乙烯和葡萄糖处理对‘洛阳红’牡丹切花花色和花青素苷合成的影响

以‘洛阳红’牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’）切花为试材,研究10 μL ? L-1乙烯处理、1 μL ? L-1乙烯抑制剂1-MCP处理、90 g ? L-1葡萄糖处理、90 g ? L-1葡萄糖 + 10 μL ? L-1乙烯复合处理对切花花色和花青素苷含量的影响,以蒸馏水处理为对照。研究结果表明：乙烯处理的切花花色明度增加,红度和彩度下降,花瓣花青素苷含量下降;1-MCP处理与对照无显著差异;葡萄糖处理花色明度下降,红度和彩度增加,花瓣花青素苷含量增加;葡萄糖乙烯复合处理对切花花色及花青素苷积累也有明显改善与促进作用。对花青素苷合成相关基因表达量分析的结果表明,乙烯处理对基因表达有抑制作用,而葡萄糖处理有显著的正调控作用,葡萄糖乙烯复合处理则显著缓解了单独乙烯处理对基因表达的负调控作用。葡萄糖信号和乙烯信号之间一定程度上存在互作,葡萄糖缓解了乙烯对牡丹切花花青素苷合成的抑制作用。     

Seasonal variation in pigmentation and anthocyanidin phenetics in commercial Eustoma flowers

The seasonal change in petal color and pigmentation of 29 commercial Eustoma cultivars was studied. The flowers are basically divided into four groups according to the major anthocyanidin phenotype in association with petal coloration, i.e., delphinidin (Dp)-based (purple flower), cyanidin (Cy)-based (reddish purple flower), pelargonidin (Pg)-based (pink flower), and none (white flower) groups. The constitution of petal anthocyanidins was not changed by forcing treatment in most of the flowers. Lightness (L^*) and chroma (C^*, color saturation) showed a change along with the increase/decrease of hue angle difference (ΔH^*), thus simultaneously the chromatic tonalities tended to move to redder and bluer, respectively. Floral pigment clustering described two flower groups in a dendrogram, based on anthocyanidin constitutions as phenetic markers, which are apparently the Dp- and Pg-based phenotypes of anthocyanidin syntheses. The Cy-based flowers made a subcluster with the Pg-based flowers, indicating a close relationship in the biosynthesis of the two anthocyanidins, and suggesting the Dp- and Pg-syntheses complement one another.     

The influence of light intensity,temperature and carbon dioxide concentration on anthocyanin content and blueing of ‘Baccara’ roses

The effect of light intensity, temperature and CO₂ concentration on anthocyanin content, blueing of flowers and size of flower buds was examined in ‘Baccara’ roses. Reflectance percentage at 425 nm was found to be an accurate measure of petal blueing. Reflectance was higher as the degree of blueing (determined by subjective estimation) increased and pigmentation decreased. During the first stage of development of the flower branch (elongation stage) temperature and light intensity had no effect on blueing. During Stage 2 of development (main stage of bud development), high temperatures and low light intensities caused blueing, whereas low temperatures during this stage, even at low light intensities, prevented blueing. Blueing was associated with low concentrations of CO₂ (0–100 vpm) as well as darkness. High concentrations of CO₂ (1500–3000 vpm) prevented blueing and increased pigmentation and flower size. The effectiveness of CO₂ in preventing blueing is related to high light intensities.     

Change in flower morphology of Torenia fournieri Lind. induced by forchlorfenuron application

We induced various flower morphologies in torenia (Torenia fournieri Lind.) by the application of forchlorfenuron (CPPU). Those morphologies were the combination of four basic morphological changes, the development of serrate petals, incised petals, a paracorolla, and an increased number of floral organs. These morphological changes occurred systematically depending on the floral stage at the time of CPPU application. Serrate petals were induced when CPPU was applied during the stages of corolla development, whereas application at younger stages induced petal incision. The serrate petal margin resulted from preferential proliferation of cells around the vascular bundles, whereas petal incision likely resulted from the lateral outgrowths of petal. A paracorolla was induced at the adaxial petal face when CPPU was applied between the sepal development stage and early corolla development. The paracorolla appears to have arisen from the lateral outgrowths of the stamen. The numbers of stamens, petals, and sepals increased when CPPU was applied at and before the differentiation of sex organs and the corolla. Enlargement of the floral meristem probably caused this increase. Application of N⁶-benzylaminopurine and zeatin did not induce these morphological changes.     

