韩国口蹄疫疫情进一步扩散

分别位于韩国江华郡、横城郡和庆尚北道的4家养殖场2010年12月24日先后发现口蹄疫疫情,2010年11月底在韩国暴发的口蹄疫疫情正在进一步蔓延。据韩国媒体报道,当天防疫机构对出现疫情的养殖场及其周围半径0．5公里范围内的猪、牛等数干只偶蹄动物进行了宰杀,并加强了疫区周围的交通管制,以防疫情扩散。     

口蹄疫的防制

口蹄疫（Foot-Mouth-Disease，FMD）是由口蹄疫病毒引起的牛、猪、羊、鹿等偶蹄动物的急性、烈性传染病。临床症状主要是体温高热，口、舌、唇、蹄、鼻、乳房等部位发生水泡性炎症过程，卧地不起，食欲废绝，水泡破后形成溃疡，进行性消瘦，幼畜有很高的死亡率。成年畜虽然死亡率不高，但康复畜的生产能力严重下降，且长期带毒，是口蹄疫的主要传播源。世界动物卫生组织（O.I.E）将其列入A表第一号传染病，规定其成员国必须报告的疫病；是《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》（以下称《动物防疫法》）规定的对人畜危害严重、需要采取紧急、严厉的强制预防、控制、扑灭措施的〈一类传染病〉。     

韩国将宰杀2．5万头牲畜 以控制口蹄疫疫情

本刊辑：人民网首尔4月11日消息,为控制韩国仁川江华郡口蹄疫疫情,韩国政府11日决定宰杀发生口蹄疫农场周围约2．5万头牲畜。     

遇到猪口蹄疫疫苗免疫反应咋处理

<正>近几年来,国内外动物疫情不断发生,我国针对禽流感和口蹄疫等国家一类疫病实施了强制免疫,增加政府投入,组建了专业的协助防疫队伍,专门从事动物免疫工作。随着动物免疫的全面开展,提高了免疫密度,但是相对疫苗反应增多,有的群众有思想顾虑怕注射口蹄疫苗引起死亡或流产。基层防疫员不知道口蹄疫疫苗反应主要症状是什么,出现疫苗反应后应如何处理。针对这个问题笔者结合理论知识并总结近几年出现疫苗反应实际的情况,写出此文章供动物防疫同行进行探讨。     

韩国决定每隔6个月给牲畜接种口蹄疫疫苗

韩国政府正在进行的第二次口蹄疫疫苗接种工作预计会在2月底结束。据韩联社报道,韩国政府决定,每隔6个月给猪和牛等偶蹄动物接种口蹄疫疫苗。     

韩国口蹄疫蔓延 损失超50亿

<正>韩国农林水产食品部1月7日表示,随着口蹄疫疫情持续扩散,政府已将超过100万头偶蹄动物列入宰杀对象。据该部门估计,此次口蹄疫疫情将造成大约9700亿韩元(约合人民币57.2亿元)的损失。     

口蹄疫及其防制简介

口蹄疫(Foot and Mouth Disease,FMD)是致偶蹄动物的一种急性热性、高度接触性传染病。患病动物的口、舌、唇、蹄、乳房等部位往往出现示病性水泡,破溃后会形成烂斑[1]。该病以传播迅速、感染率高为主要特点,国际兽疫局(OIE)将其列为A类传染病之一[2]。该病的发病率很高,几乎达100%,成年病     

口蹄疫在规模猪场的发生特点及防制对策

2010年3月1日,农业部新闻办公室发布了广州市白云区发生生猪口蹄疫疫情的消息：经国家口蹄疫参考实验室检测,确诊该起疫情为生猪O型口蹄疫疫情,发病生猪共1474头。据广东省畜牧兽医局副局长余业东通报,     

亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫突发疫情应急处理措施

为有效落实《国务院、辽宁省政府关于亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫防治精神》,保证我省有关部门能够及时迅速控制和扑灭亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫突发疫情,笔者参阅国际、国内有关规定、标准,并结合多年动物防疫监督工作实践,提出几点在假定突发亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫疫情时的应急处理措施。1可疑疫情暂控措施县(区)畜牧兽医行政管理部门在接到可疑亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫疫情报告后,要立即向当地人民政府报告,当地人民政府要立即下达暂控命令。暂控命令包括:责成疫情发生地公安、乡镇(场)和畜牧兽医行政管理部门对可疑发病场(点)采取紧急隔离控制和消毒措施,限制可疑发病场(点)人…     

影响“口蹄疫”防疫效果的原因浅析

牲畜口蹄疫是我国实施强制免疫的动物疫病之一,其免疫率要求达到百分之百。但是,因其涉及面广,牲畜数量庞大,任务艰巨,而动物防疫体制又相对滞后,致使防疫效果不理想。从近几年我们对本地区口蹄疫防疫监测的情况看,抗体产生率明显偏低。针对这种情况,我们对本地区的口蹄疫防疫情况进行了认真调查,通过调查发现,口蹄疫的防疫工作目前确实还存在许多问题,配套设施不     

Results of epidemic simulation modeling to evaluate strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease

