大豆“短青春期”品种的光（温）反应研究：Ⅱ．对短日照的反应

在分析“短青春期”品种对播季反应的基础上，通过比较不同品种出苗至开花数与开花至成熟天数对短日处理的反应，以进一步明确夏大豆型“短青春期”品种的光（温）敏感性特征。研究结果表明：春播条件下，开花前短光照处理，“短青春期”品种中豆24和巨丰出苗至开花天数仅缩短2－14d，敏感度较小，与春大豆型品种相似，而与典型夏大豆品种，秋大豆品种和“长青春期”品种明显不同，中豆24和巨丰的出苗至开花天数对短光照不敏感。同为“短青春期”品种的中豆24和巨丰，其开花至成熟天数对短日处理的反应有明显差异，并者与春大豆相似，而后者的开花至成熟天数的短日照敏感不仅大于复大豆，而且也大于秋大豆。生育前期对短日照不敏感的品种，其短日处理效应在生育后期表现更加明显。本文还讨论了不同品种短日处理后效应的传递特征。     

大豆"短青春期"品种的光(温)反应研究Ⅲ.对长日照的反应

在分析“短青春期”品种对播季和短日照反应的基础上，本研究通过比较不同品种出苗至开花天数与开花成熟天数对长日处理的反应，以进一步明确夏大豆型“短青春期”品种的光（温）敏感性特征。研究结果表明：春播条件下，开花前16小时长光照使“短青春期”品种中豆24种丰的出苗至开花天数分别延长19天和30天，是供试品种类型中对长日照最敏感的类型；开花前长日照处理，开花至成熟天数两个“短青春期”品种间表现差异较大，中豆24有所延长，而巨丰则有所缩短，开花前短日 开花后长日处理，中豆24和巨丰的开花至成熟天数均较春大豆明显延长，但小于秋大豆，通过30天和60天的长日照处理可以发现，长日处理结束后，中豆24和巨丰植株需分别接受7-9天和15-18天的短光照，才能开花和进入结实期，中豆24出苗至开花天数在长日下的温度敏感度高于春大豆品种，而巨丰出苗至开花天数的温度敏感度极小。     

Simulated yield advantages of extending post-flowering development at the expense of a shorter pre-flowering development in soybean

Field experiments with soybean demonstrated that the extension of photoperiod after flowering increases both the duration of the post-flowering phase and the production of seeds. These results suggest that cultivars with increased duration of the post-flowering phase could be selected to improve soybean yields. The aims of this paper were to: (a) evaluate the ability of the CROPGRO-soybean model to reproduce the experimental relationships between seed number and duration of the critical phase between first and last pod, and (b) assess the putative benefits and trade-offs of variable durations of the critical phase in a south–north transect in the Pampas of Argentina.     

Understanding and modeling the effect of temperature and daylength on soybean phenology under high-yield conditions

Temperature and photoperiod can be used to simulate soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) phenology because they serve as surrogates for complex biochemical pathways leading to the appearance of certain developmental stages at the whole plant level. We developed a soybean phenology model (SOYDEV) which utilizes non-linear temperature and photoperiod functions and separates floral induction and post-induction for simulating time of flowering. This model accurately simulated the dynamics of vegetative development, final node number and the occurrence of major reproductive stages such as flowering (R₁), beginning pod (R₃), mid-pod elongation (R_3.5), beginning seed (R₅), and physiological maturity (R₇) in a long-term field experiment (6 years) with the semi-determinate soybean cv. NE3001, as well as in a 2-year cultivar × sowing date experiment with 12 (2004) and 8 (2005) cultivars. With cultivar-specific model calibration, root mean square errors (RMSE) of major phenological stages simulated with SOYDEV averaged 1.8 days in the long-term experiment and 3.3 days in the cultivar × sowing date experiment. Data from the cultivar × sowing date experiment were used to develop empirical relationships for estimating key cultivar-specific model parameters from published soybean maturity group ratings (0.8–4.2). Compared to using nine cultivar-specific parameters derived from the full calibration, estimation of model parameters from readily available cultivar information such as maturity group rating only slightly decreased simulation accuracy, resulting in RMSE (across stages and cultivars) values of 3.6–3.8 days. The proposed SOYDEV model may be particularly suitable for practical model applications because of its reduced need for cultivar-specific calibration. Further evaluation of the model is required under a wider range of variety maturity group ratings and environments.     