花毛茛和银莲花花瓣中花青素苷组成及含量与其花色的关系

以10个不同花色的花毛茛（Ranunculus asiaticus）和4个不同花色的银莲花（Anemone cathayensis）为材料,采用目视测色法,RHSCC 比色卡比色法,色差仪（CR-400）测定花瓣的花色表型,利用双光束紫外—可见光分光光度计（TU-1901）、高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—质谱连用技术（HPLC–ESI–MS）对花瓣中花青素苷的成分及结构进行测定,运用多元线性回归方法分析花色与花青素苷组成之间的关系。结果表明：8个积累花青素苷的花毛茛品种花瓣中检测到5种花青素苷元,即天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素、芍药素和锦葵素,这些花青素苷元进一步修饰形成了15种花青素苷。红色系和粉色系品种以芍药素和矢车菊素为主要成分,黄色系品种以天竺葵素或类胡萝卜素为主要成分;经分析矢车菊素苷和天竺葵素苷含量均与亮度L*值呈显著正相关,其中天竺葵素苷的积累对花瓣亮度的贡献更大。银莲花4个品种花瓣中共检测出6种花青素苷元,分别为矮牵牛素、天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素、芍药素和锦葵素,它们通过不同糖基化和酰基化修饰形成了20种花青素苷,呈现出丰富的花青素苷多样性。     

月季切花瓶插期生理变化与衰老关系的研究

月季切花瓶插期间花瓣中可溶性蛋白质在瓶插初期增加，后期下降。采后花瓣中总游离氨基酸和游离碱性氨基酸含量逐渐上升，游离酸性氨基酸在瓶插前期变化波动不定，但当花瓣衰老时急剧增加。保鲜剂处理（2%蔗糖 250ppm8-HQ 500ppm柠檬酸 25ppmAgNO3）能降低氨基酸的上升幅度。花瓣衰老过程中游离氨含量和组织pH值上升，花青素含量下降，保鲜剂处理能阻碍游离氨和pH值的增加，但加快了花青素下降的速率。本文还讨论了切花衰老时花瓣蓝变的原因。     

Senescence of Dendrobium `Pompadour' flowers following pollination

Summary

Flowers of Dendrobium `Pompadour' developed premature petal and sepal senescence following pollination. Pollination induced an ethylene climacteric accompanied by a small respiratory climacteric, epinasty and increased flower or inflorescence fresh weight and water uptake. Pollination did not alter petal and sepal anthocyanin content and ion leakage, and lip, petal and sepal fresh weight and dry weight. The fresh weight and dry weight of stigmas (columns) together with pedicels increased significantly after pollination. Ovary growth of pollinated orchid flowers with petals and sepals intact was greater than that of pollinated orchid flowers without petals and sepals, while their water uptake was not significantly different.     

牡丹开花和衰老期间花瓣糖代谢的研究

 以牡丹( Paeonia suffruticosa) 品种‘洛阳红’和‘胡红’为材料, 研究了花开放和衰老过程中花瓣可溶性糖及其代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明: 伴随花瓣的迅速生长展开, 总可溶性糖呈现迅速增加的趋势, 特别是己糖(葡萄糖和果糖) 含量显著增加, 盛开后己糖水平达到最高, 而蔗糖含量呈现逐渐下降的变化。己糖和蔗糖降解指数(SDI) 与花枝质量呈现极显著的正相关; 花瓣酸性转化酶活性维持较高水平, 开花过程中活性逐渐升高, 开放后逐渐下降。经主成分回归分析, 可溶性糖的代谢依赖于酸性转化酶、中性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的共同作用。结果提示, 牡丹花瓣中己糖的积累在花开放和衰老过程中起着重要作用。     

Flower colours and pigments in hybrid tuberose (Polianthes)

The flower pigment constitutions of nine hybrids with pink, reddish purple, purple, orange and yellow flowers obtained from the crossings and back-crossings using Polianthes tuberosa ‘Single’ and ‘Double’ and Polianthes howardii were analysed. Among the parents and hybrids, two white flowered cultivars of P. tuberosa had neither carotenoids nor anthocyanins, one hybrid had only carotenoids, four hybrids had only anthocyanins and an additional other four hybrids along with P. howardii had both carotenoids and anthocyanins in their petals. The main anthocyanidin in the petals of anthocyanin containing flowers is cyanidin with which some hybrids also contained delphinidin. Inducing of the anthocyanins and carotenoids from P. howardii into P. tuberosa can contribute to the extension of the diversity of flower colours in further tuberose breeding.     

