超声波辅助提取秋葵果胶工艺优化及理化性质分析

为开发优质果胶资源,利用超声波辅助法从黄秋葵和红秋葵果荚中提取果胶,采用单因素试验探讨了酸种类、料液比、pH值、提取温度、超声时间和超声功率对2种秋葵果胶提取率的影响,并应用BoxBenhnken设计应面试验,确定果胶的最优提取工艺,并对其理化性质进行比较分析。结果表明,黄秋葵果胶的最佳提取工艺条件:萃取溶剂为盐酸、pH值2.0、提取温度70℃、料液比1∶40 g·m L-1,超声时间41 min、超声功率350 W,果胶提取率最高为15.87%;红秋葵果胶的最佳提取工艺条件:萃取溶剂为盐酸、pH值2.0、提取温度70℃、料液比1∶36 g·m L-1,超声时间42 min,超声功率350 W,果胶提取率最高为15.03%。经傅里叶红外光谱分析及理化性质测定,黄秋葵、红秋葵果胶的各项指标均优于国家标准,两者半乳糖醛酸含量分别为78.72%、72.92%,酯化度分别为66.95%、68.68%,均属于高酯果胶。添加黄、红秋葵果胶后,凝胶质构特性均得到明显的提升。本研究结果为果胶新资源的开发利用提供了基础数据。     

红松种子壳多酚物质的提取及抗氧化特性

该文选取超声波辅助提取法,采用单因素试验及响应面设计,研究了超声波提取时间、温度、乙醇浓度及料液比对红松种子壳中多酚类化合物提取的影响。并利用Fenton体系、1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH·)体系及邻苯三酚体系测定其提取成分的抗氧化活性。结果表明,松壳中多酚成分提取的最佳工艺条件为:超声提取时间2.80h、料液比1∶26.36(g/mL)、乙醇浓度42.86%、提取温度80℃,多酚得率7.96mg/g。在此优化条件下,红松种子壳提取物对羟自由基(甲基紫法)、DPPH·自由基及超氧阴离子均具有较强清除作用,半数抑制浓度分别为6.67×10-4、2.34×10-2、3.97mg/mL。     

软枣猕猴桃中多糖提取工艺的优化研究

为优化软枣猕猴桃中多糖的提取工艺,在单因素基础上,以料液比、超声温度、超声时间和超声功率为影响因素,进行正交试验来优化提取工艺。结果显示,最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶15(g·mL-1),超声温度50℃,超声时间50min,超声功率90 W,此时多糖的提取率为2.05%。这种提取工艺简便可行,可用于优化软枣猕猴桃中多糖的提取工艺,为其资源的进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。     

酶-超声双辅助提取中华芦荟多糖的工艺分析

提出了酶-超声双辅助提取中华芦荟多糖工艺,并优化提取条件,最终获得到最佳提取工艺条件为,纤维素酶、果胶酶之比(V∶m)为1∶2、超声温度80℃、超声时间60 min、料液比1∶20、乙醇浓度80%、超声功率300 W、超声次数3次。     

锶及柴油胁迫下3种杨树对土壤锶的富集特征

为探究杨树对土壤锶污染的修复能力,以白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨为试材,在100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+),15mg·kg~(-1)柴油,15 mg·kg~(-1)柴油+100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+)条件下处理60 d,通过测定杨树的生长指标及各器官Sr~(2+)富集浓度,探讨比较不同种的杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)的富集特征和富集能力差异。结果表明,单一Sr~(2+)胁迫能够促进俄罗斯杨和青杨幼苗的生长,对白杨的生长表现出一定抑制效应;而柴油污染胁迫对杨树的生长均具有明显的抑制作用,其中白杨对柴油胁迫的耐受性优于俄罗斯杨和青杨。单独Sr~(2+)胁迫下3种杨树幼苗各器官Sr~(2+)富集为叶根茎,其中白杨的总富集浓度最高,达到2.369 mg·g~(-1)DW,青杨最低,为1.203 mg·g~(-1)DW。在柴油和Sr~(2+)的复合胁迫下,白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨对Sr~(2+)的富集浓度明显减小,分别为1.344、1.145和0.604 mg·g~(-1)DW;但白杨和俄罗斯杨富集特征变化不大,青杨Sr~(2+)富集浓度最大的器官由叶变为根。此外,柴油的施加对3种杨树转运能力的影响具有显著差异,其中白杨的转运能力增强了15.76%,青杨显著降低了61.83%,说明杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)及其与柴油复合污染胁迫都有较好的耐受及Sr~(2+)富集能力,其中白杨更适合作为污染治理树种。本研究结果为锶及柴油污染土壤的植物修复提供了参考依据。     