OBJECTIVE: To assess estimated effectiveness of control and eradication procedures for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in a region of California. SAMPLE POPULATION: 2,238 herds and 5 sale yards in Fresno, Kings, andTulare counties of California. PROCEDURE: A spatial stochastic model was used to simulate hypothetical epidemics of FMD for specified control scenarios that included a baseline eradication strategy mandated by USDA and supplemental control strategies of slaughter or vaccination of all animals within a specified distance of infected herds, slaughter of only high-risk animals identified by use of a model simulation, and expansion of infected and surveillance zones. RESULTS: Median number of herds affected varied from 1 to 385 (17% of all herds), depending on type of index herd and delay in diagnosis of FMD. Percentage of herds infected decreased from that of the baseline eradication strategy by expanding the designated infected area from 10 to 20 km (48%), vaccinating within a 50-km radius of an infected herd (41%), slaughtering the 10 highest-risk herds for each infected herd (39%), and slaughtering all animals within 5 km of an infected herd (24%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results for the model provided a means of assessing the relative merits of potential strategies for control and eradication of FMD should it enter the US livestock population. For the study region, preemptive slaughter of highest-risk herds and vaccination of all animals within a specified distance of an infected herd consistently decreased size and duration of an epidemic, compared with the baseline eradication strategy.     

A decision-tree to optimise control measures during the early stage of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic

A decision-tree was developed to support decision making on control measures during the first days after the declaration of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The objective of the tree was to minimise direct costs and export losses of FMD epidemics under several scenarios based on livestock and herd density in the outbreak region, the possibility of airborne spread, and the time between first infection and first detection. The starting point of the tree was an epidemiological model based on a deterministic susceptible–infectious–recovered approach. The effect of four control strategies on FMD dynamics was modelled. In addition to the standard control strategy of stamping out and culling of high-risk contact herds, strategies involving ring culling within 1 km of an infected herd, ring-vaccination within 1 km of an infected herd, and ring-vaccination within 3 km of an infected herd were assessed. An economic model converted outbreak and control effects of farming and processing operations into estimates of direct costs and export losses. Ring-vaccination is the economically optimal control strategy for densely populated livestock areas whereas ring culling is the economically optimal control strategy for sparsely populated livestock areas.     

The 2010 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Japan

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred recently for the first time in a decade in Japan. The index case was detected on a beef-breeding farm in Miyazaki Prefecture, Southern Japan, on April 20, 2010. After confirmation of this first case, control measures such as stamping out, movement restriction and disinfection were implemented. However, these strategies proved insufficient to prevent the spread of FMD and emergency vaccination was adopted. Up until the last outbreak on July 4, 2010, a total of 292 outbreaks had been confirmed, with about 290,000 animals having been culled. The epidemic occurred in an area with a high density of cattle and pigs, making disease control difficult. Invasion of the disease into a high-density area aided its rapid spread and led to difficulties in locating suitable burial sites. Epidemiological investigations indicated that the disease was introduced into Japan approximately one month before detection. This delay in initial detection is considered to have allowed an increased number of outbreaks in the early stage of the epidemic. Nevertheless, the epidemic was contained within a localized area in Miyazaki Prefecture and was eradicated within three months because of intensive control efforts including emergency vaccination. Although this epidemic devastated the livestock industry in Japan, many lessons can be learnt for the future prevention and control of infectious diseases in animals.     

Description of an epidemic simulation model for use in evaluating strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease

OBJECTIVE: To develop a spatial epidemic model to simulate intraherd and interherd transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. SAMPLE POPULATION: 2,238 herds, representing beef, dairy, swine, goats, and sheep, and 5 sale yards located in Fresno, Kings, and Tulare counties of California. PROCEDURE: Using Monte-Carlo simulations, a spatial stochastic epidemic simulation model was developed to identify new herds that would acquire FMD following random selection of an index herd and to assess progression of an epidemic after implementation of mandatory control strategies. RESULTS: The model included species-specific transition periods for FMD infection, locations of herds, rates of direct and indirect contacts among herds, and probability distributions derived from expert opinions on probabilities of transmission by direct and indirect contact, as well as reduction in contact following implementation of restrictions on movements in designated infected areas and surveillance zones. Models of supplemental control programs included slaughter of all animals within a specified distance of infected herds, slaughter of only high-risk animals identified by use of a model simulation, and vaccination of all animals within a 5- to 50-km radius of infected herds. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The FMD model represents a tool for use in planning biosecurity and emergency-response programs and in comparing potential benefits of various strategies for control and eradication of FMD appropriate for specific populations.     

Simulation analyses to evaluate alternative control strategies for the 2002 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the Republic of Korea

Using the stochastic and spatial simulation model of between-farm spread of disease, InterSpread Plus, we evaluated the effect of alternative strategies for controlling the 2002 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Republic of Korea. InterSpread Plus was parameterised to simulate epidemics of FMD in the population of farms containing susceptible animal species in the Korean counties of Yongin, Icheon, Pyongtaek, Anseong, Eumseong, Asan, Cheonan, and Jincheon. The starting point of our analyses was the simulation of a reference strategy, which approximated the real epidemic. The results of simulations of alternative epidemic-control strategies were compared with this reference strategy. Ring vaccination (when used with either limited or extended pre-emptive depopulation) reduced both the size and variability of the predicted number of infected farms. Reducing the time between disease incursion and commencement of controls had the greatest effect on reducing the predicted number of infected farms.     