Effect of temperature,daylength and light intensity on growth and development of Dipladenia sanderi Hemsl. ‘Rosea’

Dipladenia sanderi Hemsl. ‘Rosea’ (syn.: Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson ‘Rosea’) was grown in a glasshouse at 12, 15, 18 and 21°C, daylengths of 8 or 20 h, natural daylight, and natural daylight supplemented with cool-white fluorescent lamps (10 W m^?2).Time from propagation to unfolded flower decreased with increasing temperature, and at 12°C there were relatively few flowers in the inflorescences. The time to flower opening was not influenced by daylength, but with 20 h there were more buds in the first developed inflorescence and the petals were larger than with 8 h. In addition, the vegetative growth was favoured by 20 h. Supplementary lighting shortened the developmental time to unfolded flower, but the flowers were smaller than in natural light only.The growth and development varied according to the time of year. Dipladenia was able to bloom all year round, except in January and February. The low light intensity in November and December probably made it impossible for the buds to develop into flowers in January and February.     

Anthocyanins from flowers of Hippeastrum cultivars

The anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) (1) and pelargonidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) (2), were isolated from the ornamental flowers of a Ugandan Hippeastrum cultivar by a combination of chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated mainly by the use of homo- and heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. The same anthocyanins were found in six different Hippeastrum cultivars purchased in Norway. However, the absolute amount of the anthocyanins (0.08–1.79 mg/g, fresh weight) and the relative proportions of the individual anthocyanins varied from cultivar to cultivar (13.2–96.5% of 1). The colours of the fresh petals of the three cultivars ‘Red Lion’, ‘Royal Velvet’ and ‘Liberty’ were described by the CIELab coordinates L^* (lightness), C^* (chroma) and h_ab (hue angles). All the cultivars showed hue angles corresponding to scarlet nuances (h_ab = 22–35°), with the highest value in ‘Red Lion’. The most reddish petals (in ‘Royal Velvet’) contained the highest relative proportion of 1. Thus, the in vivo colours of these cultivars seem to be correlated with the relative proportions of individual anthocyanin in the petals.     

风信子花瓣花色苷组成分析

以12个风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis L.)品种为研究材料,采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡进行花色描述,利用特征颜色反应确定色素类型,利用UPLC-PAD结合UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析花色苷种类及含量。结果表明,12个品种花瓣中均不含有色的类胡萝卜素,除‘City of Haarlem’和‘Aiolos’以外,均含花色苷。10个含花色苷的品种中,‘Woodstock’花瓣中花色苷含量最高,‘Jan Bos’、‘上农早粉’、‘上农紫红’次之。在这些品种花瓣中共检测到9种花色苷成分,通过与已有文献比对,推定其成分为:天竺葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–乙酰葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–阿魏酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷和天竺葵素3–O–咖啡酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷。‘上农早粉’、‘上农中粉’、‘Gipsy Queen’、‘Marconi’等品种花瓣中仅含天竺葵素花色苷衍生物,其它6个品种则含天竺葵素和矢车菊素的花色苷衍生物,以天竺葵素为主。‘上农早粉’、‘上农中粉’、‘Gipsy Queen’、‘Jan Bos’、‘Marconi’和‘Lady Derby’花瓣花色苷以天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷为主;‘Anna Lisa’、‘Woodstock’花瓣花色苷以天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–乙酰葡萄糖苷为主;‘上农紫红’和‘Sky Line’花瓣花色苷分别以矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷以及天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷为主。     

