香根草和马唐的根系特征及对坡地紫色土抗侵蚀性的影响

为探讨紫色土区草类根系特征及对土壤抗侵蚀性的影响,本试验选取坡地香根草和马唐为研究对象,分0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层采集根系和土壤样品,分别采用WinRHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统、ZJ型应变控制式直剪仪和改进的原状土冲刷水槽测定根系指标、根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能,研究了不同土层香根草和马唐的根系特征及与土壤抗侵蚀性之间的关系。结果表明,0~30 cm土层范围内,香根草根系的总体指标和径级指标(根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度和根重密度)均优于马唐;较之马唐,香根草更有利于降低土壤容重,改善土壤微团聚体组成状况和提高土壤有机碳含量;上述2种草类根-土复合体的抗冲剪性能均表现为:0~10 cm土层最优,10~20 cm土层次之,20~30 cm土层最差,且各土层均表现为香根草的优于马唐的;相关分析表明,1.0相似文献   

紫色土区草篱根系对其根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能的影响

为探索草篱在紫色土坡地的水土保持价值及其根系固土的力学性能特征,在重庆市北碚区"西南大学紫色丘陵区坡耕地水土流失监测基地"种植了2种草篱(紫花苜蓿和拉巴豆),定量研究了草篱根系形态、纤维含量、抗拉特性以及根-土复合体的抗剪/冲性能,明确了根系对其根-土复合体抗剪/冲性能的影响及主要影响因素.结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿和拉巴豆根-土复合体中有超过90％的根系直径小于1.0 mm,紫花苜蓿根系的纤维含量较高,拉巴豆根系的根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度较优;2)同一径级下根系平均极限抗拉力和抗拉强度均表现为拉巴豆(19.76 N,32.70 MPa)>紫花苜蓿(14.32 N,26.66 MPa).极限抗拉力与根系直径呈幂函数正相关,抗拉强度与根系直径呈幂函数负相关;3)2种草篱根系均能显著提高根-土复合体的粘聚力和抗冲指数(P<0.05),尤其是拉巴豆.拉巴豆根-土复合体平均粘聚力达22.88 kPa,较对照提高了71.06％,最大抗冲指数达19.00 L·g-1,是对照的2.60倍;4)主成分分析表明根系通过根长密度、半纤维素含量以及极限抗拉力来影响根-土复合体的抗剪/冲性能,拉巴豆草篱根-土复合体抗剪/冲性能的综合得分均高于紫花苜蓿草篱.综上,紫色土坡地上拉巴豆草篱根-土复合体抗剪/冲性能显著优于紫花苜蓿草篱.     

紫色土埂坎典型草本根系摩阻特性对土壤含水率的响应

为进一步探索紫色土埂坎草本根-土界面摩阻特性与土壤含水率的关系,以紫色土埂坎常见稗草、马唐和牛筋草3种草本根系为研究对象,设置不同土壤含水率（5%、10%、15%、20%和25%）,通过直剪和拉拔摩阻试验测定草本根-土复合体的摩阻特性指标（黏聚力、摩擦系数、最大抗拔力和抗拔强度）,分析了土壤含水率对不同草本根-土界面摩阻特性的影响。结果表明：1）当含水率为15%和20% 时,根-土界面黏聚力达到较小值,而摩擦系数、最大抗拔力和抗拔强度达到较大值。2）3种草本根-土界面拉拔摩阻特性差异显著（P<0.01）,牛筋草根-土界面平均最大抗拔力和抗拔强度分别是马唐的1.18和1.30倍,是稗草的1.14和1.10倍。3） 草本根-土界面间抗剪强度和垂直荷载的关系服从莫尔-库伦准则。当含水率为20%和25%时,根-土界面间抗拔力达到较大值。4）在相同垂直荷载和土壤含水率条件下,牛筋草根-土界面抗剪强度显著高于马唐和稗草（P<0.05）。由此可知,牛筋草根系能增强紫色土埂坎稳定性,其根系对埂坎的加固作用约在土壤含水率为15%时效果最佳。研究结果可为三峡库区紫色土埂坎固埂护坡草本植物的筛选提供参考。     

