B超技术在奶牛繁殖中的应用

本文对B超技术在奶牛繁殖中的应用进行了阐述。B超可以应用于奶牛妊娠诊断、性别鉴定、子宫和卵巢疾病辅助诊断及胎儿发育和卵巢、子宫状态监测,也可以应用于同期发情和超数排卵从而提高其效果。另外,在活体采卵方面B超也是必不可少的工具。     

B超声像技术在奶牛场繁殖工作中的应用

目前B超声像技术（简称“B超”）在奶牛场的繁殖工作中有着不可替代的作用。本文介绍了B超的基本原理以及奶牛场直肠检查和B超在奶牛早期妊娠诊断上的基本应用方法。B超可以较为准确地判断出胚胎的不同妊娠天数,并且可以进行奶牛产后子宫疾病的检查,从而做出准确的诊断,B超还可以针对卵巢的不同回声状态来对卵巢静止、卵泡囊肿、黄体囊肿以及持久黄体等卵巢情况进行判断;可以配合直肠检查法,有效地提高奶牛早期妊娠诊断率和生殖系统疾病的诊断率。     

奶牛子宫和卵巢常见疾病的B超鉴别诊断

B型超声诊断技术对奶牛的子宫、卵巢疾病的诊断具有直观、快速、准确和无损伤等特点,对久配不孕的奶牛进行B型超声检查,持续观察子宫和卵巢的变化,根据子宫和卵巢卵泡、黄体的回声形态及回声状态来判定奶牛的子宫内膜炎、子宫积液、卵巢囊肿、卵巢静止和持久黄体等生殖障碍的情况,显著提高了奶牛某些不孕症判定的准确性,实时监测子宫和卵巢的状态,为奶牛子宫和卵巢疾病的诊治奠定了良好的基础。     

不孕奶牛子宫异常的B超检查

自20世纪80年代B超应用于奶牛繁殖领域以来,其在奶牛妊娠诊断、鉴定胎儿性别、确定胎龄、监测排卵及卵巢囊肿诊断等方面有非常明显的优势.但关于奶牛子宫疾病方面的超声诊断研究报道很少,这可能是与子宫病变的声学特性变化不明显有关.然而,本试验发现,子宫内膜炎、幼稚型子宫、子宫肌瘤、子宫颈囊肿、子宫炎等病例的子宫病变也可通过B超进行区分.本试验意在通过B超对奶牛子宫进行超声成像,研究异常子宫的超声形态学特点,从而及时发现存在各种子宫疾病的不孕奶牛,以进行治疗或淘汰,为奶牛饲养业减少经济损失.     

奶牛繁殖障碍的防治

奶牛繁殖障碍的防治天津市奶牛研究所（３００３８１）于德涌１　奶牛繁殖障碍的基本防治方针和程序在奶牛出现非传染性繁殖障碍疾患时，应首先考虑的是子宫状况，其次是卵巢状况。在子宫较好的情况时，卵巢疾患可以自身修复加以调整和救护。这是因为奶牛的卵巢附着于子宫...     

应用B超技术和激素测定对奶牛卵泡囊肿和黄体囊肿的综合诊断研究

本文结合奶牛生产实践中的疾病案例,通过运用B超和激素测定对常见的两种卵巢疾病（卵泡囊肿和黄体囊肿）进行综合诊断和针对性治疗,总结出卵泡囊肿和黄体囊肿常见的B超影像图,为今后两种疾病的综合诊断尤其是B超成像规律提供理论参考依据。     

新疆北疆地区规模化奶牛场奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症的调查与分析

2010年5月~2013年6月在对新疆北疆地区规模化奶牛场的技术指导过程中,对本场技术人员认为是不孕的奶牛通过直肠检查、B超检查和结合奶牛的繁殖资料(产犊、配种记录、年龄、胎次、体况、空怀天数等),调查分析了奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症的发病情况。结果表明,奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕以卵巢囊肿、排卵延迟、卵巢静止、持久黄体为主,同时伴发有子宫疾病、蹄病和乳房疾病。另外,奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症的发病率与胎次、体况、季节等因素密切相关。     

