青海高原核桃果实油脂和生长动态变化分析

以地方核桃为试材,拍照记录果实外观形态变化,并对不同发育时期果实质量、果实纵横径、坚果质量、种仁质量、出仁率、油脂含量和成熟种仁中脂肪酸组分等进行测定,以期明确青海高原核桃果实油脂和生长动态变化。结果表明:随着核桃果实生长发育,果实质量、果实纵横径、坚果质量、种仁质量、出仁率、油脂含量等指标总体呈上升趋势,其中果实质量在成熟后期略有下降,并依据指标建立了核桃果实生长发育的数学模型。7月中旬油脂开始积累,并逐渐增加,至果实成熟时种仁中的油脂含量达到最大值69.4%,种仁中主要脂肪酸是棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量可达91.7%。9月中旬核桃果实充分成熟,且油脂含量最高,是最佳采收时期。可根据核桃果实形态、果实生长曲线和数学模型来判断果实发育时期,采取合理的栽培管理措施,从而提高核桃果实的产量和品质。     

Analysis of genetic diversity among some Persian walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.) using morphological traits and SSRs markers

There is a high diversity among cultivated walnut trees in Iran due to its long time of seed propagation and vast area of cultivation. In this study some morphological characters as well as Simple Sequence Repeat (SSRs) markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 31 Iranian walnut genotypes along with four foreign cultivars. The nut weight ranged from 7.52 to 17.73 g, kernel weight from 4.00 to 9.83 g, and kernel percentage ratio from 38.78 to 67.05% among studied genotypes. In SSRs analysis, nine primer pairs were tested that produced 39 alleles ranging from 2 to 8, with a mean value of 5.10 allele per primer. The Iranian genotypes showed relatively high diversity both for their SSRs loci and morphological traits. Although the foreign cultivars (‘Serr’, ‘Vina’, ‘Franquette’ and ‘Lara’) clustered with each other, they also laid close and within the Iranian genotype. The results of the study provided us with valuable diversity among our genotypes which could be used for breeding studies and also showed the power of genetic markers for analysis and evaluation of this diversity.     

Study on some morphological and physical attributes of walnut used in mass models

Physical properties of horticultural products are important in designing the sorting, transporting, processing and packaging systems. Among physical attributes, dimensions, weight, volume, projected areas and porosity are useful for designing grading systems. This study carried out on four superior walnut (Juglands regia) genotypes, which were selected from primary morphological screening of 608 genotypes in Neyriz city, Iran. G-570 with higher nut weight (12.46 g), kernel weight (8.25 g) and kernel ratio of 66.21% was a promising genotype among others. Regarding studied physical properties, G-570 was 44 mm in diameter significantly different from other genotype. In this research walnut mass was predicted by using different physical properties with linear and nonlinear models as three classifications (dimension, projected areas and volume). Results showed that the highest correlation was between models number three, two and one. Among grading system based on dimensions in walnut (first classification), minor diameter model with nonlinear relation was the best and could be considered as a good model for economical and horticultural designing systems.     

核桃新品种‘云林3号’

‘云林3号’是从云南省鲁甸县深纹核桃实生群体中选育出的新品种。坚果扁圆球形,三径均值3.41 cm,坚果单粒质量11.69 g,壳面光滑,壳厚0.87 mm,内褶壁退化,取仁易,能取整仁,仁质量7.01 g,出仁率59.99%,核仁饱满饱胀,内种皮黄白色,味香无异味。种仁含油率为71.4%,蛋白质含量为16.8%。丰产、优质,能避开晚霜危害。     

核桃新品种‘云林6号’

‘云林6号’是从云南高纬度寒冷地区滇东北鲁甸县核桃种质资源中通过优选,高枝嫁接选育的实生后代品种。坚果扁圆球形,三径均值3.52 cm,坚果粒质量14.48 g,壳面光滑,壳厚1.06 mm。内褶壁退化,取仁易,能取整仁,仁质量7.93 g,出仁率54.79%,含油率68.9%,蛋白质22.2%。核仁饱满,黄白色,味香,无异味。连续丰产性好。抗寒,避晚霜能力强。     

晚实核桃新品种‘奥林’