高羊茅根土复合体水力分离研究

为揭示根土物质之间的复杂关系,明晰植物根系提高土壤颗粒粘聚力和阻抗或延缓因水力侵蚀而使土壤颗粒分离的双重作用机制,本研究选择广泛应用于水土保持的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)为代表性植物,播种于红壤、高岭土和河沙3种生长基质内,对根土复合体进行物理化学测定、水力冲刷和抗剪强度试验。结果表明：1)根系因子中的根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度极显著正相关(P <0.05)。2)不同深度的土壤抗冲性有较大差异,0-2 cm土层深度的抗冲性远远大于其他土层,抗冲性能大小排序为表层>次底层>次表层>底层。3)每30 cm²土壤播种量为60粒的根土复合体粘聚力高于30粒播种量,且其土壤抗冲性也是最强的。4)根土复合体提高了土壤分离的耗时与冲刷水量或能量消耗,薄层水流作用的第2分钟显著延长了剥蚀时长和耗时(P <0.05),显著增加了冲刷水量(P <0.05),极显著增加了能量消耗(P <0.01)。研究结果为根系固土降低土壤分离机制地研究提供了新的科学参考依据。     

3种草本植物根系对土壤抗蚀特性的响应

为探明南方红壤区常见草本植物根系与土壤抗侵蚀性能之间的关系,以湖北省两种代表性土壤(黄棕壤和红壤)内生长的3种草本植物香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为研究对象,在两种土壤中分别采集3种草本植物根土复合体(共6种根土复合体处理),并设裸地对照,采用集中水流冲刷试验,测定了土壤细沟可蚀性和根系参数,系统分析了该地区常见水土保持草本植物根系抗侵蚀特征。结果表明,根系存在可有效增强土壤抗侵蚀性能,不同植物的增强效果存在差异,增强效果表现为香根草白三叶黑麦草;根长密度(RLD, root length density)是影响土壤可蚀性的最重要根系参数,RLD可较好地模拟两种土壤的根土复合体分离能力变化(R2≥0.930),而根重密度(RMD, root mass density)和根面积比(RAR, root area ratio)也有重要作用;直径小于1.0 mm根系是影响根土复合体抗侵蚀性能的重要指标,其中根径为0.5～1.0 mm的细根作用更为显著(P 0.01)。研究结果表明,香根草是南方红壤区一种重要的水土保持植物种类,可为区域内植被恢复中草本植物的选取以及根系特征与土壤抗蚀特性的关系研究提供理论依据。     

紫色土区香根草不同径级的根系特征与培肥效应

为探讨水土保持先锋物种香根草的培肥效应及其与各径级根系指标间的关系,以裸地为对照,定期分010 cm,1020 cm,2030 cm土层采集土壤和根系样品,常规方法测定土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾的全量和速效养分,WinRHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统分10个径级测定根系参数(根长、根表面积和根体积)。结果表明:香根草的培肥效应主要体现在有机质上,且此效应随香根草定植时间的延长而增强,其次是全氮,而有效磷和速效钾则出现亏损;香根草小区土壤有机质、有效磷、全钾、速效钾均表现出明显的土壤养分表聚现象,在010 cm土层的含量显著大于其他土层的(P<0.05);0.00 mm相似文献   

种草和施用聚丙烯酰胺对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响研究

为探究种植草类和施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对荒坡紫色土抗侵蚀性的影响,尤其是对其抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响,选取狗牙根和三叶草进行盆栽试验,设计了对照、单植草类、单施PAM和复合措施("草类+PAM")4类处理开展研究,测定了根系指标和土壤理化性状指标,计算了土壤的抗剪强度指标和抗蚀性指标。结果表明,狗牙根和三叶草根系均能显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度和有机质含量(P0.05),有效增强土壤的抗剪和抗蚀性能;施加PAM能有效促进上述草类各径级根系的生长,显著改善土壤的微结构(P0.05),尤其是非毛管孔隙度(单施PAM为CK的1.15～1.31倍),提高土体抗剪强度及内摩擦角φ,增大粒径0.25 mm、0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径和几何平均直径等抗蚀性指标;PAM对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果存在最优浓度;草类根系对土壤抗剪性能的影响较抗蚀性能明显,能显著提高土体的抗剪性能(P0.05),尤其是增大土壤粘聚力;PAM对土壤抗蚀性能的影响较抗剪性能明显,能显著促进土壤团聚体大颗粒的形成和小颗粒的减少,显著提高土壤团聚度和改善土壤团聚结构等(P0.05);较单一措施,"草类+PAM"对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果最为明显,其中狗牙根与30 g·m~(-3)的PAM混施时效果最优;0d(直径)≤0.2 mm是影响土壤抗剪和抗蚀性能的关键根系径级,而该径级的根长密度和根表面积密度、所有根系平均的根长密度和根体积密度则是影响上述性能的关键指标。     