应用B超技术和激素测定诊断奶牛卵巢囊肿和排卵延迟的研究

本文结合奶牛生产实践,通过运用B超和激素诊断对常见的两种卵巢疾病(卵巢囊肿和排卵延迟)进行综合诊断,总结出卵巢囊肿和排卵延迟常见的B超影像图及激素数据规律,为今后两种疾病的相关研究提供理论参考依据。     

奶牛繁殖障碍与营养调理

<正>奶牛繁殖障碍与繁殖疾病,指奶牛生殖系统病变疾患的总称,例如,饲养管理不当、卵巢疾病、子宫内膜炎、发情异常、胎衣不下,及繁殖技术失误等都可对奶牛繁殖能力造成不同程度上的影响,降低奶牛生产效率。据调查统计,大约有20%~40%的奶牛存在繁殖障碍,位居奶牛三大常见病之首,给奶牛业造成了巨大的经济损失。因此,养殖户应准确分析造成奶牛繁殖障碍与繁殖疾病的原因,通过具有针对性的营养调理措施,控制繁殖疾病发生情况,减少疾病的影响力,达     

提高奶牛繁殖率的措施

奶牛繁殖障碍,即奶牛暂时性或永久性不孕症,主要有慢性子宫炎、隐性子宫内膜炎、慢性子宫颈炎、卵巢机能不全、持久黄体、卵巢囊肿、排卵延迟、繁殖免疫障碍、营养负平衡引起奶牛生殖系统机能复旧延迟等,高产奶牛更为普遍.造成奶牛繁殖障碍主要因素有饲养管理不当、生殖器官疾病、繁殖技术失误.提高奶牛繁殖率有以下措施.     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅱ: Reproductive Diseases

With the rapid development of dairy breeding and the scale feeding level,the average individual milk yield of dairy herds in China has been greatly improved over the last few decades.However,the reproductive performance of dairy cows,especially in high-producing dairy cows,has declined continuously and affected severely dairy farm profitability.Reproductive performance of dairy cows was influenced by many factors including environment,herd management,genetics and various diseases.It has become more evident that genital tract diseases(also known as reproductive diseases) decreased reproductive performance of dairy cows during the last 10 years.The effect of reproductive diseases on reproduction of dairy cows has received more attention.This paper briefly described the incidence of reproductive diseases such as metritis,various types of endometritis and retained fetal membrane and ovarian diseases such as ovarian cyst,persistent corpus luteum in China and abroad.This paper highlighted the effects of reproductive diseases on reproductive performance such as days open,calving interval,pregnancy rate,estrus detection,days to first breeding and breeding index.Moreover,we analyzed in more detail the possible mechanisms by disrupting endocrine signaling,damaging intrauterine environment and causing ovarian dysregulation.Lastly,we looked forward to the future research direction of reproductive diseases of dairy cows that provided data reference and theoretical support for improving the management measures of scale feeding,reducing the incidence of reproductive diseases,improving the production and reproductive capacity of dairy herds in China.     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅱ:生殖器官疾病

在过去几十年，随着奶牛育种和规模化饲养水平的快速发展，中国奶牛群单产水平大幅提高，但是奶牛，特别是高产奶牛繁殖性能呈现不断下降趋势，严重影响了奶牛养殖的盈利能力。繁殖性能的降低受多种因素影响，包括环境、畜群管理、遗传和各种疾病等。近年来，生殖器官疾病（也称繁殖疾病）降低奶牛生殖能力的情况越来越明显，其对奶牛繁殖的影响受到了越来越多的关注。文章简述了国内外生殖道疾病如子宫炎、子宫内膜炎、胎衣不下和卵巢疾病如卵巢囊肿、持久黄体等繁殖疾病发生情况。通过文献检索和数据比较，重点介绍了繁殖疾病对奶牛繁殖性能如空怀天数、产犊间隔、妊娠率、发情检出率、产后首次配种天数、配种指数等繁殖指标的影响和研究成果。同时，重点分析了繁殖疾病通过干扰生殖内分泌，损伤子宫内环境，导致卵巢功能异常影响奶牛繁殖性能的可能机制，并对奶牛繁殖疾病研究方向提出了展望，以期为改进中国规模牧场管理措施、减少繁殖疾病发生、提高奶牛群生产和生殖能力提供数据参考和理论支持。     