芍药开花过程中花色和色素的变化

 以从内蒙古自治区赤峰市克什克腾旗引种的野生芍药（Paeonia lactiflora）为材料,采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡和分光色差计测量不同开花阶段的花色,利用高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测（HPLC-DAD）和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-二级质谱联用技术（HPLC-ESI-MS²）定性定量分析其花色素组分,运用多元线性回归方法分析了花色与花瓣中色素组成之间的关系。结果表明：开花过程中花色的明度增加,红色减退,彩度变小,颜色由红紫（N57A）变为淡紫红色（75C）。从其花瓣中共检出6种花青苷,4种黄酮苷和15种黄酮醇苷。其中两种花青苷（芍药花素–3–没食子酰葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、芍药花素–3–丙二酰葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷）,两种黄酮苷（木犀草素–7–没食子酰葡萄糖苷、木犀草素–7–阿拉伯糖苷）和13种黄酮醇苷在芍药中属首次报道。分析结果表明其花青苷的主要成分是芍药花素–3, 5–二葡萄糖苷,约占总花青苷含量（total anthocyanins content,TA）的93.93%;其花黄素（包括黄酮和黄酮醇）的主要成分是山奈酚–3–葡萄糖苷,占总黄酮含量（total flavones content,TF）的48.78%。不同的开花阶段,从露色期到松瓣期TA含量略增加,松瓣期后开始降低,TF则先略减少后增加。多元回归结果显示,芍药花素–3, 5–二葡萄糖苷、槲皮素–3–葡萄糖苷、槲皮素–7–葡萄糖苷、异鼠李素–3–葡萄糖苷的含量与花色变化具有线性相关性。     

月季花瓣特异表达启动子的筛选和鉴定

以月季品种‘萨曼莎’（Rosa hybrida‘Samantha’）为试验材料，选取了13个花色、花香相关的基因，研究其在根、茎、叶和花等器官中的表达规律及其启动子活性。结果表明，RhOOMT2（Rosa hybrida orcinol o-methyltransferase 2）和RhCCD4（Rosa hybrida carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4）在花瓣中具有相对较高的表达量，RhNUDX1（Rosa hybrida nudix hydrolase 1）在根部表达量最高，花瓣中其次，在茎和叶中几乎没有表达，另外10个类黄酮代谢途径相关基因在各器官中表达差异较小。使用FPNI-PCR的方法克隆到ATG上游1 601 bp的RhOOMT2启动子、1 539 bp的RhCCD4启动子和1 433 bp的RhNUDX1启动子。将携带RhOOMT2、RhCCD4和RhNUDX1启动子的PBI121载体通过农杆菌的介导，在月季‘Samantha’、洋桔梗（Eustoma grandiflorum‘Green Pelleted’）和百合（Lillium Oriental hybrida‘Siberia’）花瓣中进行瞬时表达，GUS染色结果表明，与阳性对照35S启动子相比，RhOOMT2启动子在月季、洋桔梗和百合花瓣中具有更强的活性，RhCCD4启动子在百合花瓣中具有较弱的活性，而在月季和洋桔梗中活性很弱，RhNUDX1启动子则在3种花中均无活性。进一步在4个月季品种‘萨曼莎’、‘戴安娜’、‘香槟月季’和‘雪山’中比较了RhOOMT2和35S的启动子活性，证实了在花瓣中RhOOMT2启动子具有比35S更高的活性。     

外源NH4+ 对非洲菊舌状花着色与生长的影响

 在非洲菊(Gerbera hybrida) 舌状花离体培养条件下, 研究了外源NH₄⁺对花瓣着色与生长的影响。结果表明, 10.00 mmol·L^-1NH₄⁺明显抑制舌状花花瓣的着色与展开, 宽度、鲜样质量和干样质量也明显下降。对照(3%蔗糖溶液) 舌状花花色素苷含量在36 h后开始缓慢增加, 54～84 h快速积累, 以后增加较慢。在36 h之内进行NH₄⁺处理, 可完全抑制着色与展开, 而36 h之后进行处理则抑制作用减弱。NH₄⁺处理时间长于12 h, 则抑制作用更加明显NH₄⁺处理下, 蔗糖含量的增加能够促进花色素苷的积累, 果糖、乳糖、麦芽糖和葡萄糖等不影响NH₄⁺对着色的抑制作用。     