红叶李花中总黄酮提取工艺及抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性研究

为进一步开发红叶李资源,筛选其活性成分,通过比较水煮沸、醇回流、超声、微波、闪式、超临界CO_2(SFE-CO_2)、复合酶酶解等提取方法对红叶李花中总黄酮含量的影响和对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制效果,确定最佳提取方法,并通过单因素试验和响应面法优选提取工艺。结果表明,复合酶酶解联合SFE-CO_2萃取工艺提取效率和生物活性最佳,SFE-CO_2萃取的总黄酮对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率达到96.09%,IC50为12.16μg·m L-1。最佳提取工艺为:酶解温度30℃,酶解时间3.5 h,酶用量0.10%,萃取压力30 MPa,乙醇浓度85%,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间60 min。此条件下的总黄酮得率为11.55%。本研究结果为红叶李花中总黄酮的开发与利用提供了技术参考。     

西北半干旱地区玉米土壤养分丰缺指标研究

对会宁县全膜双垄沟播玉米2007~2010年开展的"3414"田间肥效试验结果进行统计分析,研究了土壤有效养分含量与玉米相对产量之间的相关性,初步建立半干旱地区全膜双垄沟播玉米的土壤养分丰缺指标。结果表明,会宁县土壤碱解氮含量分3个等级,分别为低(43mg·kg~(-1))、较低(43~73mg·kg~(-1))和中(73~125mg·kg~(-1));土壤有效磷含量分5个等级,分别为低(7mg·kg~(-1))、较低(7~15mg·kg~(-1))、中(15~28mg·kg~(-1))、较高(28~35mg·kg~(-1))和高(35mg·kg~(-1));土壤速效钾含量分4个等级,分别为较低(119~172mg·kg~(-1))、中(172~250mg·kg~(-1))、较高(250~283mg·kg~(-1))、高(283mg·kg~(-1))。利用肥料效应函数,结合目标产量计算出不同肥力水平区间的推荐施肥量,每公顷半干旱区全膜双垄沟播玉米随地力等级从低到高以施N 266.1~185.1kg、P_2O_5132.2~95.1kg、K_2O 70~47.7kg,氮:磷:钾=1:0.62~0.43:0.38~0.25为宜。     

超声萃取–高效液相色谱测定土壤/沉积物中1-羟基芘

本文对超声萃取土壤/沉积物中1-羟基芘(1-hydroxypyrene)的提取条件进行了优化研究,建立了一种超声萃取–高效液相色谱–荧光检测1-羟基芘的方法。结果表明:甲醇和二氯甲烷的混合溶剂为最佳萃取溶剂;甲醇与二氯甲烷的体积比是影响萃取效率的主要因素。通过正交试验进一步确定了最佳提取条件为:甲醇/二氯甲烷体积比35∶65、土液比2 g∶10 ml、提取时间20 min、提取次数3次。在最佳提取条件下,5种不同类型的土壤/沉积物中1-羟基芘的加标回收率数值变化范围很大(6.6%~83.3%),并且这种变化与样品的pH密切相关,而与样品总有机碳含量无关。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助灵芝黑色素提取工艺

为探究超声波辅助法提取灵芝天然黑色素的最佳工艺条件,本试验以灵芝子实体粉为原材料,以黑色素溶液吸光度为响应值,分别考察Na OH浓度、料液比、超声时间和超声功率4个因素对提取效果的影响,并在单因素试验基础上,通过Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化灵芝天然黑色素的超声波辅助提取工艺。结果表明,响应面法合理可行,最佳提取条件为Na OH浓度1 mol·L~(-1)、料液比1∶39.7g·m L~(-1)、超声功率为162 W和超声时间49.8 min,在此条件下灵芝黑色素吸光度为0.782,与预测值0.783相近。本试验从多角度优化超声波辅助提取灵芝黑色素工艺,为灵芝黑色素的进一步加工提供了理论依据。     

玉米皮多酚提取工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

为探究超声辅助酶解法提取玉米皮多酚的最优工艺,并探讨其体外抗氧化活性,以玉米皮多酚提取量为响应值,分别考察超声时间、提取温度、料液比和酶添加量4个因素对提取效果的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合响应面分析法对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:超声时间6.5 min、酶解温度55℃、液料比41 mL·g^-1、木聚糖酶添加量2.10%,此条件下,玉米皮多酚提取量最高,为7.26 ± 0.15 mg·g^-1,与响应面预测值7.17 mg·g^-1相近。DPPH·和ABTS⁺·清除法抗氧化试验结果表明,玉米皮多酚具有较强的抗氧化能力,可作为潜在天然抗氧化剂应用于食品行业。本研究结果为玉米加工副产物玉米皮综合应用提供了理论依据。     

Assessment of carotenoid bioavailability of whole foods using a Caco-2 cell culture model coupled with an in vitro digestion

Epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic diseases. beta-Carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin are precursors of vitamin A, a nutrient essential for human health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of carotenoids from whole foods. This study characterized the intestinal uptake performance of carotenoids using monolayers of differentiated Caco-2 human intestinal cells and mimicked human digestion to assess carotenoid absorption from carrots and corn. Results showed that Caco-2 cellular uptake of beta-carotene and zeaxanthin was higher than that of lutein. Uptake performances of pure carotenoids and carotenoids from whole foods by Caco-2 cells were both curvilinear, reaching saturated levels after 4 h of incubation. The time kinetics and dose response of carotenoid uptake presented a similar pattern in Caco-2 cells after plating for 2 and 14 days. Furthermore, the applicability of this new model was verified with whole grain corn, showing that cooked corn grain significantly enhanced carotenoid bioavailability. These results support the feasibility of the in vitro digestion cell model for assessing carotenoid absorption from whole foods as a suitable and cost-effective physiological alternative to current methodologies.     

超声波-内部沸腾法提取杏鲍菇多糖的工艺优化

为了提高杏鲍菇多糖得率,推动杏鲍菇产业发展,利用响应面法对杏鲍菇多糖的超声波-内部沸腾法提取工艺进行优化,建立了乙醇浓度、液料比、提取时间、提取温度和超声波功率的五因素回归模型,并对模型的有效性与因子间的交互作用进行分析。结果表明,杏鲍菇多糖提取最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度47%、液料比23 m L·g-1、提取时间8min、提取温度90℃、超声波功率475W,在此条件下杏鲍菇多糖得率可达11.05%。该方法能有效提高杏鲍菇多糖得率、缩短提取时间、提高提取效率,为进一步开发杏鲍菇多糖功能营养食品提供了一定的技术依据。     

发芽蚕豆左旋多巴超声强化提取及其动力学过程

为了充分提取和利用高生物活性的天然左旋多巴(L-DOPA),研究了超声波强化提取发芽蚕豆L-DOPA的工艺条件,并初步探讨了超声浸提动力学过程。基于单因素试验,以超声功率、液固比、萃取时间为考察因素,采用Box-Behnken试验设计进行了工艺参数优化,结果表明,超声功率对发芽蚕豆L-DOPA得率的影响较大;原料用量2.0g,采用含30%乙醇的0.1mol/L醋酸溶液为提取溶剂,其较佳提取工艺条件为:超声功率257W、液固比31mL/g、萃取时间为37.4min。在此条件下,发芽蚕豆L-DOPA的平均得率为1.47%,较未发芽蚕豆增加0.58倍,略高于传统提取法,且超声强化提取显著缩短了浸提时间。对最优提取条件下L-DOPA得率随时间变化的动力学分别用Film模型、非稳态扩散理论和Ponomaryov经验方程进行拟合,其中Film理论模型的拟合度较好,其决定系数R2值最大,为0.9928。研究结果为天然L-DOPA制备提供了参考。     

Critical assessment of various techniques for the extraction of carotenoids and co-enzyme Q10 from the Thraustochytrid strain ONC-T18

A variety of techniques for extracting carotenoids from the marine Thraustochytrium sp. ONC-T18 was compared. Specifically, the organic solvents acetone, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether were tested, along with direct and indirect ultrasonic assisted extraction (probe vs bath) methods. Techniques that used petroleum ether/acetone/water (15:75:10, v/v/v) with 3 h of agitation, or 5 min in an ultrasonic bath, produced the highest extraction yields of total carotenoids (29-30.5 microg g-1). Concentrations up to 11.5 microg g-1 of canthaxanthin and 17.5 microg g-1 of beta;-carotene were detected in extracts stored for 6 weeks. Astaxanthin and echinenone were also detected as minor compounds. Extracts with and without antioxidants showed similar carotenoid concentration profiles. However, total carotenoid concentrations were approximately 8% higher when antioxidants were used. Finally, an easy-to-perform and inexpensive method to detect co-enzymes in ONC-T18 was also developed using silica gel TLC plates. Five percent methanol in toluene as a mobile phase consistently eluted co-enzyme Q10 standards and could separate the co-enzyme fractions present in ONC-T18.     

Enzyme-mediated solvent extraction of carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta)

Marigold flowers are the most important source of carotenoids for application in the food industry. However, the extraction gives almost 50% losses of the carotenoids depending on conditions for silaging, drying, and solvent extraction. In the past decades, macerating enzymes have been successfully applied to improve the extraction yield of valued compounds from natural products. In this work, an alternative extraction process for carotenoids is proposed, consisting of a simultaneous enzymatic treatment and solvent extraction. The proposed process employs milled fresh flowers directly as raw material, eliminating the inefficient silage and drying operations as well as the generation of hard to deal with aqueous effluents present in traditional processes. The process developed was tested at the 80 L scale, where under optimal conditions a carotenoid recovery yield of 97% was obtained.     

二次正交旋转组合设计优化牛肝菌蛋白提取工艺

为明确牛肝菌蛋白提取条件,以牛肝菌子实体为材料,碱溶液为提取剂,在单因素试验基础上,采用四因素五水平的二次正交旋转组合试验设计,研究碱浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间和液固比对蛋白质提取得率的影响,经统计分析,建立数学回归模型。结果表明,所得回归方程达到极显著水平,无失拟因素存在;通过频率分析法得到的牛肝菌蛋白质的最佳提取工艺为:Na OH浓度0.11mol·L~(-1),液固比31∶1,浸提温度62℃,浸提时间1.70 h,此条件下蛋白质实际提取得率为19.85%。本试验优化牛肝菌蛋白的提取工艺参数准确可靠、稳定、可行,为牛肝菌蛋白功能的进一步研究和食用菌功能性食品开发提供了一定的技术依据。     

Carotenoid Composition and Changes in Sweet and Field Corn (Zea mays) During Kernel Development

Kernels of two carotenoid‐rich cultivars, sweet corn Jingtian 5 and field corn Suyu 29, were compared in terms of carotenoid composition during corn kernel development. The results showed that eight principal carotenoids were characterized by HPLC with diode array detection and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry with a C30 column. During kernel development, there was a similar trend in the change of total carotenoids for both corn cultivars, and the variation of individual carotenoids was also somewhat similar; violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, α‐cryptoxanthin, and β‐cryptoxanthin contents had upward trends, whereas neoxanthin content declined all the time, and α‐carotene and β‐carotene had no significant changes. However, the highest levels of the major carotenoids lutein (41.61 µg/g, dry weight) and zeaxanthin (39.59 µg/g, dry weight) obtained in field corn Suyu 29 during the milk stage were higher than those in sweet corn Jingtian 5, whereas the other individual carotenoid levels were significantly lower. Compared with the grain color, highly significant positive correlations were observed between zeaxanthin, lutein, and violaxanthin contents and deeper yellow/orange coloration indicators for field corn Suyu 29, but these relationships were weak for sweet corn Jingtian 5. Potential genetic variation might exist for carotenoid accumulation in sweet and field corn kernels.     

高留胚糯稻突变体原胚糯的选育与营养成分分析

为创新高营养糯稻品种,采用250 Gy60Co-γ射线诱变处理宁粳3号种子,结合组织培养技术,选育出留胚率高达80%以上的优质高产抗病糯稻突变体原胚糯;同时,对原胚糯留胚米、宁粳3号糙米和精米进行蛋白质、矿物质、氨基酸等营养成分的测定,并对三者进行比较分析。结果表明,原胚糯留胚米蛋白质含量达8.25%,主要矿物质K、Ca、Mg、Na、Gu、Zn、Fe含量分别为898.41、107.55、95.13、21.39、1.11、12.12、10.51 mg·kg~(-1),17种氨基酸总含量达117.2 g·kg~(-1),人体必需氨基酸含量达39.6g·kg~(-1),均显著高于宁粳3号精米,具有与宁粳3号糙米相当的营养价值。本研究结果为进一步开发和利用原胚糯奠定了基础。     

Selective enzyme-mediated extraction of capsaicinoids and caratenoids from chili guajillo puya (Capsicum annum L.) using ethanol as solvent

The selective extraction of capsaicinoids and carotenoids from chili guajillo "puya" flour was studied. When ethanol was used as solvent, 80% of capsaicinoids and 73% of carotenoids were extracted, representing an interesting alternative for the substitution of hexane in industrial processes. Additionally, when the flour was pretreated with enzymes that break the cell wall and then dried, extraction in ethanol increased to 11 and 7% for carotenoid and capsaicinoid, respectively. A selective two-stage extraction process after the treatment with enzymes is proposed. The first step uses 30% (v/v) ethanol and releases up to 60% of the initial capsaicinoids, and the second extraction step with industrial ethanol permits the recovery of 83% of carotenoids present in the flour.     

双频超声协同强化提取黑米黑色素的试验研究

为进一步提高超声辅助提取黑米黑色素的效果,研究探讨了双频超声协同强化提取的方法。通过对pH值、提取时间、提取温度、液料比、乙醇浓度进行单因素试验,考察各因素对黑色素提取效果的影响,利用正交试验,优化其工艺条件。试验结果表明：各因素对黑米黑色素提取的影响大小依次为：pH＞乙醇浓度＞液料比＞温度＞时间。优化后的提取工艺条件为：pH值为2、超声时间为30?min、提取温度为50℃、液料比为30?mL/g、乙醇浓度为70%。在此条件下,得出平均提取率为6.85%。对比浸渍法、加热回流提取法,超声法提取黑米黑色素具有工艺简单、节省提取时间、溶剂用量少、提取效率高、减少黑色素损失的优点。