奶牛常见繁殖障碍疾病及防治措施

繁殖障碍是奶牛饲养过程中一类常见的疾病,可导致奶牛繁殖性能降低。子宫内膜炎、胎衣不下、卵巢囊肿等疾病是引发奶牛繁殖障碍的主要原因。此外,遗传、营养、环境等因素也可造成奶牛繁殖障碍,严重影响奶牛的正常生产,对我国奶牛养殖业造成巨大的经济损失。本文对引起奶牛繁殖障碍的疾病原因、临床症状、治疗方法和预防措施进行论述,提高奶牛场对该病的认识。     

奶牛繁殖障碍性疾病防控技术探讨

引起奶牛繁殖障碍的因素很多,有先天性的,也有后天性的,而感染外源性疾病是后天性繁殖障碍中最常见的因素。除了常见的产科疾病以外,引起奶牛繁殖障碍的疾病还包括牛布鲁菌病、牛沙门氏菌病、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛胎毛滴虫病、牛新孢子虫病、牛病毒性腹泻（牛黏膜病）等。在奶牛生产中,要根据实际发病情况,查明发生原因,采取相应措施,科学处置和防控。     

陕西省靖边县奶牛生殖系统疾病的调查分析

生殖系统的健康是提升奶牛繁殖力的关键。为了掌握陕西省靖边县奶牛生殖系统疾病的情况,本文对该县城区2013—2020年奶牛进行统计,发病率分别为9.94%、9.58%、7.35%、9.08%、6.45%、6.28%、6.13%、5.60%,总发病率为7.64%,以慢性子宫内膜炎、卵巢静止为主。并就疾病的诊断标准进行阐述,分析导致该病的主要原因,提出了针对性的改进建议。     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅰ:现状与机制

过去二十多年，随着奶牛群体遗传改良计划的持续推进和养殖技术的不断进步，中国奶牛集约化养殖水平和产奶量正在不断提高。但是，历年来的繁育数据显示，越是高产的牛群，繁殖性能下降的趋势越明显，繁殖问题越突出，高产引发的繁殖力下降已经成为制约中国乃至全球奶业发展的瓶颈。低繁殖力会严重影响奶牛生产群的更新速度以及优质牛群泌乳性能的正常发挥。奶牛养殖生产中，造成高产奶牛繁殖性能降低的因素众多，包括遗传因素、环境因素和疾病因素等。近年来，疾病因素对奶牛繁殖性能的影响越来越突出。根据疾病的发生部位，可将影响高产奶牛的疾病分为生殖器官疾病和非生殖器官疾病。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料，重点分析了疾病通过神经系统、生殖内分泌系统和体液免疫系统等多个途径影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制，并对疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考，以期为提高中国高产奶牛群繁殖效率和经济效益提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅰ: Current Situation and Its Mechanism

Over the past 20 years,with the continuous promotion of the genetic improvement plan of dairy cow population and the continuous improvement of feeding technology,the intensive level and milk yield of dairy cow population in China are continuously improving.However,the reproduction data over the years showed that the more milk yield,the more obviously decline in reproductive performance,and the more prominent of the reproductive problems.The decline of fertility caused by high yield has become the bottleneck of the development of dairy industry in China and even in the world.In dairy farming,there are many factors that cause the reduction of reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows,including genetic factors,environmental factors and disease factors.Recently,the influence of disease factors on reproductive performance of dairy cows has become more and more prominent.According to the location of the disease,the diseases can be divided into genital diseases and non-genital diseases.This paper discussed the relevant research data on the effects of different diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focusing on the analysis of the molecular mechanism of diseases affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows through the nervous system,reproductive endocrine system and humoral immune system.The prospect and thinking for the future research of diseases and reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows were put forward to provide reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency and economic benefits of high-yield dairy cows in China.     