Genotypic and Environmental Variation of Lag Period of Pod Growth in Soybean

Abstract

Pod growth in soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) begins several days after flower opening, compared with more immediate growth in other beans. We investigated the relationship between genotype, raceme order of pod set, assimilate supply or photoperiod and the length of lag period of pod growth (LP, days from flower opening to the time when pod length reaches 10 mm). Soybean (five cultivars) plants were grown in a greenhouse and in the field in 2001. The lengths of pods developed from 20 flowers which opened on the same day and set on the same raceme order, were measured every other day. The length of LP varied with the cultivar from 5 to 16 days and it was longer in late cultivars. The LP in the primary raceme (early flowers) was 15 days but that in the secondary raceme (late flowers) was 8 days. Both late sowing and short photoperiod (lOh) after the start of flowering shortened the LP by up to 7 days in Enrei and 5 days in Fukuyutaka. However, neither sink (except the target racemes) removal nor BA application to the target racemes at the start of flowering affected the length of LP, even though these treatments were expected to stimulate pod growth.     

干旱胁迫对亚有限大豆植株鲜重建成与分配的影响

通过控水盆栽试验,分别在大豆始花期、始粒期和全生育期进行干旱胁迫,分析干旱胁迫对亚有限大豆品种光合产物分配的影响.结果表明:在不同干旱处理下,叶柄鲜重、叶片鲜重、茎秆鲜重、荚皮鲜重、籽粒鲜重、根鲜重、根瘤鲜重和单株根瘤数均随着干旱胁迫强度加大而下降.在全生育期和始花期干旱胁迫下,地上鲜重占总鲜重的比例随干旱程度的增加而...     

Photoperiod-sensitive development phases in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Effects of photoperiod on phasic development, leaf appearance and seed growth in two cultivars of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), and of photoperiod × temperature interactions on seed growth in one cultivar, were examined. The cultivars were Kanckolla (an early-flowering cultivar from the Andean plateau in Southern Peru) and Blanca de Junín (an intermediate flowering cultivar from the tropical valleys of central Peru). The main objectives were to establish which developmental phases are sensitive to photoperiod and whether conditions during a particular phase had delayed effects on subsequent development. Plants were grown in naturally lit growth cabinets and photoperiods were given as 10 h of natural daylight followed by extensions with low intensity artificial light giving either a short (SD, 10.25 h) or long (LD, 14 or 16 h) photoperiod. Treatments were constant (SD or LD) photoperiods or involved transfers between photoperiods at different developmental stages. A quantitative SD response was observed for time to anthesis and total number of leaves, and more than 50% of leaf primordia were formed after floral initiation. With transfers effected during the reproductive phase, the maximum number of leaf primordia, total number of leaves and time to anthesis varied by up to 9%, 33% and 24%, respectively, in relation to controls under constant SD; and by up to 8%, 39% and 12%, respectively, in relation to controls under constant LD. Photoperiods applied after leaf primordia initiation had ceased affected duration of the reproductive phase and total number of leaves through effects on the proportion of primordia that remained unexpanded (range 7–33%). Plants grown in SD until anthesis produced seed, measured 66 days after anthesis, four-fold larger in diameter than seed on plants always grown in LD. Seed diameter was also reduced by 24% by LD applied after anthesis, and by 14% by high temperature (28°C cf. 21°C), but the combination of high temperature with LD gave the greatest inhibition of seed growth (73%). Clearly, photoperiod had strong effects on all stages of plant reproduction and often acted indirectly, as shown by delayed responses expressed in later phases of development.     

不同品种及播期对丘区套作大豆产量的影响

在"麦/玉/豆"模式下,研究了不同品种与播期对丘区套作大豆产量的影响.结果表明,品种间产量差异极显著,以晚熟品种(贡选1号)的产量最高,达1375.11 kg/hm2,中熟品种(乐豆1号)次之,早熟品种(浙春3号)最低.与早中熟品种比较,晚熟品种表现为营养生长期较长,与玉米的生殖共生期为零,植株较高,茎粗增加0.13～0.16 cm,分枝多0.38～0.89个,主茎节数多4.47～7.12个,单株有效荚数、每荚粒数极显著高于早中熟品种,适合套作.播期间产量也有差异,以播期6月7日的产量最高.品种不同,表现略有差异.中晚熟品种的适宜播期为6月7日,表现为单株荚数、荚粒数较高;早熟品种以6月14日的产量较高,表现为单株荚数、荚粒数和百粒重较高.     