Control of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Argentina

A major epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease affected Argentina during 2001. The epidemic was controlled by mass-vaccination of the national herd and movement restrictions. The median herd disease reproduction ratio (R_H) decreased significantly from 2.4 (before the epidemic was officially recognized) to 1.2 during the mass-vaccination campaign and <1 following the mass-vaccination campaign. The largest distance between two outbreaks was similar during (1905 km) and after (1890 km) the mass-vaccination. However, after mass-vaccination was completed, the proportion of herd outbreaks clustered decreased from 70.4% to 66.8%, respectively. Although a combination of vaccination and livestock-movement restrictions was effective in controlling the epidemic, 112 herd outbreaks occurred up to 6 months after the end of the mass-vaccination campaign. Mass-vaccination and movement restrictions might be an effective strategy to control FMD; however, the time taken to end large, national epidemics might be >1 year.     

The foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Dumfries and Galloway, 2001. 1: Characteristics and control

The foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Dumfries and Galloway in south-west Scotland comprised 177 infected premises (IPS) in 24 geographical clusters, and ran from March 1 until May 23, 2001. Initial seeding of infection was by livestock (predominantly sheep) that had passed through Longtown Market in adjacent Cumbria. Thereafter, spread within existing, and to new, clusters was associated with the movement of personnel and vehicles, with further transmission by Longtown Market contacts and across common boundaries. Sheep and cattle premises were equally affected. After the peak of the epidemic at the beginning of the third week of March, the upper possible limit of attack rates for premises contiguous to IPS, and premises within 3 km, remained around 10 per cent, with new clusters emerging more distantly. Control procedures included traditional methods of slaughter of all animals on IPS and, elsewhere, of animals considered by veterinary assessment to be Dangerous Contacts; movement restrictions; enhanced biosecurity; tracing of potential sources and spread of virus; and surveillance of premises subsequently considered at risk. These methods were supplemented by the novel pre-emptive slaughter, without veterinary assessment, of all susceptible livestock on all premises contiguous to IPS, and of small ruminants and pigs within a 3 km radius (known as the Protection Zone) around IPS. In total, approximately 80,000 cattle, 564,000 sheep, 2600 pigs and 500 goats were slaughtered, the novel methods accounting for 29 per cent of all cattle and 75 per cent of all sheep killed. Limitations of existing national databases necessitated the development of local databases to administer control procedures.     

The foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in The Netherlands in 2001

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Great Britain was reported on 21 February 2001, followed by an outbreak of FMD in The Netherlands a month later. This Dutch index outbreak occurred on a mixed, veal-calf/dairy-goat farm in Oene, in the central part of The Netherlands. The most-likely route of infection was the import of Irish veal-calves to this Dutch herd via an FMD-contaminated staging point in France. With hindsight, more herds seemed to be infected by the time the index outbreak was confirmed. The regular EU control measures were implemented, in combination with pre-emptive culling of herds within 1km of each outbreak. Nevertheless, more outbreaks of FMD occurred. Most of the virus infections on those farms were "neighborhood infections". Because the situation seemed out of control locally and the destruction capacity became insufficient, it was decided to implement an emergency vaccination strategy for all biungulates in a large area around Oene to stop further spread of the virus. All susceptible animals on approximately 1800 farms in this area were vaccinated. All farms subsequently were depopulated, starting from 2 weeks after vaccination. In total, 26 outbreaks were detected (the last outbreak on 22 April 2001). In total, approximately 260,000 animals were killed.     

Post-traumatic stress disorder in participants of foot-and-mouth disease epidemic control in Miyazaki,Japan, in 2010

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred in Miyazaki, Japan, in 2010, and 290,000 animals were culled. This paper describes the mental distress of the volunteers who had been dispatched to Miyazaki for disease control two years after the epidemic. It also assesses risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A participatory appraisal and self-administered questionnaire survey were conducted in 2012 for those who were dispatched to Miyazaki in 2010. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) was used as an indicator of PTSD, and univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. Of the 875 respondents, 1.3% had higher IES-R scores than the cut-off point (25), which is suggestive of PTSD. Mental stresses during and soon after FMD control and after two years were described. Four risk factors associated with high IES-R scores were found: transporting culled animals (P<0.01), stress during FMD control (P<0.01) and at the time of the survey (P<0.01), and lack of someone to talk to about FMD-associated stress at the time of the survey (P<0.01). Veterinarians, livestock technicians and clerical officers involved in FMD control still suffer from mental stress two years later. Public services should provide an opportunity for them to consult with mental health specialists. These findings should be used to better prepare workers who deal with infectious diseases of animals, especially when they must be culled. The establishment of a collaborative framework between veterinary and mental health services is recommended.