牡丹呼吸速率和内源激素含量变化与开花衰老的关系

 以牡丹品种‘洛阳红’和‘胡红’为材料,研究开花和衰老过程中花瓣内源激素水平与呼吸代谢的变化。结果表明,随着花朵的发育,‘洛阳红’和‘胡红’呼吸速率均呈现典型的跃变特征,高峰分别出现在盛开期和半开期。牡丹开花后表现出花瓣中可溶性蛋白质含量下降和花色素苷积累的生理特征。牡丹在开花、衰老过程中内源IAA、ZR和GA3含量降低,内源ABA含量上升,‘洛阳红’属于类似乙烯跃变型,‘胡红’属于类似乙烯末期上升型。结果提示,牡丹在开花和衰老过程中花瓣内源激素代谢失衡是导致花瓣衰老的重要原因。     

Analysis of petal anthocyanins to investigate coloration mechanism in herbaceous peony cultivars

Petal coloration and anthocyanin compositions of 41 herbaceous peony cultivars were analyzed. Anthocyanins were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MSⁿ) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD). Peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) were the five major anthocyanins in herbaceous peony cultivars. Deep purple or reddish purple cultivars contained 4–5 anthocyanins, whereas pink cultivars only contained Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G, and their contents were much lower than those of purple cultivars. According to the chemical structures of three anthocyanidins in association with petal coloration, flowers were classified into three phenotypes: 1. “Pn, Cy, and Pg” (all purple flowers including two pink flowers); 2. “Pn, Cy” (pink flowers); 3 “Pn” (light pink and white flowers). The coloration mechanisms of cultivars with the pink and purple flowers were quite different. Correlations between lightness (L*) and chroma (C*), chromatic component a* and total anthocyanins (TA) value, a* and co-pigmentation index (CI) showed opposite tendencies, whereas L* and TA showed the same tendency in each group. High contents of Pn3G5G and Pg3G5G may responsible for the purple coloration of herbaceous peony cultivars.     

君子兰花器官离体培养的初步研究

以君子兰品种‘油匠’的花瓣、花丝、胚珠等花器官为外植体进行离体培养,结果表明：采用0.1%升汞消毒10 min,花器官外植体污染率较低,仅为9.9%;不同花器官外植体愈伤组织诱导与分化能力不同,花瓣的愈伤组织诱导率和分化率最高,分别达到15.6%和57.1%;花瓣外植体诱导愈伤组织和分化成苗的能力与花蕾大小、植物生长调节剂及蔗糖浓度等因素有关,最适培养基为MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg·L^-1+BA 1.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+蔗糖3.0%,适宜的花蕾长度为0.6~1.0 cm。蔗糖浓度为3%时,花器官外植体愈伤组织诱导率与分化成苗率较高。     

蝴蝶石斛兰花色表型及类黄酮成分分析

 利用分光色差计测定了不同颜色蝴蝶石斛兰品种的花色表型,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测花朵中类黄酮色素的组成,探讨花色表型与所含类黄酮含量之间的关系。结果表明,蝴蝶石斛兰品种花色主要分布在紫红色和粉红色区域,且唇瓣颜色比花瓣和萼片暗。花色与类黄酮含量之间存在着线性关系,而花青素苷是影响蝴蝶石斛兰花色的主要因素：总花青素苷含量与花色的明度L^*值和色相b^*值以及色相角h值负相关,与色相a^*值正相关。从蝴蝶石斛兰花朵中共检测出28种花青素苷（均为酰基化的矢车菊素–3,7,3’–三葡萄糖苷）和19种黄酮醇苷（苷元有槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素3种）,由此推测了蝴蝶石斛兰品种花中的类黄酮代谢途径。     

The effect of sucrose on the flower bud opening of ‘Madelon’ cut roses

Complete flower bud opening is characterised by an increase in the petal area, and by enhanced dry and fresh weights of the petals. The import of dry matter into the petals is used for osmotic, biosynthetic and respiratory demands. However, flowers of ‘Madelon’ cut roses frequently fail to open completely under postharvest conditions. An aqueous solution containing 45 mM sucrose induces proper flower bud opening, even when the cut roses have been exposed initially to a sucrose-free solution for 48 h. This points to a requirement for a supply of organic matter from source tissue to the flower as main sink. This conclusion is confirmed by the observation that complete flower bud opening can also be achieved without any addition of sucrose by a reduction in the number of participating petals. Replacing two-thirds part of the 45 mM sucrose by an isomolalic amount of KNO₃ does not affect the flower opening process, implying that a considerable amount of the added sucrose is claimed for osmoregulation. The role of added sucrose and the contribution of the endogenous storage pool in the process of flower bud opening is discussed.