生殖生长期源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响

利用蛋白质，脂肪含量不同的两个大豆品种，在Ｒ１和Ｒ５期，通过去叶或去英，研究源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响，结果表明，Ｒ１期和Ｒ５期去叶１／３对产量和品质影响不大；然而，Ｒ１期全去叶，减少了单株英数，产量降低，但对品质影响不明显；Ｒ５期全去叶，降低了每英粒数和百粒重，有利于蛋白质积累，而不利于脂肪积累，产量降低，Ｒ５期去英１／３增加了单英粒数和百粒重，产量略有提高，脂肪积累增多，蛋白质含量降低     

!不同年代大豆品种根系伤流液重量的变化及其与地上生物量的关系

2009和2010年研究了吉林省1923～2004年育成的22个主栽大豆品种在R2、R4、R6期大豆伤流液重量与地上器官生物量的变化及其关系。结果表明:不同育成年份品种的根系伤流液重量和地上部生物量品种间存在显著差异;根系伤流液重量与地上部各器官生物量均随着育成年代的推进而增加,且二者之间呈显著正相关,表明大豆品种的遗传改良使地上部分生物量增加的同时,也导致了根系活力的提高。大豆品种根系伤流液重量与地上部分生物量在R2、R4、R6 3个时期均呈正相关,其中R4时期达到显著水平,伤流液重量与茎、叶片生物量在R4期均呈显著正相关。地上部分生物量与根系伤流液重量的比值在各时期均无明显变化,表明大豆品种的遗传改良过程中地下根系与地上部分器官是协同演进的。     

The effect of photoperiod on flowering and TPS production in the warm tropics

Summary Three similar field experiments with five cultivars were carried out to evaluate the effect of a 5-hour extension of the natural daylength and a 3-hour night break on flowering and TPS production in the warm tropics. Shoot length, number of inflorescence positions per plant and number of flowers per inflorescence varied considerably between the experiments. In each experiment, the supplementary photoperiods delayed cessation of shoot growth and thereby increased the orders of branching and the number of inflorescence positions per plant. The photoperiod treatments significantly increased the number of flowers at the last produced inflorescence positions, but not at other ones. Pollen production and quality, berry set, seed set and 100-seed weight were not affected by the photoperiod treatments. TPS production was characterized by variability in flowering and low and variable seed production per flower.     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

春大豆播期光温效应的研究

将来自中国北纬22.7°～50.2°不同地点的19个春播大豆品种在2 a中分4个时期(4月21日、5月15日、6月11日、7月1日)进行播种,建立了春播大豆的生育进程、形态性状、产量相关性状的光温效应模型,通过模型参数分析了生态性状的光温效应,探讨了不同生态类型的特征.结果表明:在出苗至初花阶段,光温效应总体表现为缩短...     

Effects of the erect/bushy habit, single/double pod and late/early flowering genes on yield and seed size and their stability in chickpea

The development of ascochyta blight resistant chickpea lines has allowed autumn sowing of this crop, and increased seed yields as result of higher biomass production than the traditional spring sowing in the Mediterrranean region. A second step in the chickpea yield improvement could be to increase harvest index. In this sense, the effect of the erect/bushy habit, single/double pod and late/early flowering genes on yield and seed size and their stability was studied using eleven F_6:7 ascochyta blight resistant chickpea lines. These lines were derived from a cross between an erect, single podded and late flowering line and a bushy, double podded early line. Six lines out of eleven were erect and late flowering (three being single and three double podded), two were single podded, bushy and late flowering, two double podded, bushy and early flowering, and finally one single podded, bushy and early flowering. A multilocation trial during four and 3 years under autumn and spring sowing, respectively, in the south of Spain was performed for yield and seed size. The stability of these lines was studied by AMMI analysis. Our results suggest that the double pod gene has no effects on both yield and seed size, although, confers a higher yield stability than the single pod gene. The mean yield of the lines with bushy growth habit, across all environments, was higher than that of the erect habit lines; 208.1 and 179.8 g/m² in autumn and 120 and 101.4 g/m² in spring sowing, respectively. Mean yield of the early lines, across all environments was higher than that of late lines; earliness was more important under spring sowing with yields of 130.2 and 102.3 g/m² for early and late lines, respectively. Thus, for developing new chickpea cultivars under Mediterranean conditions, breeding programs should consider that (i) for spring sowing, early flowering and bushy types are the characters with greater influence on yield and yield stability, respectively, and (ii) for autumn sowing, the important characters are bushy habit on yield and double pod and earliness on yield stability.     

