield increase for the two cultivars by N and S application ranged between 0.8 to 2.4 Mg ha^?1. The N concentration increased significantly from N0 to N2 in both cultivars. Sulfur fertilization increased the concentration of cysteine and methionine by 27% and 14%, respectively, as compared to N alone. The grain yield, NUE, N, and S uptake, and the S-amino acid concentration of ‘Enkoy’ were significantly higher than ‘Shehan’ cultivar.     

Nitrogen Mineralization in Soils Related to Initial Extractable Organic Nitrogen: Effect of Temperature and Time

An important source of nitrogen (N) for crops is mineralization of soil organic matter during the growing season. Awareness is growing that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) plays an important role in mineralization and plant uptake. We studied the influence of temperature and time on extractable organic nitrogen (EON) levels, which is a measure of DON, and their relationship with N mineralization. Aerobic incubation experiments were conducted in the laboratory for five soils at different temperatures (4 20, and 30 °C) and different time intervals with optimal water content (60% of its water-holding capacity). Net N mineralization ranged between 14 and 155 mg kg^–1 within 84 days and was correlated with the initial amount of EON. Net N mineralization among the soils, time, and incubation temperatures was linearly related to the square root of time multiplied by temperature, with mineralization rate k being independent of time and temperature. Because initial EON values were also related to these kvalues, we were able to describe the net N mineralization at different temperatures based on an analysis of initial EON. Preliminary validation with results from pot experiments in the literature suggests that the approach is promising, although the proposed model needs to be calibrated with more soils.     

施氮量对北疆滴灌复播大豆光合生理及产量的影响

为揭示不同施氮量对北疆复播大豆光合生理及产量的影响,以黑河43为试验材料,大田滴灌条件下设置了不施氮(N0)、150 kg hm~(-2)(N1)和225 kg hm~(-2)(N2)3个处理,研究施氮量对复播大豆叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合参数及产量的影响。结果表明,各处理复播大豆的LAI、SPAD值在其整个生育期内均表现为:N1N2N0;与N0相比,N1、N2的叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率等(T_r)及气孔限制值(Ls)均有所增加,且各指标N1均高于N2;各处理不同生育时期胞间CO2浓度(Ci)为N0N2N1,叶片水分利用效率(WUEL)为N1N0N2。产量以N1最高,为3841.23 kg hm~(-2),分别比N0、N2处理增加了24.46%、9.04%,差异显著(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,北疆复播大豆的适宜施氮量为0~150 kg hm~(-2)之间。