种草和施用聚丙烯酰胺对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响研究

为探究种植草类和施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对荒坡紫色土抗侵蚀性的影响,尤其是对其抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响,选取狗牙根和三叶草进行盆栽试验,设计了对照、单植草类、单施PAM和复合措施(“草类+PAM”)4类处理开展研究,测定了根系指标和土壤理化性状指标,计算了土壤的抗剪强度指标和抗蚀性指标。结果表明,狗牙根和三叶草根系均能显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度和有机质含量(P<0.05),有效增强土壤的抗剪和抗蚀性能;施加PAM能有效促进上述草类各径级根系的生长,显著改善土壤的微结构(P<0.05),尤其是非毛管孔隙度(单施PAM为CK的1.15~1.31倍),提高土体抗剪强度及内摩擦角φ,增大粒径>0.25 mm、>0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径和几何平均直径等抗蚀性指标;PAM对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果存在最优浓度;草类根系对土壤抗剪性能的影响较抗蚀性能明显,能显著提高土体的抗剪性能(P<0.05),尤其是增大土壤粘聚力;PAM对土壤抗蚀性能的影响较抗剪性能明显,能显著促进土壤团聚体大颗粒的形成和小颗粒的减少,显著提高土壤团聚度和改善土壤团聚结构等(P<0.05);较单一措施,“草类+PAM”对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果最为明显,其中狗牙根与30 g·m^-3的PAM混施时效果最优;0相似文献   

云雾山本氏针茅群落根系分布特征

为揭示本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana Trin.)群落的生理生态适应机制,采用根系取样器(φ=9 cm)对宁夏云雾山本氏针茅群落根系分布特征和土壤含水量进行研究.结果表明:本氏针茅群落地下生物量、根长密度、根表面积、比根长均随土壤深度增加而减少,均表现出向表层(0~20 cm)集聚的趋势,且集中分布于0~40 cm土层,最大值均分布在0~20 cm土层,而底层(80~100 cm)最小;所有主要根系分布参数在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层之间差异显著,以下各层差异不显著;土壤含水量与根生物量和比根长相关性达显著水平(P<0.05),与根表面积、根长密度均呈成正相关;根表面积、根生物量、根长密度和比根长间相关性均达极显著水平(P<0.01).     

PAM和草类根系对荒坡紫色土物理性质与抗剪性能的影响

为探讨PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)和草类根系对荒坡紫色土物理性质与抗剪性能的影响,选取荒坡紫色土为研究对象,制备了单施PAM、单植草类和“草类+PAM”等试验处理,采用WinRHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统和ZJ型应变控制式直剪仪分别测定根系指标和土壤/根-土复合体抗剪强度,结合土壤基本物理性质指标,分析了各处理中PAM、草类根系、土壤物理性质及抗剪性能间的关系。结果表明:1)上述处理均能够显著提高土壤通气持水能力,其中“草类+PAM”对土壤孔隙度和含水率的改善效果最好,其次是单植草类;2)各处理的大粒级范围(1~0.25 mm、0.25~0.05 mm)微团聚体含量增加,小粒级范围(<0.01 mm)的则减少;3)较之CK,单植草类和“草类+PAM”可使土壤内摩擦角φ平均值分别提高37.12%和36.59%,黏聚力c平均值分别提高69.47%和83.64%,且根表面积密度(RSAD)和0.7 mm相似文献   

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein