伏马菌素B1人工抗原的合成及鼠源多克隆抗血清的制备

本研究合成并鉴定伏马菌素B₁(FB₁)人工抗原,通过动物免疫制备敏感性高、特异性好的鼠源FB₁多克隆抗血清。采用碳二亚胺(EDC)法将FB₁分别与载体蛋白BSA和OVA偶联,合成免疫抗原FB₁-BSA和检测抗原FB₁-OVA,经鉴定后,分别按10和30μg/只的剂量免疫BALB/c小鼠,共免疫4次,每次间隔3周,最后1次免疫30d后,断尾采血,制备多抗血清。利用间接ELISA方法测定抗血清效价,间接竞争ELISA测定敏感性和特异性。结果表明,免疫的6只小鼠效价均达1∶104以上,3号小鼠多抗血清敏感性最好,半数抑制浓度IC₅₀为61.3ng/ml,且具有良好的特异性。本试验成功合成了FB₁人工抗原,并制备了敏感性高、特异性好的鼠源多克隆抗体血清,为FB₁单克隆抗体制备及其免疫学快速检测方法的建立奠定了基础。     

食品辐照标志物DiHT的人工抗原合成及鉴定

以二氢脱氧胸腺嘧啶(DiHT)为初始反应物,应用琥珀酸酐法合成二氢脱氧胸腺嘧啶的衍生物,即半抗原DiHT-COOH,经薄层色谱(TLC)和核磁共振波谱(NMR)对其进行鉴定;采用混合酸酐法与活化酯法分别将半抗原与载体蛋白BSA、OVA进行偶联,制备二氢脱氧胸腺嘧啶的人工抗原和包被原,通过紫外扫描、SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳方法对其进行鉴定,偶联比分别为9.8∶1和12∶1。人工抗原偶联成功后免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多抗血清,间接非竞争ELISA方法检测效价达1∶2.56×104,表明人工抗原合成成功。     

西马特罗杂交瘤细胞株的建立及其单克隆抗体制备和鉴定

用重氮化法将牛血清白蛋白（BSA）和卵清蛋白（OVA）分别与西马特罗（CIM）偶联作为免疫原或包被原,用BSA-CIM免疫BALB/c小鼠,经过3次免疫后,OVA-CIM包被后用间接ELISA和阻断ELISA选择细胞融合备用鼠,选择高效价、高敏感性和高特异性的小鼠进行抗原超强免疫;取脾细胞应用杂交瘤技术与骨髓瘤细胞建立分泌CIM单克隆抗体（Monoclonal antibody,mAb）的杂交瘤细胞株;用体内诱生腹水法制备CIM mAb,对CIM mAb的效价、敏感性和特异性等免疫学特性进行鉴定。结果显示免疫的6只小鼠血清抗体效价均达到10-3;融合后筛选出3B11-H4、2A11-G11和4F5-F11共3株敏感特异的杂交瘤细胞,其细胞培养上清液效价分别为1∶800、1∶1600和1∶1600,腹水效价分别为1∶2.56×106、1∶1.02×107和1∶2.56×107,3B11-H4株对CIM的IC50为040ng/ml,与瘦肉精、莱克多巴胺等其他β2激动剂交叉反应性小于02%。本试验获得了高效价、敏感、特异的抗CIM mAb,为CIM残留ELISA检测试剂盒和试纸条的建立奠定了坚实的基础。     

特布他林杂交瘤细胞株的建立及其单克隆抗体制备与鉴定

分别通过1,4丁二醚法和EDC法将特布他林偶联于载体蛋白BSA和OVA上,用BSA-TBL免疫BALB/c小鼠,经过3次免疫后,OVA-TBL包被后用间接ELISA和阻断ELISA选择细胞融合备用鼠,选择高效价、高敏感性和高特异性的小鼠进行抗原进行冲击免疫;无菌手术取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞融合建立分泌TBL单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株;采用体内诱生腹水法制备TBL mAb,并对TBL mAb的效价、敏感性和特异性等免疫学特性进行鉴定。结果显示,免疫的6只小鼠血清抗体效价均达到10-4;融合后筛选出4C08-G5和3H3-A02共2株敏感特异的杂交瘤细胞,其细胞培养上清液效价分别为1∶800和1∶1600,腹水效价分别为1∶2.56×105和1∶1.02×106;4C08-G5株分泌的抗体对TBL的IC50为5.25ng/ml,与瘦肉精、莱克多巴胺等其他β2激动剂交叉反应性小于3%。本试验获得了抗TBL mAb,为TBL残留免疫检测方法的建立奠定了坚实的基础。     

水流动力学基因免疫制备猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒核衣壳蛋白高效价抗血清

为了建立一个简捷有效的抗血清的制备方法,本研究选用猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒核衣壳蛋白基因,使用水流动力学基因免疫的方法制备高效价抗血清的可行性.应用无内提取试剂盒制备猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒核衣壳蛋白基因真核表达载体pcDNA-Cap的无内毒素质粒.将该质粒使用水流动力学尾静脉注射法对小鼠(Mus musculus)进行基因免疫,重复免疫5次后采血收集血清;以原核表达获得的N末端去除了核定位序列的猪圆环病毒核衣壳蛋白表达产物作为抗原蛋白,以制备的小鼠血清作为一抗进行酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和Western blot检测.结果显示,应用水流动力学尾静脉注射法获得抗血清稀释5000倍通过Western blot至少能够检测到10 ng的抗原蛋白,ELISA分析表明,其效价可达到1∶1000000,说明获得的抗血清具有很好的效价水平.这一研究为猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒相关研究用抗体的制备提供了一个简洁有效的方法,也为猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒的防治方法的建立提供了一个值得尝试的策略.     

19-去甲睾酮人工抗原及免疫学特性

合成19-去甲睾酮(19-NT)人工抗原,并进行免疫学特性鉴定.丁二酸酐法衍生化19-NT,制备17β-19-NT琥珀酸酯半抗原,其质谱和核磁共振NMR谱表明合成成功.分别用EDC法和混合酸酐法将半抗原与BSA(bovine serum albumin)和OVA(ovalbumin)偶联,制备免疫和检测抗原,并进行紫外扫描和红外光谱鉴定,NT与BSA偶联比为18:1.用NT-BSA免疫Balb/C小鼠(Mus muscalus)制备NT多克隆抗体,间接ELISA效价达到1:25 600.间接竞争ELISA的IC50为27.3 ng/mL,线性检测范围为3.3～225.0 ng/mL,最低检测限为1.6 ng/mL.纯化后的抗体与17α-去甲睾酮的交叉反应率为69%,与其它激素的交叉反应率均<0.05%.制备的抗体灵敏度高、特异性强,为试剂盒和试纸条的研制提供基础资料.     

抗氯霉素多克隆抗体的制备

用重氮化和CDI两种方法合成了CAP全抗原 ,紫外分析和商业试剂盒ELISA鉴定表明合成成功 ;动物免疫 4次后采血检测 ,多克隆抗体 50 %抑制率探测限可达1 0ng/ml,效价可达 1 0万以上稀释倍数 ,特异性较好。     

抗链霉素单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立及其免疫学特性鉴定

用EDC一步法和戊二醛法将SM偶联于载体蛋白牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和OVA,合成免疫原BSA-SM和包被原OVA-SM。用紫外线扫描、SDS-PAGE进行鉴定;用BSA-SM免疫BALB/C小鼠,用杂交瘤技术建立分泌SM mAb的细胞株3F9-C4;对SM mAb的效价、亲和性、敏感性和特异性等免疫学特性进行鉴定。结果表明,BSA-SM人工抗原分子结合比为1∶25;筛选出3F9-C4敏感特异的杂交瘤细胞1株,间接ELISA测定细胞培养上清,效价为1∶3.2×102,同种型为IgG2a/κ;腹水的亲和常数(Ka)为8.4×1011L/mol;IC50为8.99μg/L,与双氢链霉素交叉反应为109.6%,与其他SM结构相似物和功能近似物无交叉反应性。本试验获得了抗SM高价、敏感、特异的mAb,可用于SM的残留检测。     

磺胺二甲氧嘧啶单克隆抗体的制备及其免疫学特性鉴定

用重氮化法将SDM(磺胺二甲氧嘧啶)偶联于载体蛋白BSA和OVA,合成免疫原BSA-SDM和包被原OVA-SDM,并用紫外扫描(UV)、SDS-PAGE进行鉴定;用BSA-SDM免疫BALB/C小鼠,间接ELISA和阻断ELISA选择细胞融合备用鼠;应用杂交瘤技术建立分泌SDM mAb细胞株,用体内诱生腹水法制备SDM mAb;对SDM mAb的效价、亲和性、敏感性和特异性等免疫学特性进行鉴定。结果表明,BSA-SDM人工抗原制备成功,分子结合比约为1∶12.1;筛选出1B43、D9、4E1共3株敏感特异的杂交瘤细胞,间接ELISA效价细胞培养上清分别为1∶3.2×102、1∶5.12×102、1∶8.1×102,腹水分别为1∶2.56×105、1∶2.56×1051、∶5.12×105,4E1亲和常数(Ka)为1.25×1010L/mol;4E1株对SDM的IC50为16.64ng/ml,与磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶交叉反应率为5%,与其他磺胺类药物无交叉反应性。本试验获得了抗SDM高价、敏感、特异的mAb,可用于SDM残留检测的免疫学试验。     

B族黄曲霉毒素抗原合成设计及特异性、广谱性抗体制备与特性分析

为制备B族黄曲霉毒素(BGAFs)特异性强、广谱性好的抗体,本研究根据黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)的分子结构和活性位点,采用肟化活泼酯法(OAE)、氨甲基化法(MOA)、混合酸酐法(MA)、半缩醛法(SA)、环氧化物法(EP)和烯醇醚衍生物法(EED)6种方法合成BGAFs人工抗原AFB₁-BSA,并通过UV和SDS-PAGE进行鉴定;采用AFB₁-BSA免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体(AFB₁ pAb),间接ELISA检测AFB₁ pAb效价,间接竞争ELISA(icELISA)分析其敏感性,交叉反应试验(CR)分析其特异性和广谱性。结果表明,AFB₁-BSA合成成功,在BGAFs抗原合成的6种方法中OAE效果最好,AFB₁与BSA的分子结合比为8.46∶1;AFB₁ pAb的间接ELISA效价为1∶(1.28×10⁴),IC₅₀为10.32 μg·L^-1,与AFB₂、AFG₁、AFG₂、AFM₁、AFM₂的CR分别为75.21%、44.13%、14.72%、16.36%、1.44%。本研究制备出了高效价、敏感、特异、广谱的AFB₁ pAb,为BGAFs免疫检测方法的建立奠定了物质和技术基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.