Reproductive Disorders of Crossbred Dairy Cows in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia and Their Effect on Reproductive Performance

The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders and to determine factors affecting reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows under four different production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The principal postpartum reproductive disorders were retained fetal membranes (14.7%) and uterine infection (15.5%). Anoestrus was the major postpartum reproductive problem in the mixed crop–livestock production system (38.6%) and was significantly associated with this production system. Apart from anoestrus, the occurrence of reproductive disorders was not significantly associated with a production system. Most of the reproductive disorders occurred as a complex rather than as a single abnormality. Two or more abnormal conditions were seen in 11.4% of the cases. Each reproductive trait measured was affected adversely by reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders in each production system, lactation group and suckling and non-suckling group had longer intervals from calving to first service and to conception (p < 0.001) and required more services per conception (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate and conception to first service were 84.7% and 51.7%, respectively, for cows without reproductive health problems; and 64.2% and 15.1%, respectively, for cows with reproductive disorders (p < 0.001). Overall, intervals from calving to first service were shorter (p < 0.05) than in younger cows. Intervals from calving to first service and to conception were longer in suckling than in non-suckling cows (p > 0.05). Cows with a good body condition score (>3.5) at calving had shorter calving to first service and conception intervals than cows in poor condition (p < 0.001). The results showed that reproductive abnormalities, coupled with poor body condition, are important factors that contributed to reproductive inefficiency. An appropriate reproductive health management, a reliable artificial insemination service and supplementary feeding could be the management options to reduce or alleviate some of the problems.     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅲ: Nutritional Metabolic Diseases

Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows.     

Post-partum Reproductive Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cattle on Smallholder Farms in Sub-humid Coastal Tanzania

The objective of this study was to monitor the reproductive performance of dairy cows in smallholder farms under the Tanga Dairy Development Project (TDDP). The findings can be used to improve reproductive efficiency. Dates of oestrus, artificial insemination (AI) or service by bull and calving were recorded, and pregnancy was diagnosed by rectal palpation. Daily milk yields, monthly body condition score (BCS) measured on the scale of 1-9, feed availability, calf rearing, and diseases were also recorded. Milk progesterone (P4) concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 1327 sequential samples collected between day 15 and 120 in 46 post-partum Zebu x Friesian crossbred dairy cows. The mean interval from calving to first P4 rise above 2 nmol/L (cyclicity) was 66.1 +/- 6.8 days. Resumption of ovarian activity postpartum was early (< 60 days) in 45%, and late (> 60 days) in 55% of the cows. In about 45% of the cows the first post-partum ovarian cycles were short (< 14 days) and had low P4 concentrations. Oestrus was missed once or several times in 34.7% of the cows, most likely indicating poor oestrus detection, silent oestrus, or farmers deliberately not taking or reporting their cows for insemination. The mean interval to conception was within 130 days postpartum. Average daily milk production was 5.7 +/- 2.2 L and the mean BCS Was 3.1 +/- 1.3. Both milk production and BCS had no clear influence on the measured reproduction parameters. Clinical uterine involution was complete within 29 +/- 2.6 days of calving in the majority of cows. Progesterone profiles and rectal palpation revealed various causes of infertility, which included anoestrus, silent oestrus, irregular oestrous cycles, and infection of the uterus. The major causes of animal culling, death, slaughter or sales include tick-borne diseases and trypanosomiasis, which have high prevalences in the area, infertility, low productivity and old age. Greater attention should be focused on reproduction and its interaction with nutrition and disease control.