‘奥林’是从普通核桃（Juglans regia L.）实生群体中选育的雄先型晚实新品种,坚果长扁圆形,平均单果质量14.8 g,壳厚1.1 mm,壳面光滑,内褶壁退化,易取整仁;核仁充实饱满,内种皮为淡黄色,单仁质量8.9 g,出仁率60.2%。适应性强,丰产性好,抗病性强。     

早实核桃新品种‘赞美’

 ‘赞美’是从核桃（Juglans regia L.）实生群体中选育出的早实核桃新品种。坚果长圆形,平均单果质量11.30 g;壳厚1.23 mm左右,缝合线紧密度264.11 N;坚果外形光滑,内褶壁退化,易取整仁。种仁饱满,种皮黄白色,出仁率53.6%,粗脂肪含量57.3%,蛋白质含量15.3%,浓香微涩。丰产性好,抗病性较强。     

核桃高油品种的筛选研究

对门头沟区的19个推广核桃(Juglans regia L.)品种进行单果重、单仁重、出仁率、含油率及脂肪酸组分含量的相关测定,结果表明:供试品种间的含油率性状差异达到极显著水平,综合看来,绿波、西洛2号、礼品1号(基地)3个品种产油性能最好,含油率分别达到75.40%、72.72%、72.52%.同时,绿波以及辽核3号的亚麻酸含量最高,分别为12.80%和12.76%;西洛2号、礼品1号(基地)的棕榈酸含量最高,分别达10.84%、10.79%.另外,油酸含量最高的是中林6号(20.40%)、鲁光(19.82%);硬脂酸含量最高的是中林6号(5.32%)、礼品1号(基地)(4.78%);亚油酸含量差异不大.研究结果可为高油专用型品种核桃园的建立提供依据.     

核桃新品种‘日丽’

 ‘日丽’核桃是由普通晚实核桃（Juglans regia L.）中选育出的核桃新品种。坚果长椭圆形,坚果平均单果质量11.92 g;壳厚1.29 mm 左右;坚果外形光滑,内褶壁退化,易取整仁;核仁充实饱满、内种皮颜色为淡黄色,出仁率49.24%左右,种仁脂肪含量为64.5%,蛋白质含量为15.1%,种仁浓香微涩。抗病性较强,坚果综合经济性状优良。     

晚实核桃新品种‘珍珠香’

 ：‘珍珠香’是由核桃（Juglans regia L.）中实生选育出的晚实核桃新品种。坚果圆球形,平均 单果质量6.8 g;壳厚0.93 mm 左右,缝合线紧密度169.1 N;坚果外壳光滑,内褶壁退化,易取整仁;种 仁浅黄色,出仁率56.8%,蛋白质含量23.1%,粗脂肪含量53.0%,其中亚麻酸含量12.4%,浓香,涩味 淡。适应性强,丰产性好,抗病性强。     

西藏林芝地区核桃表型特征研究

通过对西藏林芝地区核桃表型特征进行研究,以期为西藏核桃的选育提供参考。依照核桃的性状调查方法,研究了林芝地区4个居群8个核桃家系:朗县(LX1-4)、米林县(ML7-8)、林芝县(LZ5-6)和2个铁核桃家系:波密县(BM9-10)的叶型、不同居群核桃表型特征以及坚果特征。结果表明:顶叶长与宽之比LX2最大,ML7最小;复叶长与宽比例LZ5最大,BM10最小;复叶最长的为ML7,最短者为BM10。坚果质量:BM>LX>ML>LZ;仁坚比:LX>ML>LZ>BM;壳厚:BM>LZ>ML>LX。坚果纵横径比值最大的为BM9,最小的为LX1。林芝地区朗县核桃可作为优良家系进行繁殖,波密的铁核桃保持着较高的遗传多样性,是选种和育种的优先资源。     

核桃新品种‘黔核7号’

‘黔核7号’是由西南地区特有种质泡核桃(Juglans sigillata Dode.)实生群体中选育出的晚实核桃新品种。坚果近圆形,平均单果质量9.9 g;壳厚0.7 mm,缝合线窄而凸起,较松;坚果壳面略麻,内褶壁退化;核仁饱满,浅白色,出仁率58%,易取整仁;粗脂肪含量67.9%,蛋白质含量16.7%,味香甜。适应性及抗病性强,丰产性好。     