早晚熟夏大豆品种花荚形成的比较

通过对１７个有限、亚有限型夏大豆品种的研究结果,鼓粒前的花荚期长短是选择夏大豆品种生育期长短的重要因素。不同熟期类型品种间生殖器官发育规律存在差异,早熟品种较晚熟品种花、荚形成发育快、时间短、脱落也快。当早熟品种生育重心进入鼓粒前的中、大荚形成发育过程中（相当于Ｒ４阶段）时,晚熟品种的相对时期还处在花和幼小英     

黄淮海地区夏大豆农艺性状的遗传变异、相关及主成分分析

以黄淮海地区87个大豆常规栽培品种为材料,对12个产量相关的农艺性状进行了遗传变异、相关及主成分分析。结果表明:在所有供试品种中,变异系数最大的是有效分枝数,最小的是生育期;亚有限型夏大豆底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重的变异系数(18.38%～27.56%)较大;有限型夏大豆株高、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重的变异系数(21.02%～28.04%)较大。在亚有限型夏大豆品种中,产量与每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重呈极显著正相关,与有效分枝数呈极显著负相关,与生育期呈显著负相关。在有限型夏大豆品种中,产量与茎粗呈极显著正相关,与底荚高度呈显著正相关,与其它农艺性状相关性不显著。亚有限和有限结荚习性的大豆性状主成分分析中,前4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率分别为79.92%和79.50%。对以亚有限和有限型为主的黄淮海地区夏大豆在进行单株选择时,应根据其不同的结荚习性而有所侧重。对于亚有限型品种,应选择株高和生育期适中,有效分枝数较少,而每荚粒数、百粒重均较大的品种。对于有限型品种,应选择茎基部较粗,株高和底荚高度较高,主茎节数较多,单株荚数、单株粒数较多的品种。     

利用荚果厚度与粒重估计大豆鼓粒速率的研究

大豆鼓粒阶段是决定大豆产量的重要阶段,鼓粒速率可以利用粒重和荚果厚度与花后天数的关系进行模拟估计。田间分别种植3个粒重差异较大的大豆材料(中黄37,秦豆10号和JTN-5503),通过花期标记,利用不同取样方式(定位和随机),连续测定大豆粒重和荚果厚度,拟合其与花后天数的动态变化。结果显示:(1)线性函数和二次多项式函数可以有效模拟大豆鲜(干)重和荚果厚度与花后天数之间的关系;(2)与籽粒鲜重表示的鼓粒速率比较,籽粒干重增速估值偏高,而基于荚果厚度的估值偏低;(3)不同材料间的荚果平均增厚速率存在差异,但不同材料的初始速率估值差异不大;(4)荚果厚度定位测定的试验误差最小。因此,荚果厚度定位连续测定法可用于大豆鼓粒速率的度量,其结果与籽粒重表示的鼓粒速率有较好的一致性。     

增加光照及其与改变源库互作对大豆产量构成因素的影响

生殖生长期间的光照强度是决定大豆产量的关键环境因素.在美国麻省和中国黑龙江两地,通过在不同时期,对不同密度的大豆群体进行增加光照和改变源库处理,研究了两地产量及产量构成因素对增加光照光变化的反应.结果表明,不同时期增加光照光处理的增产效果不同,开花初期和结荚初期增加光照最为明显,花期增加光照增加单株荚粒数,而结荚初期增加光照增加百粒重.鼓粒期增加光照处理,百粒重不同品种在不同密度条件下增产不显著,说明鼓粒期后的光照条件对大豆产量及百粒重的调节有限.在不同的光照条件下,源库在产量形成中的作用不同.在自然光照条件下,剪叶处理产量下降幅度较去荚大,即源在产量形成中更加重要些,而在花期的增加光照处理条件下,库也成为影响产量的重要因子,可见,光照条件在源库关系中起着显著的协调作用.     

播期对不同类型专用大豆生长特性和产量的影响

用早毛豆、夏大豆、特用豆和芽用豆类计18个大豆品种(系)为材料研究了不同播期对大豆生长和产量的影响.结果表明:播期对早毛豆各品种的全生育期无明显的影响,而其它类大豆品种的全生育期均随播期的延迟而缩短.除早毛豆外,大豆株高、单株分枝数、单株成英数和单株产量多随播期的延迟而降低;百粒重在35g以下的,播期对百粒重的影响不甚明显.     

Variation in photosensitivity of flowering in the world soybean mini-core collections (GmWMC)

ABSTRACT

Photosensitivity of flowering is the main yield limiting factor for soybean production in tropical areas. Our objective was to evaluate the variation of photosensitivity in the world soybean mini-core collections (GmWMC) under controlled environment. Ten and 13 h were selected as short- and long- photoperiods. The days from emergence to first flower open (DEF) were 20–49 days under 13 h, whereas 20–31 days under 10 h photoperiods. The variation in DEF under short photoperiod might be caused by juvenile growth phase or post-inductive phase, because 10 h was the photoperiod which induction phase of most genotypes were minimized. Index of photosensitivity of flowering (IPF) varied from 0.00 to 0.47 and correlated positively with DEF under short photoperiod. However, some genotypes were found having higher IPF but shorter DEF, or lower IPF but longer DEF. Results provided the valuable information for soybean production in tropical areas.