核桃新品种——金薄香8号的选育

金薄香8号是从新疆引入优良薄壳核桃种子后,进行实生选种选育出来的金薄香系列新品系之一。坚果长圆形,三径均值3.90 cm,果形指数1.18;坚果质量11.5 g,仁质量7.2 g,壳厚1.0 mm左右,出仁率62.6%。缝合线宽而突起,结合紧密,内褶壁膜质,易取整仁,核仁饱满,深黄色,味较香。该品种生长势强旺,丰产性好,具有较高的无融合生殖能力,抗逆性较强。     

核桃新品种‘京香1号’

 ‘京香1号’核桃是从北京延庆核桃实生群体中选出的晚实新品种。坚果圆形,壳面较光滑,单果质量9.16 ~ 16.26 g,平均12.2 g。果壳厚度0.8 mm,出仁率58.8%,易取整仁。核仁浅黄色,香而涩味淡,品质上等,脂肪含量71.6%,蛋白质含量15.2%。丰产性好,有较强的抗寒、抗病能力。     

核桃新品种‘鲁绵1号’

‘鲁绵1号’核桃是从‘鸡爪绵’核桃实生群体中选育出的高油抗病新品种。坚果圆形,单果质量15.0 ~ 17.3 g,易取整仁,出仁率46.2%;脂肪含量70.5% ~ 72.0%,蛋白质含量18.8% ~ 20.3%。丰产,抗病。在济南市南部山区8月下旬果实成熟,10年生树平均株产4.9 kg,折合3 013.5 kg • hm-2。     

核桃新品种‘美香’

‘美香’是从‘香玲’ב云新34号’杂交后代中选出的晚实核桃新品种。坚果椭圆形,果基圆,果顶圆,外形美观,壳面光滑,单果质量8.7~18.5 g,平均12.8 g。果壳厚度1.14 mm,出仁率55.5%,可取整仁。核仁特充实、饱满,浅黄或黄白色,香而不涩,脂肪含量68.7%,蛋白质含量19.1%。丰产性强,有较强的抗寒、抗病能力。     

云南省剑川县新疆核桃选优初报

剑川县是云南省新疆核桃主要栽培区之一,但其实生繁殖多,品种混杂,不能适应当前核桃产业发展的需要,有必要进行优树选择。2008～2011年,对剑川县核桃进行选优调查,初步评选出优良单株5株,其坚果三径平均值3.89cm,平均壳厚1.18cm,平均粒重12.38g,平均仁重6.50g,平均出仁率47.94%,平均出油率为72.4%。     

核桃新品种‘鲁莱1号’

‘鲁莱1号’核桃是从济南市莱芜区苗山镇核桃实生园中选育出的丰产抗病新品种。坚果阔椭圆形,单果质量14.2 ~16.9 g,易取整仁,出仁率46.7%,核仁充实饱满,脂肪含量61.1% ~ 62.3%,蛋白质含量18.5% ~ 19.2%;在济南市莱芜区果实8月下旬成熟,病果率小于5%;7年生树平均株产3.6 kg,折合3 024 kg • hm-2。     

Genetic Diversity Among <Emphasis Type="Italic">Juglans Regia</Emphasis> Genotypes Based on Morphological Characters of Nut

Walnut germplasm from three different sites in Oltenia region, located in the southwestern part of Romania, was evaluated to determine the variability and to identify promising types. A total of 64 genotypes were evaluated using morphological characteristics of nuts. Considerable genetic variation in the measured traits was found in native trees which were of seedling origin. Variability found was between 7.62–20.90?g in nut weight, between 31.17 and 53.60?mm in nut length, between 24.81 and 37.48?mm in nut diameter I, and between 23.64 and 36.18?mm in nut diameter II. Separation of the three areas in multivariate space was assessed by calculating the Mahalanobis distance. The highest inter-populations value was observed between Bechet and Ostroveni population (1.83), followed by Sadova and Ostroveni population (1.08), which indicates a wide genetic distance between these populations. Cluster analyses showed a considerable diversity within the same germplasm population. The results indicated that most of genotypes were suitable in terms of morphological traits of nut. These data demonstrated large phenotypic diversity of nut among the selected genotypes that can be considered as a valuable gene stock for breeding programs.